Conquest of the Americas and Africa Contact and Conflict 1450- 1700.
Conquest in the Americas Bringing the Old World to the New.
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Transcript of Conquest in the Americas Bringing the Old World to the New.
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Conquest in the AmericasBringing the Old World to the New
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Objectives
Students will analyze the first encounters between the Spanish and Native AmericansStudents will describe the short-term and long-term effects of the Spanish on the peoples of the Americas.
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Vocabulary
conquistador: Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 14th and 15th centuriesimmunity: natural protection, resistance (to disease)Tenochtitlán: capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern Mexico City was builtalliance: formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defensecivil war: war fought between two groups of people in the same nation
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FIrst Encounters in the Americas
Columbus’ journey opened door for Spanish exploration and expansion - begin cycle of encounter, conquest and death First encounters with native people found them to be ‘generous with what they have’ - to a fault
But didn’t recognize Christian symbols and pay ‘proper respect’ - inferior
Claimed land for Spain and took prisonersAfter - waves of conquistadorsSettled islands of Hispaniola, Cuba and Puerto Rico
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Guns, Horses & DiseaseConquistadors seized Native Americans’ gold ornaments and forced them to pan for more; forced to convert to ChristianityMassively outnumbered - hundreds of Spanish; millions of Native AmericansAdvantage: Guns and cannons; metal armor; horses
Disease: Unknowingly infected and killed millions of Native Americans who had no immunity to diseases like small pox, measles, influenza, etc.
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Cortés Arrives in the New World
Eventually leave the islands of the Caribbean and probe the mainland
One of the first was Hernán Cortés - 1519 landed on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and a few cannons
Begins drive towards Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán
Gets aid of a local woman, named Maliche (later called Dõna Marina) - serve as translator and guide
Arrange alliances between people the Aztecs had conquered
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Moctezuma DilemmaWord spread of Cortés arrival and journey to the capitalAztec Emperor Moctezuma was worried that these pale-skinned, bearded strangers might be Quetzalcoatl
Could Cortés be this God? Unsure. Tried to bribe him off from coming to Tenochtitlán - religiously important
Cortés inspired to push on to reach Tenochtitlán - search for gold & silver
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Tenochtitlán FallsMoctezuma welcomes Cortés to the city as guests
Tensions rise - Spanish scorn Aztec religion and want to convert them; desire more of the riches
Spanish take Moctezuma prisoner to force him to sign over land and treasure to the Spanish
Same time - new group of conquistadors arrive to the East to challenge Cortés
Aztecs drive Spanish out of city in confusion; half the Spanish killed as well as MoctezumaCortés retreats, regroups and assaults Tenochtitlán - demolishes city
Small pox is big reason for it’s fall
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Pizarro in PeruCortés’s “success” inspired other adventurers to pursue wealth and gloryOne such was Francisco Pizarro - interested in Peru’s Incas (reported to be greater than the Aztecs)Arrived in Peru in 1532 just after the Incan ruler Ahtahualpa had won the throne in a bloody civil war
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Ahtahualpa Stands his Ground
Ahtahualpa refused to bow to Spanish rule or convertPizarro got allies from other Native American’s, captured Ahtahualpa and slaughtered thousands of Incans
Demanded a huge ransom for Ahtahualpa - Incans paidKilled him anyway
Pizarro overran Incan homeland - surge through Ecuador and Chile; before long most all of South America
Pizarro killed by rival conquistadors after he established Lima as a capital city
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Effects of the Spanish Conquistadors
Great for Spain - with all this wealth brought back from the New World, Spain became the power in Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuryNative populations - not so good. Slaughter and disease had massively diminished their populations; demoralized - convert to Christianity through fear
Cultural damage has yet to be trully assessedPrecedence for other nations in the path of European expansion - fearMelding of cultures - sort of
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