Conservation of Bluefin Tuna GEUC 4011 Senior Seminar Group 166 LEE GA WUN 1008619443 LEE SZE KI...
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Transcript of Conservation of Bluefin Tuna GEUC 4011 Senior Seminar Group 166 LEE GA WUN 1008619443 LEE SZE KI...
Conservation of Bluefin TunaGEUC 4011 Senior Seminar
Group 166LEE GA WUN 1008619443 LEE SZE KI 1007602923IENG KA MAN 1007608173YUNG WING TUNG 1007623353
Research Outline and Objectives
Introduction
Causes of Drastic Decrease of Population
Problems of Depletion
Evaluation of Current Conservative Actions
Recommendations & Conclusion
Objective 1: To boost awareness of the global threat to bluefin tuna
Objective 2: To seek effective ways to ensure bluefin tuna survival
Sources of Data and Information
• Publications- books, journals, magazines, reports
• Email Interviews - Ms. Gemma Parkes, Communications Officer, WWF
Mediterranean - Ms. Borjana Pervan, Media Relations Officer, IUCN-International
Union for Conservation of Nature• Personal Interview
- Dr. Allen To, Conservation Officer, Marine, WWF Hong Kong
Sources of Data and Information
• Unsuccessful Attempts – Organizations
• ICCAT• Greenpeace HK/ International
– HK restaurants selling bluefin tuna• Itacho Sushi 板長• Sen-ryo Sushi 千両
– HK restaurants no longer selling bluefin tuna• Yagura at Eaton Hotel 日式居酒屋
Introduction
Introduction
Let’s Eat Bluefin Tuna!!!
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
JAPAN ONE• New year celebration
- Tsukiji Market• Brings good fortune
BLACK GOLD• High-profile promotion in Hong Kong• Mr. Ricky Cheng’s bids for 3 years
Introduction
Please Save The Bluefin Tuna...
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Will disappear in 2012!!!• If each American has a slice of Atlantic bluefin tuna, it
will no longer exist...• International Trade Ban
- The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
• Efforts by the environmental bodies
Introduction
Bluefin Tuna Species
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Atlantic bluefin tuna( 大西洋藍鰭吞拿
魚 )
Pacific bluefin tuna( 太平洋藍鰭吞拿
魚 )
Southern bluefin tuna( 南方藍鰭吞拿魚 )
Introduction
Why Study Atlantic Bluefin Tuna?
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Atlantic bluefin tuna• Critically endangered• Higher fishing mortality• Sufficient scientific data
IntroductionAtlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Average: 2m long and 250 kg• Can reach 450 kg• Largest among tuna• Warm-hearted• Long distance
champions• Slow-growing
Bright yellow caudal finlets
Short pectoral fin Streamlined body
Metallic blue colour on top,with a gold coruscation
Silvery white colour at the bottom
Introduction
Bluefin Tuna On The Move
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Newfoundland
Brazil
Norway
West Africa
Mediterranean Sea
Golf of Mexico
Source: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/smart_fishing/sustainable_fisheries/bluefin_tuna/where_they_are_found/
Atlantic bluefin tuna active areas
Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning sites
Introduction
Current Situation
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• IUCN: Critically Endangered• Catch amount far exceeds
sustainable level • Mature population
decreased by 74%
Causes of Drastic Decrease of Bluefin Tuna Population
Behavior and BiologyHuman Activities
Behaviour and Biology
• Spawn in the same areas• Mediterranean, the Gulf of Mexico• Reproduce in form of
a large school→ Vulnerable to
commercial fishing• Take 12 years to
reach sexual maturity→ Low reproductive rate
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Consumption DemandHistory:
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Being eaten for thousands of years
By ancient Greeks• Atlantic bluefin tuna (Mediterranean)• Sliced, salted and pickled it
By Japanese• From inferior lean meat (1830)• to popular Toro (After 1923)
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Assumptions:Production = Consumption
19681972
19761980
19841988
19921996
20002004
20080
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Reported Fishing Production of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
Year
Tons
FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time seriesSource: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en
Consumption Markets in 2007:
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Japan56%
France19%
Mexico
5%
Italy
5%
Morocco4%
Greece
4%
Croa-tia2%
Taiwan 2%
Others3%
Local Consumption = [Production + Imports – Exports – Re-exports]
*Limitation: Some countries have negative consumption due to under-reporting.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en
Consumption Trends:
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Extensive promotion (e.g. HK)
Confusing names
Trendy & luxurious
status
Japanese tradition
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Extensive Promotion in HK:
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Confusing Names:Japanese Chinese % of the fish Price /100g
O-toro 上腹 10% HKD 200
Chu-toro 中腹 15% HKD 150
Ju-toro 肚尾 15% HKD 100
Akimi 赤身 30% HKD 75
Common Names
• Hon maguro • 本鮪• 吞拿魚• 金槍魚• 黑鮪魚• 黑甕串
We are being misled!
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Trendy & Luxurious Status:Bluefin Yellow fin
Year 2010 2008 2010
Price (HKD) Extraordinary1 Average2 Extraordinary3 Average2
per head (Wholesale)
1,400,000 150,000 430,000 N/A
per kilogram (Wholesale)
6,000 2,500 1,580 N/A
per slice (Retail) 100 60 50 20
Source:1 Asia Televsion Ltd. (2010, 1 5). 日水產市場藍鰭吞拿近 140萬港元成交 . Retrieved 10 3, 2010, from aTVnews: http://www.hkatvnews.com/v3/share_out/_content/2010/01/05/atvnews_136409.html2 Hong Kong Economic Times. (2010, 1 6). 藍鰭吞拿魚瀕危入口減 6成 . Retrieved 10 3, 2010, from A17 社會要聞 : http://www.hkcsm.com/cgi-bin/h_news_detail.asp?news_date=2010%2F1%2F&D_ID=853 Mingpao.com. (2008, 1 6). 豪氣港商 43萬買吞拿王 50元一片 日內供港人品嘗 . Retrieved 10 3, 2010, from Yahoo! News: http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/080105/4/6nb1.html
Privileged food!
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Japanese Tradition:
A sushi restaurant in Tsukiji
Tuna for hotpotAnnual Tuna Festival
Human Activites
Consumption Demand
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Japanese Tradition:
Tuna is important to them as a treasure and necessity
Human Activites
Advancement in Fishing Technology
Traditionally: • Traps• Handgear
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing using harpoon
Human Activites
Advancement in Fishing TechnologyStarted in 1960s:• Purse seine nets• Large fleets • Industrial longline• Spotter aircraft→ Catching juveniles
(less than 6.4kg)→ Overfishing
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Large fishing fleetsand purse seine nets
Human Activites
Advancement in Fishing TechnologyGovernment Subsidies
• Fleet renewal• Development of tuna ranching• No published information• Including EU and Japan• 19-20 million euros public aids
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Advancement in Fishing TechnologyTuna Ranching
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
DIFFERENT from fish farming!
Tuna Ranching Tuna Farming
Tuna’s Origin Wild Hatch from eggs under artificial environment
Involved Life Cycle Part of life cycle only A closed life cycle
Human Activites
Advancement in Fishing TechnologyTuna Ranching• Expanded in the late 90s• Fatten wild-caught tunas in cages• Fed with other fish for 6-7 monthsConsequences:• Make them valuable => boost price!• Prohibit juveniles from reproducing
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Poorly Regulated Fishing Industry 6 Regional Fisheries Management Organizations(RFMOs)
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Poorly Regulated Fishing Industry The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) 大西洋鮪類資源保育委員會
• Founded in 1969
• 48 contracting parties
• Tuna and tuna-like species in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas
• Focus on the effects of fishing on stock abundance
• Setting quotas and regulationsCauses Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Poorly Regulated Fishing Industry 5 PROBLEMS
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Internal
•Failure to follow scientific advice
•Failure to implement MCS measures
•Failure to implement trade-related measures
External
•Non-compliance of ICCAT regulations
•Laundering bluefin tuna catches
Fishing Industry: Internal Probelm 1
Failure to Follow Scientific Advice• Conservation measures based on science (stock status)
• Total Allowable Catches (TACs)/ Quotas being consistently set higher than recommended
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Years TAC set TAC recommended Difference
2003-2006 32,000 tonnes 25,000 tonnes 28% higher
2007-2009 29,500 tonnes 15,000 tonnes 97% higher
Fishing Industry: Internal Probelm 1
Failure to Follow Scientific Advice
• Dissenting members can opt out of any decision made by a voting procedure in ICCAT
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Quotas are guidelines, not mandatory
Political pressure > Pressure from conservation groups
Fishing Industry: Internal Probelm 2Failure to Implement MCS Measures
• Monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) of fishing vessels are difficult
• Problems:Data sent via member states to ICCATCountries are not controlling their vessels No 100% observer programme in place
→ Inaccurate data
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Inconsistent measures of different RFMOs • ICCAT has catch limits and trade-related mechanism
in the Atlantic Ocean• No such mechanism in other oceans → Laundering of tuna caught illegally in the Atlantic
Ocean through the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Fishing Industry: Internal Probelm 3Failure to Implement Trade-related Measures
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 1
Non-compliance of ICCAT Regulations
• Report: “Slipping The Net: Spain’s Compliance With ICCAT Recommendations for Swordfish and Bluefin Tuna”
• Report shows Surpassing catch limits Landing undersized fish
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 1
Non-compliance of ICCAT Regulations
Surpassing Catch Limits
• Spain’s catch limits were exceeded by 19%, 58% and 51 % for 1995, 1996 and 1997 respectively
• The exceeded catch limits of France, Italy, Japan and Morocco were equally large or greater
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 1
Non-compliance of ICCAT Regulations
Landing Undersized FishStudy Methodology: • Surveys conducted at landing sites• Record landing of bluefin tuna smaller than the
minimum size (6.4 kg)• Allowance: Does not exceed 15% of the number of fish
per landing or percentage by weight
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 1
Non-compliance of ICCAT Regulations
Landing Undersized FishStudy Results: 13 Jul to 30 Sep 1998: Landing of 18,225 bluefin tuna
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Origin Total Catches Undersized Catches Percentage
East Atlantic 17,971 fish 9,091 fish 51%
Mediterranean 254 fish 210 fish 83%
• Libya did not submit data from 2002-2004→ Misreporting of catches
• Both industry and Governments did not provide accurate statistical data to ICCAT→ Under-reporting of catches
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 1
Non-compliance of ICCAT Regulations
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 2
Laundering Bluefin Tuna Catches
• Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) catches are laundered worldwide“Most of the IUU bluefin tuna caught in the Mediterranean, enters Japan via inspection-friendly fast-growing Chinese and Southeast Asian countries where tuna meat is processed, packed and shipped under a different denomination product such as ready-to-consume frozen sashimi tuna”
→ Under-reporting of catchesCauses Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Fishing Industry: External Probelm 2
Laundering Bluefin Tuna Catches • Using trade data rather than fishing fleet records,
the report of Roberto Bregazzi, a tuna industry analyst, reveals: “IUU catches rose from 3,569 tonnes in 2004 to 24,297 in 2008”
• 2007 catches (IUU catches included) were 61,000 tonnes, 31,500 over the legal limit while 4 times the sustainable level.
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Human Activites
Poorly Regulated Fishing Industry
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
19681972
19761980
19841988
19921996
20002004
20080
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Reported Fishing Production of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
Year
Tons
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en
Quota is introduced in 1998
Estimated underreported
catch
Problems of Depletion
Problems of Depletion
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Stressed by WWF and other green groups!
Ecological Stability
Food Security
Economical Sustainability
Problems of Depletion
Ecological Stability
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Bluefin tuna is apex predators• Keep population of organisms stable• By-catch from longline and purse
seine nets(E.g. up to 44,000 albatross, 80,000 loggerhead turtle killed annually)
• Reduced gene base
Problems of Depletion
Food Security
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Developing countries (e.g. Maldives, Philippines)
• Dependence on bluefin tuna or seafood for food
• Food supply problem• Local fish are sold abroad and
denied to local citizens
Problems of Depletion
Economical Sustainability
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
In the long-run• Collapse of bluefin tuna fishery
industry• Large unemployment• Serious economic lossE.g. General Santos in Philippines
Evaluation of Current Conservation Actions
Tuna FarmingConservation CampaignsTagging ProjectsInternational Trade Ban
• Provide bluefin tuna for consumption by fish farming
• Farming: raising mature fish from eggs
• Ranching: catching individuals from the wild, fatten in captivity
• Currently NOT available at commercial scale
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tuna Farming
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Advantages• Directly reduce pressure on wild population• Assist in wild population recovery• Create jobs• Quality might be customized
(be specialized feeds or selective breeding)
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tuna Farming
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Huge amount of feed required due to high feed conversion ratio
( 飼料換肉率 ) Antibiotics, pesticides required More expensive than catching from
wild
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tuna Farming
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Difficulties
1. Feasibility questioned: high cost of production
Difficulties
2. Sustainability questioned Parasites and diseases harm nearby local species Sea water pollution by waste produced Small fish taken from the ocean lead to depletion of other
species Escaping of farmed fish with undesirable genes
3. Consumer’s quality and safety concern
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tuna Farming
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Consumer awareness campaignseg. Bluefin Saver, Seafood Guide Cards
• Persuading restaurants to stop selling bluefin tuna
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Major awareness campaign in Hong Kong• Bluefin Saver by WWF HK• Internet-based
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Advantages• Raise public awareness• Reduce number of restaurants selling bluefin tuna
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Difficulties
• Effectiveness is hard to measure• Restaurants refuse to comply unless
the government ban sales by legislation• Restaurants are not providing accurate
information• Not as appealing as campaigns of
businesses
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Celebrities in promotional activities of WWF HK
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Celebrities in promotional activities of businesses
Evaluation of Current Actions
Conservation Campaigns
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Tagging bluefin tuna with electronic devices or “pop-up” satellite tags
• Collect information on bluefin tuna: habitat, biology, migration route etc.
• Carried out by NGOs and volunteering sport fishers
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tagging Projects
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Advantages• Information collected can help in better policy
making of ICCAT
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tagging Projects
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Difficulties
• Improper tagging can harm individuals
• Information is hard to collect (few individuals tagged or tags are lost)
Evaluation of Current Actions
Tagging Projects
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約• International agreement between governments• 175 Parties• Aim to ensure that international trade does not threaten
survival of animals and plants• Meeting every 2 1/2 years to decide
whether to curb trade
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade Ban
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade Ban
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
• Most endangered, threatened with extinction • International trade prohibited except not commercial• Amended only by Conference of the Parties
Appendix I
• May become threatened with extinction• International trade closely controlled• Export permit
Appendix II
• Trade regulated in at least one country• Need the cooperation of other countries• Appropriate permits or certificates• Amended at any time by any Party
Appendix III
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanCITES Agreements• Providing a framework • Not taking the place of national laws• Adopting own domestic legislation to implement
CITES agreement• Parties adhere voluntarily
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanMonaco’s Proposal: July 2009• Proposing listing on Appendix I• Failure of ICCAT in conservation and management• Scientific bodies proved that Atlantic bluefin amply
meets requirements for listing• Stock levels less than 15% of historical maximum
level
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanDefinition of international trade ban
“Limited to domestic markets only, and absolutely no international trade of the fish or their parts”
Advantages • Cut supply immediately• Prevent Atlantic blueftin tuna from extinction• Sustain profits from long-term fishery
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanDisadvantages• Economic motives
Economic and trade loss In 2002, tuna was the 3rd most valuable export in fishing business Bluefin makes the most money per pound
Unemployment• Political motives
Retaliation by other countries
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanVoting Results: March 2010• Support of 2/3 of all nations to pass the proposal• 68 countries opposed, 20 in favor and 30 abstained• Mark Stevens, WWF senior program officer for Fisheries, said
“It is scandalous that governments did not even get the chance to engage in meaningful debate on this proposal given the overwhelming scientific justification and growing political support in past months.”
• Glenn Sant, global marine program leader, said"Libya called for a vote immediately." "Let's just say they were very impassioned,"
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Evaluation of Current Actions
International Trade BanOur Interviewee:Dr. Allen To, Marine Conservation Officer of WWF-HongKong, said,
“ POLITICS rather than science plays an important role in CITES.”
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Recommendations & Conclusion
Recommendations
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Public- Understand the importance of wildlife conservation- Do not consider individual’s effort futile- Demand sustainable seafood- Reflect concern on the environment to the government- Support government’s policies on wildlife conservation
GovernmentBusiness
Recommendations
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
PublicGovernment
BusinessA sustainable industry promise continuous income- Source sustainable seafood- Fishermen fish with sustainable methods- Follow fishing regulations and quotas
I-Team: Sushi Restaurant Pulls Bluefin Tuna from the Menu
Source: http://www.8newsnow.com/story/13247082/i-team-sushi-restraurant-pulls-bluefin-tuna-from-the-menu
LAS VEGAS -- Chef Oscar Toro wants his diners to try new things, not just for their own enjoyment, but for the good of the planet. His employer, the wildly popular Sushi Samba restaurant at Palazzo, has just taken one of its most popular, and most expensive, dishes off the menu.
The Sushi Samba chain is following the example of another Las Vegas seafood chef, Rick Moonen, a leader of the sustainable seafood movement. Moonen serves fish species that are abundant, avoiding those in trouble, and no fish in the world is in more trouble than the bluefin.
"We are a large group. We do a lot of business -- tons of customers -- but we have said no," said Chef Toro.
Public response has been overwhelmingly positive, Toro says. But several other Las Vegas restaurants continue to sell bluefin, including Nobu at the Hard Rock, Koi at Planet Hollywood and Yellowtail at Bellagio.
Recommendations
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Public
GovernmentEcosystem-based fisheries managementUse ecological knowledge to advise the policiesIncorporating ICCAT regulations into national legal systemSetting up a “Sustainable Seafood Trademark” for businessesInitiating education campaigns
Business
Conclusion
Causes Problems Evaluation RecommendationsIntroduction
Public
GovernmentBusiness
Education
The best solution is the joint-forces from all 3 parties!
Discussion Time