Conservation Management Zones of Australia: Naracoorte ... · Web viewRed-tailed Black-Cockatoo...

Conservation Management Zones of AustraliaNaracoorte Woodlands

Prepared by the Department of the Environment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project and associated products are the result of a collaboration between the Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of the Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE, Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (ABARES), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO staff Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns enabled identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.

The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people.

For licence conditions see here.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/

ContentsAcknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country.................................................................4

Introduction....................................................................................................................................4

Zone at a glance............................................................................................................................5

Population characteristics............................................................................................................10

Employment, volunteering and incomes......................................................................................15

Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice...................18

Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas..............................................21

Zone vegetation characteristics...................................................................................................23

Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands................................................................................24

World and National Heritage.......................................................................................................25

Major National Reserve System properties.................................................................................26

EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities.................................................................27

EPBC Act (1999) threatened species..........................................................................................28

EPBC Act (1999) migratory species............................................................................................32

Threatened endemic species......................................................................................................34

Invasive species..........................................................................................................................36

Vegetation profiles and management recommendations............................................................38

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and CountryThe Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

Zone at a glance

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS POPULATION

Horsham 15,260

Mount Gambier 25,207

Victor Harbour-Goolwa 8,039

REGIONAL CENTRES POPULATION

Donald 1,355

Kingston 1,613

Millicent 4,802

Naracoorte 4,903

Penola 1,330

Portland 3,387

Robe 1,021

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONSNatural Resources SA Murray Darling Basin SA

Natural Resources South East SA

Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority VIC

North Central Catchment Management Authority VIC

Wimmera Catchment Management Authority VIC

TOP FIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES VALUE (MILLIONS)

Lamb $328

Beef $259

TOP FIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES VALUE (MILLIONS)

Wool $226

Cereals for grain $221

Dairy $176

Total value of agricultural commodities (including other commodities not listed here) $1,791

CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS*Mean annual temperature 14.2 Celsius

Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 27.4 Celsius

Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 4.4 Celsius

Mean Annual Rainfall 549.2 mm

Dominant rainfall season Winter

* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).

For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/


http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

Population characteristics

Population


LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOMEEnglish 93.38%

Other languages 2.99%

Not stated 3.58%

Education

Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment


Volunteering

Income


Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM adviceAustralian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Agricultural commodity values


Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.

^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice.

For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-

Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/

INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS

South Australian Native Title Services: http://www.nativetitlesa.org

Barengi Gadjin Land Council: www.bglc.com.au

Native Title Services Victoria: http://ntsv.com.au

NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITIONAL OWNERSTraditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of

zone

Barengi Gadjin Land Council Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC

Wotjobaluk People 201,953 4.15

Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC

Gunditjmara People 77,289 1.59

Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013.For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREASAlexandrina Council SA

City Of Mount Gambier SA

Coorong Dc SA

Dc Of Robe SA

Kingston Dc SA

Naracoorte Lucindale Council SA

Tatiara DC SA

The Dc Of Grant SA

The Rural City Of Murray Bridge SA

Wattle Range Council SA

Ararat Rural City VIC

Buloke Shire VIC

Glenelg Shire VIC

Hindmarsh Shire VIC

Horsham Rural City VIC

Northern Grampians Shire VIC

Pyrenees Shire VIC

West Wimmera Shire VIC

Yarriambiack Shire VIC

Zone vegetation characteristics

The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

Ramsar and Nationally Important WetlandsRAMSAR WETLANDS JURISDICTION HECTARESThe Coorong, and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland SA 141327.68

Bool and Hacks Lagoons SA 3303.08

For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our-environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS JURISDICTION HECTARES CRITERIA

Bitter Swamp VIC 31.66 1, 3

Boiler Swamp System VIC 528.12 1, 2

Bool and Hacks Lagoon SA 3,303.27 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Bunguluke Wetlands, Tyrrell Creek & Lalbert Creek Floodplain

VIC 3,223.22 1, 2

Butchers & Salt Lakes SA 116.98 1, 3, 5

Creswick Swamp VIC 20.81 1, 3, 5

Deadmans Swamp SA 124.25 1, 3

Dergholm (Youpayang) Wetlands VIC 164.99 1, 3

Ewens Ponds SA 10.19 1, 5, 6

Friedman’s Salt Lake VIC 61.97 1,

Glenelg Estuary VIC 111.94 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

Glenelg River VIC 2,726.17 1, 3, 4

Grass Flat (Telfer’s) Swamp VIC 116.44 1, 3

Hately’s Lake (Swamp) VIC 265.85 1, 3

Heards Lake VIC 148.97 4

Honans Scrub SA 232.63 1, 5

Lake Buloke Wetlands VIC 8,307.77 1, 3, 4, 5, 6

Lake Frome & Mullins Swamp SA 1,292.83 1, 2, 3

Lindsay-Werrikoo Wetlands VIC 2,311.51 1, 2, 3

Long Swamp VIC 1,045.65 1, 3, 5, 6

Marshes Swamp SA 308.09 1, 3, 5

Mitre Lake VIC 511.09 1, 2, 3, 4

Mundi-Selkirk Wetlands VIC 4,047.36 1, 2, 3

Naen Naen Swamp & Gum Lagoon SA 182.87 3, 5

Natimuk Lake, Natimuk Creek & Lake Wyn Wyn VIC 1,098.50 1, 3, 4

Oliver’s Swamp (Lake) VIC 375.88 1, 3, 4

Piccaninnie Ponds SA 187.87 1, 5, 6

Poocher & Mundulla Swamps SA 200.76 2, 6

Saint Marys Lake VIC 144.26 3

South East Coastal Salt Lakes SA 14,692.40 1, 3, 6

The Coorong, Lake Alexandrina & Lake Albert SA 138,835.62 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Watervalley Wetlands SA 8,164.04 1, 3, 4

NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS JURISDICTION HECTARES CRITERIA

White Lake VIC 585.76 2, 3, 4

Wimmera River VIC 1,087.15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:

1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.

2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex.

3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.

4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.

5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level.

6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.

Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

World and National HeritageHERITAGE VALUES WORLD OR NATIONAL HERITAGE

TYPEJURISDICTION HECTARES % OF

ZONEAustralian Fossil Mammal Sites (Naracoorte)

World and National Natural SA 297.16 0.01

Grampians National Park (Gariwerd)

National Natural VIC 941.19 0.02

Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database

For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database

Major National Reserve System propertiesMAJOR NATIONAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPERTIES

Name Property type IUCN category

Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone

Little Desert National Park II VIC 131,406 2.70

Coorong National Park II SA 48,124 0.99

Ngarkat Conservation Park IA SA 26,968 0.55

Lower Glenelg National Park II VIC 21,409 0.44

Jilpanger N.C.R. Natural Features Reserve IA VIC 12,252 0.25

Messent Conservation Park III SA 11,581 0.24

Discovery BayCoastal Park

Conservation Park III VIC 10,410 0.21

Dergholm State Park II VIC 10,128 0.21

Canunda National Park VI SA 9,573 0.20

Gum Lagoon Conservation Park VI SA 8,900 0.18

Mount Arapiles-Tooan State Park II VIC 7,057 0.15

Cobboboonee National Park II VIC 6,473 0.13

Tooloy-Lake Mundi W.R. Natural Features Reserve VI VIC 4,122 0.08

Mount Boothby Conservation Park IA SA 4,094 0.08

Tallageira N.C.R. Natural Features Reserve IA VIC 3,751 0.08

Wilkin F.F.R. Nature Conservation Reserve IA VIC 3,233 0.07

Lake Hawdon South Conservation Park VI SA 3,174 0.07

Bool Lagoon Game Reserve VI SA 3,093 0.06

Unnamed (No.HA459) Heritage Agreement III SA 2,850 0.06

Martin Washpool Conservation Park III SA 2,850 0.06

THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories classify protected areas according to their management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as the United Nations and are utilised by many national governments, including the Australian Government, as the global standard for defining and recording protected areas.

Ib Wilderness Area

II National Park

III Natural Monument or Feature

IV Habitat/Species Management Area

V Protected Landscape/Seascape

VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/

For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/

EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communitiesTHREATENED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone**

Swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula Critically Endangered 29.25 0.01

Seasonal Herbaceous Wetlands (Freshwater) of the Temperate Lowland Plains

Critically Endangered 16.14 0.13

Natural Grasslands of the Murray Valley Plains Critically Endangered 8.53 0.41

Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands of South-eastern Australia

Endangered 4.33 1.55

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland


Buloke Woodlands of the Riverina and Murray-Darling Depression Bioregions


Grassy Eucalypt Woodland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain


Peppermint Box (Eucalyptus odorata) Grassy Woodland of South Australia


Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain


Giant Kelp Marine Forests of South East Australia Endangered n/a n/a

* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

EPBC Act (1999) threatened speciesTHREATENED MAMMALS

Common name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Southern Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersiibassanii

Critically Endangered

53.26 4.06

Dayang, Heath Rat Pseudomys shortridgei Vulnerable 27.06 5.51

Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern) Isoodon obesulus obesulus Endangered 19.85 15.61

Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll (southeastern mainland population)

Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Endangered 0.04 0.15

Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland) Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Vulnerable May be present

May be present

Konoom, Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus Endangered May be present

May be present

Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable May be present

May be present

Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata Vulnerable May be present

May be present

South-eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable May be present

May be present

Australian Sea-lion Neophoca cinerea Vulnerable n/a n/a

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Vulnerable n/a n/a

Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Endangered n/a n/a

Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Endangered n/a n/a

THREATENED BIRDS


% of zone**

Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo (south-eastern) Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne


Western Whipbird (eastern) Psophodes nigrogularis leucogaster

Vulnerable 18.21 8.03

Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis Vulnerable 12.71 15.06

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 9.43 71.87

Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster Critically Endangered

7.72 10.06

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 7.16 26.43

Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus Vulnerable 2.26 3.31

Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 1.25 4.99

Southern Emu-wren (Fleurieu Peninsula), Mount Lofty Southern Emu-wren

Stipiturus malachurus intermedius


Mallee Emu-wren Stipiturus mallee Endangered 1 0.29

Red-lored Whistler Pachycephala rufogularis Vulnerable 0.62 0.35

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Vulnerable 0.38 8.38

Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 0.09 0.47

THREATENED BIRDS

Regent Parrot (eastern) Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides


Slender-billed Thornbill (western) Acanthiza iredalei iredalei Vulnerable May be present n/a

Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Kangaroo Island), Glossy Black-Cockatoo (South Australian)

Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus

Endangered May be present n/a

White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta steadi Vulnerable n/a n/a

Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora epomophora

Vulnerable n/a n/a

Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora sanfordi

Endangered n/a n/a

Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta cauta Vulnerable n/a n/a

Salvin’s Albatross Thalassarche cauta salvini Vulnerable n/a n/a

Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis Vulnerable n/a n/a

Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Endangered n/a n/a

Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Vulnerable n/a n/a

Antipodean Albatross Diomedea exulans antipodensis

Vulnerable n/a n/a

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Vulnerable n/a n/a

Campbell Albatross Thalassarche melanophris impavida

Vulnerable n/a n/a

Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma Endangered n/a n/a

Buller’s Albatross Thalassarche bulleri Vulnerable n/a n/a

Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea Vulnerable n/a n/a

Tristan Albatross Diomedea exulans exulans Endangered n/a n/a

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Vulnerable n/a n/a

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.

** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.

The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

THREATENED REPTILES

Common Name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar Vulnerable 15.63 21.13

Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Pink-tailed Legless Lizard

Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 0.01 0.01

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Endangered n/a n/a

Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Endangered n/a n/a

OTHER THREATENED FAUNA


% of zone**

Ewens Pygmy Perch, Golden Pygmy Perch, Variegated Pygmy Perch

Nannoperca variegata Vulnerable 32.23 0.20

Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii Vulnerable 22.44 0.07

Glenelg Spiny Freshwater Crayfish,Pricklyback

Euastacus bispinosus Endangered 20.96 0.57

Eastern Dwarf Galaxias, Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla Vulnerable 19.79 3.64

Yarra Pygmy Perch Nannoperca obscura Vulnerable 12.83 0.28

Murray Hardyhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis Endangered 12.50 3.03

Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green and Golden Frog, Warty Swamp Frog

Litoria raniformis Vulnerable 10.16 45.46

Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena Vulnerable 0.20 0.04

Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica Endangered May be present

May be present

Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana Critically Endangered

May be present

May be present

Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Vulnerable May be present

May be present

School Shark, Eastern School Shark, Snapper Shark, Tope, Soupfin Shark

Galeorhinus galeus Conservation Dependent

n/a n/a

Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii Conservation Dependent

n/a n/a

THREATENED FLORA

Common Name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Forked Spyridium Spyridium sp. Little Desert (N.G.Walsh 4767)


Avenue Cassinia Cassinia tegulata Critically Endangered

100.00 6.68

Wimmera Bottlebrush Callistemon wimmerensis Critically Endangered

100.00 0.07

Little Dip Spider-orchid Caladenia richardsiorum Endangered 99.83 0.34

Dergholm Guinea-flower Hibbertia humifusasubsp. debilis


Limestone Spider-orchid Caladenia calcicola Vulnerable 96.72 0.14

Sand Ixodia, Ixodia Ixodia achillaeoides subsp. arenicola


Fleurieu Leek Orchid Prasophyllum murfetii Critically Endangered

95.09 1.24

Elegant Spider-orchid, Blood-red Spider-orchid

Caladenia formosa Vulnerable 93.67 2.37

Wimmera Rice-flower Pimelea spinescens subsp. pubiflora


91.29 0.88

Melblom’s Spider-orchid Caladenia hastata Endangered 90.03 0.21

Wrinkled Cassinia Cassinia rugata Vulnerable 82.15 0.09

THREATENED FLORA

Coloured Spider-orchid, Small Western Spider-orchid, Painted Spider-orchid

Caladenia colorata Endangered 81.43 23.26

Austral Pipewort, Southern Pipewort Eriocaulon australasicum Endangered 75.11 0.15

Floodplain Rustyhood Pterostylis cheraphila Vulnerable 73.03 9.36

Sandhill Greenhood Orchid Pterostylis arenicola Vulnerable 72.27 10.53

Whipstick Westringia Westringia crassifolia Endangered 68.85 0.36

Metallic Sun-orchid Thelymitra epipactoides Endangered 61.43 76.48

None Aphanes pentamera Vulnerable 51.99 10.99

Dwarf Yellow-heads Trichanthodium baracchianum Vulnerable 51.08 0.55

Coast Spider-orchid Caladenia conferta Endangered 49.37 0.03

Wimmera Spider-orchid Caladenia lowanensis Endangered 47.52 0.15

Turnip Copperbur Sclerolaena napiformis Endangered 45.68 3.72

Swamp Fireweed, Smooth-fruited Groundsel

Senecio psilocarpus Vulnerable 45.65 0.83

Western Water-starwort Callitriche cyclocarpa Vulnerable 40.06 5.97

Large-fruit Fireweed, Large-fruit Groundsel Senecio macrocarpus Vulnerable 39.08 6.98

Leafy Greenhood Pterostylis cucullata Vulnerable 38.45 9.10

Yellow-lip Spider-orchid Caladenia xanthochila Endangered 36.39 0.10

Downy Star-bush Asterolasia phebalioides Vulnerable 34.20 3.65

Swamp Greenhood, Dainty Swamp Orchid Pterostylis tenuissima Vulnerable 33.99 0.26

Candy Spider-orchid Caladenia versicolor Vulnerable 30.75 0.84

Hairy-pod Wattle Acacia glandulicarpa Vulnerable 30.40 4.80

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.

** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.

Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

EPBC Act (1999) migratory speciesMIGRATORY BIRDS

Common name Scientific name

Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa

Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus

Buller’s Albatross Thalassarche bulleri

Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia

Cattle Egret Ardea ibis

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea

Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus

Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis

Flesh-footed Shearwater,Fleshy-footed Shearwater

Puffinus carneipes

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus

Great Egret,White Egret

Ardea alba

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris

Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola

Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma

Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes

Latham’s Snipe,Japanese Snipe

Gallinago hardwickii

Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover Charadrius mongolus

Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel Numenius minutus

Little Tern Sterna albifrons

Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank Tringa stagnatilis

Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli

Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi

Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel Charadrius veredus

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva

Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis(sensu lato)

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus

Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis

MIGRATORY BIRDS

Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo (south-eastern) Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres

Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons

Salvin’s Albatross Thalassarche salvini

Sanderling Calidris alba

Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata

Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris

Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto)

Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus

Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto)

Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus

Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans(sensu lato)

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus

White-belliedSea-Eagle

Haliaeetus leucogaster

White-cappedAlbatross

Thalassarche steadi

White-throatedNeedletail

Hirundapus caudacutus

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola

OTHER MIGRATORY SPECIES

Common name Scientific name

Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni

Pygmy Right Whale Caperea marginata

Dusky Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus

Killer Whale, Orca Orcinus orca

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae

Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis

Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas

Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Lamna nasus

Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea

Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias

For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species

Threatened endemic speciesTHREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES

Taxonomic group

Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status

Mammals Macropus greyi n/a Extinct Extinct

Plants Caladenia fulva Recorded in reserves Endangered

Plants Caladenia richardsiorum Recorded in reserves Endangered

Plants Cassinia tegulata Not recordedin reserves


Concentrations of unreserved endemic species

The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts.

Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian- natural-heritage-assessment-tool

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

Invasive species INVASIVE MAMMALS

Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**

Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 0.89 100

House Mouse Mus musculus 1.37 100

Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 0.79 100

Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 0.63 100

Brown Hare Lepus capensis 4.78 97.68

Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 3.48 79.49

Goat Capra hircus 1.46 64.19

Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 1.34 46.81

Feral deer species in Australia Feral deer 5.47 43.05

Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 0.5 25.83

Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 2.63 10.29

Pig Sus scrofa 0.02 1.59

OTHER INVASIVE FAUNA


Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 2.25 100

House Sparrow Passer domesticus 1.65 100

Skylark Alauda arvensis 7.53 100

European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 5.42 100

Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 5.31 100

Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 1.81 94.90

Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 4.05 69.31

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 4.51 65.58

European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 6.94 28.15

Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 1.14 12.09

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 1.27 2.08

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 0.13 0.75

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

INVASIVE FLORA


Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus

Asparagus asparagoides 5.85 98.83

Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera

11.41 74.65

Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 4.16 71.25

INVASIVE FLORA

Olive, Common Olive Olea europaea 22.04 65.53

African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 5.71 61.79

Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 7.28 59.62

Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 5 58.05

Ward’s Weed Carrichtera annua 1.39 34.00

Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow

Salix spp. except S.babylonica, S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtii

2.42 32.85

Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo

Solanum elaeagnifolium 6.67 20.49

Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine

Pinus radiata 73.32 16.97

Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ)

Nassella trichotoma 2.48 14.78

Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 1.68 13.14

Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom

Genista monspessulana 2.95 9.05

Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 0.65 8.08

Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 0.91 4.89

Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0.05 3.66

Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine

Anredera cordifolia 1.86 3.56

Bridal Veil, Bridal Veil Creeper, Pale Berry Asparagus Fern, Asparagus Fern, South African Creeper

Asparagus declinatus 21.28 2.51

Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom

Cytisus scoparius 0.39 1.93

Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens 4.63 1.83

Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 0.85 1.65

Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom

Genista linifolia 1.95 1.64

Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk, Athel Tamarix, Desert Tamarisk, Flowering Cypress, Salt Cedar

Tamarix aphylla 0.07 1.08

Prickly Pears Austrocylindropuntia spp. 3.24 0.82

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.

For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

5.84% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus camaldulensis; Eucalyptus melliodora; Eucalyptus microcarpa; Pimelea curviflora; Melicytus dentatus; Acacia paradoxa; Acacia genistifolia; Austrodanthonia racemosa; Austrodanthonia caespitosa; Neurachne alopecuroidea; Pentapogon quadrifidus; Daucus glochidiatus; Elymus scaber; Dianella revoluta; Poa sieberiana; Austrodanthonia setacea; tussock grass.

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURALPRACTICE

REHABILITATION FIREMANAGEMENT

WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT

FERALANIMALMANAGEMENT

DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Retain and replant native vegetation to protect against dryland salinity. Purchase high quality remnants into reservation.Encourage uptake of conservation agreements

Exclude stock during spring and early summer when understorey may be flowering. Do not continuous set stock. 3 days on; 28 days rest is appropriate. Manage total

Fence off remnants to allow natural regeneration. If no regeneration occurs, plant tube stock from locally sourced seed.Use hand broadcast, brush

Small scale mosaic burning may be appropriate, and assist with weed removal, but seek advice from your local NRM organisation and SA Country Fire

Monitor and manage native herbivore populations. Add coarse woody debris to provide habitat. Recycled timbers are fine, but should be untreated.

Monitor and eradicate new weed invasions. Spot spraying, hand pulling and chipping are preferable removal methods. Stagger removal so as to not leave

Manage rabbits and foxes simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species, or increases in rabbit populations.

http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

PROTECTION SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURALPRACTICE


WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT


DISEASEMANAGEMENT

and covenants on private land.Protect from infrastructure and development activities.Ban firewood and bush rock harvesting. Retain fallen timber, leaf litter and standing dead trees.

grazing pressure (including from ferals and kangaroos). Maintain a minimum sward height of 5cm at all times. Avoid cultivation and soil disturbance. Do not apply fertiliser and avoid spray drift from adjacent paddocks.

mulching, niche seeding, node seeding, direct drill and hand planting to reestablish vegetation strata. Reestablishment of indigenous species is best undertaken following control of exotic plants, fire or after rain in warmer months.

Service prior to proceeding.

In remnants with few hollow-bearing trees, provide nesting boxes. Monitor boxesregularly forinvasive species.Fencing should not adversely affect native fauna. No electric fencing as bottom strand,no barbed wire.

large areas of bare ground as weed cover may be providing habitat for native fauna. Slashing and mowing may be appropriate weed control methods, but should be timed to avoid breeding season ofground-dwelling birds.Prevent soil disturbance in and around remnants.Avoid adverse impacts from chemicals or other mechanisms to manage weeds.

Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

63.43% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus leucoxylon; Eucalyptus arenacea; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Eucalyptus baxteri; Eucalyptus obliqua; Brachyloma daphnoides; Calytrix tetragona; Leucopogon parviflorus; Acacia verticillata; Drosera peltata; Lepidosperma carphoides; Microlaena stipoides; Elymus scaber; Neurachne alopecuroidea; sedge; tussock grass.




WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT


DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Retain and replant native vegetation to protect against dryland salinity. Purchase high quality remnants into reservation.Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land.Ban firewood and bush rock harvesting. Retain fallen timber, leaf litter and standing dead trees.

Exclude stock during spring and early summer when understorey may be flowering. If possible, exclude stock altogether from remnants that are being rehabilitated.Avoid fertiliser drift from adjacent crops and pastures.

Increase connectivity between remnants. Fence off remnants to allow natural regeneration. If no regeneration occurs, inplant with tube stock from locally sourced seed.Use hand broadcast, brush mulching, niche seeding, node seeding, direct drill and hand planting to reestablish vegetation strata. Reestablishment of indigenous species is best undertaken following control of exotic plants, fire

Small scale mosaic burning may be appropriate, and assist with weed removal, but seek advice from local NRM organisation and SA Country Fire Service prior to proceeding.

Monitor and manage native herbivore populations. Add coarse woody debris to provide habitat. Recycled timbers are fine, but should be untreated.In remnants with few hollow-bearing trees, provide nesting boxes. Monitor boxes regularly for

invasive species.Fencing should not adversely affect native fauna. No electric fencing as bottom strand, no barbed wire.

Spot spraying, hand pulling and chipping are preferable weed removal methods.Stagger weed removal so as to not leave large areas of bare ground, as weed cover may be providing habitat for native fauna.

Manage rabbits and foxes simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species, or increases in rabbit populations.

Casuarina and Allocasuarina forests and woodlands vegetation profile

6.18% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityAllocasuarina luehmannii; Allocasuarina verticillata; Callitris gracilis subsp. Murrayensis; Bursaria spinosa ssp. Spinosa; Eucalyptus diversifolia; Pimelea curviflora; Austrostipa scabra; Austrostipa nodosa; Whalleya proluta; Thomasia petalocalyx; Pomaderris paniculosa; Helichrysum leucopsideum; Austrostipa elegantissima; Lomandra effusa; tussock grass; forb; rush.




WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT


DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Purchase key remnants into reservation. Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land.Establish buffers of indigenous shrubs around all small reserves, to reduce aeolian soil and fertilizer drift.Avoid changes to water tables through protecting existing vegetation. Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.

Permanently exclude heavy grazing from remnants with an intact, native ground layer.Exclude stock from remnants or areas with scattered trees for a few years to allow regeneration, then protect the young trees if stock need to be re-introduced.Limit eucalyptus plantings in buloke remnants as this can encourage noisy miner invasions.Avoid fertiliser and herbicide application.

Replant woody species where appropriate. As far as possible, restore environmental water flows to maximize the potential for floodwaters to reach terminal lakes after sustained rainfall.

Manage populations of kangaroos to sustainable levels, to ensure they do not adversely affect regeneration of Buloke Woodlands.

Spot spraying, hand pulling and chipping are preferable weed removal methods. Stagger weed removal so as to not leave large areas of bare ground, as weed cover may be providing habitat for native fauna.

Manage goats and rabbits and protect vegetation from their impacts.Manage rabbits and foxes simultaneously to avoid foxes from switching to predation on native species, and/or increases in rabbit populations.

Mallee with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

0.1% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus dumosa; Eucalyptus rugosa; Eucalyptus leptophylla; Melaleuca lanceolata; Dianella revoluta; Danthonia sp; Lasiopetalum baueri; Rhagodia spinescens; Austrodanthonia setacea; Austrodanthonia caespitosa; Austrostipa scabra; tussock grass; forb; sedge.




WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT


DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Retain and replant native vegetation to protect against dryland salinity. Close or fence artificial sources of water in conservation reserves as these may attract feral species and trampling.Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land.

Exclude stock from remnants to enable natural regeneration.Create windbreaks with mallee species to reduce the impacts of soil erosion. Reduce tillage in zones around remnants.Avoid creating new access tracks and roads through remnants.

Undertake restoration on sites with few mature overstorey species and/or if there is no evidence of regeneration.Choose mallee species that occur on similar soils and slope aspect. Match the relative abundance of different species according to intact remnant patches.Manage wildlife corridors between remnant patches. Create buffer zones around remnants by revegetating previously cleared lands with mallee and ground storey species.

Reduce the occurrence of large fires, and use mosaic burning techniques.Ensure mosaic burns are targeted at different age classes of vegetation, to ensure age diversity between, and within, remnant patches. Discourage broad-scale burning for agricultural purposes in Malleefowl habitat.Avoid clearing roadsides for firebreaks.

Protect, and where appropriate, fence important wildlife habitat, including for Malleefowl.Minimise grain spillage if transporting grain through Malleefowl habitat as this attracts them onto roads.Erect signs in Malleefowl habitat to warn drivers that Malleefowl may be on the road.Monitor and manage native herbivore populations.

Actively manage weeds when undertaking restoration activities to ensure weeds do not compete for soil moisture with vulnerable native replantings.A 1-metre radius weed free buffer should be maintained around native woody plants. Use spot control to maintain this. Apply herbicides to actively growing weeds and avoid spray drift. Do not leave areas of bare ground to avoid wind and water erosion of soils. Retain some weed cover and stagger removal and replacement

Monitor and manage feral goats, foxes, rabbits and hares, especially near habitat for wildlife such as Malleefowl. Control foxes and rabbits/hares simultaneously to avoid foxes to switching to predation on native species, or increased rabbit/harepopulations. Monitor for Red-legged earth mites. Populations should be managed with a soil active insecticide.

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