ConLangs Lecture 4: phonology 1 - ocw.mit.edu · Phonology • bəfor juw krɪtəsajz sʌmwʌn, juw...
Transcript of ConLangs Lecture 4: phonology 1 - ocw.mit.edu · Phonology • bəfor juw krɪtəsajz sʌmwʌn, juw...
![Page 1: ConLangs Lecture 4: phonology 1 - ocw.mit.edu · Phonology • bəfor juw krɪtəsajz sʌmwʌn, juw ʃəd wɔk ə majl ɪn ðejr ʃuz. ðæt wej, wɛn juw krɪtəsajz ðəm, jər](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041216/5e05836a9d0cb55ede7e5322/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phonology
• bəfor juw krɪtəsajz sʌmwʌn, juw ʃəd wɔk ə majl ɪn ðejr ʃuz. ðæt wej, wɛn juw krɪtəsajz ðəm, jər ə majl əwej ənd juw hæv ðer ʃuz.
• prɑbəblij ðij ərlijəst flajswɑtərz wər nʌθɪŋ mor ðæn sʌm sort əv strajkɪŋ sərfəs ətætʃt tə ðij ɛnd əv ə lɔŋ stɪk.
• ðə fejs əv ə tʃajld kən sej ɪt ɑl, əspɛʃəlij ðə mawθ pɑrt əv ðə fejs.
• dæd ɑlwejz θɔt læftər wəz ðə bɛst mɛdəsən, wɪtʃ aj gɛs ɪz waj sɛvrəl əv əs dajd əv təbərkjəlosɪs.
• ɪf triz kəd skrim, wʊd wij bij sow kævəlir əbawt kʌtɪŋ ðəm dawn? wij majt, ɪf ðej skrimd ɑl ðə tajm, fər now gʊd rizən.
• æz ðə lajt tʃejndʒd frəm rɛd tə grin tə jɛlow ənd bæk tə rɛd əgjɛn, aj sæt ðer θɪŋkɪŋ əbawt lajf. wəz ɪt nʌθɪŋ mor ðən ə bʌntʃ əv hɔŋkɪŋ ənd jɛlɪŋ? sʌmtajmz ɪt simd ðæt wej.
-"dip θɔts", dʒæk hændij
© Jack Handey. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, seehttps://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/ .
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We have been talking about phonetic inventories…
…but we’ve also seen some ways in which sounds can interact with each other. Let’s see more of those.
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing
Polish wuk 'bow' wuk 'lye'
trup 'corpse' klup 'club'
kot 'cat' trut 'labor'
nos 'nose' grus 'rubble'
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing
Polish wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes'
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' klup 'club' klubi 'clubs'
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' trut 'labor' trudi 'labors'
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles'
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing
Polish wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes'
trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' klup 'club' klubi 'clubs'
kot 'cat' koti 'cats' trut 'labor' trudi 'labors'
nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles'
à word-final stops and fricatives
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become voiceless.
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony
Turkish aslan 'lion' kol 'arm' kul 'slave' kɯz 'daughter' yel 'wind' diʃ 'tooth' gyl 'rose'
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony
Turkish aslan 'lion' aslanlar 'lions' kol 'arm' kollar 'arms' kul 'slave' kullar 'slaves' kɯz 'daughter' kɯzlar 'daughters' yel 'wind' yeller 'winds' diʃ 'tooth' diʃler 'teeth' gyl 'rose' gyller 'roses'
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony • assimilation
English plurals!
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony • assimilation
Mokilese pi̥ san 'full of leaves' dupu̥ kda 'bought' pu̥ ko 'basket' ki̥ sa 'we two' su̥ pwo 'firewood' kamwɔki̥ ti 'to move' uduk 'flesh' kaskas 'to throw' poki 'to strike something' pil 'water' apid 'outrigger support' ludʒuk 'to tackle'
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony • assimilation • lenition
Spanish bota ‘boot’ dama ‘lady’ gota ‘drop’
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Some common kinds of phonological rules… • final devoicing • vowel harmony • assimilation • lenition
Spanish bota ‘boot’ la βota ‘the boot’ dama ‘lady’ la ðama ‘the lady’ gota ‘drop’ la γota ‘the drop’
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Lardil Nom. mela barnga katha wunda thungal ketharr miyar
Acc. melan barngan kathan wundan thungalin ketharrin miyarin
'seawater, beer' 'stone' 'nest' 'stingray species' 'tree' 'river' 'spear'
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Lardil Nom. mela barnga katha wunda
thungal ketharr miyar
wunda belda dalda
Acc. melan barngan kathan wundan
thungalin ketharrin miyarin
wunin belin dalin
'seawater, beer' 'stone' 'nest' 'stingray species'
'tree' 'river' 'spear'
'rain' 'tip' 'curve'
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Lardil Nom. mela barnga katha wunda
Acc. melan barngan kathan wundan
Underlying Form mela barnga katha wunda
'seawater, beer' 'stone' 'nest' 'stingray species'
thungal ketharr miyar
thungalin ketharrin miyarin
thungal ketharr miyar
'tree' 'river' 'spear'
wunda belda dalda
wunin belin dalin
wun bel dal
'rain' 'tip' 'curve'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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yaka yakin 'fish' birrka birrkin 'string' lelka lelkin 'head'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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yaka yakin yak 'fish' birrka birrkin birrk 'string' lelka lelkin lelk 'head'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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kanda kandun 'blood' nguka ngukun 'water' ngawa ngawun 'dog' karda kardun 'woman's child,
man's sister's child'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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kanda kandun kandu 'blood' nguka ngukun nguku 'water' ngawa ngawun ngawu 'dog' karda kardun kardu 'woman's child,
man's sister's child'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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ngalu ngalukin 'story' wangal wangalkin 'boomerang' thalkurr thalkurrkin 'kookaburra' kundul kundulkin 'umbilical cord'
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Lardil Nom. Acc. Underlying Form mela melan mela 'seawater, beer' barnga barngan barnga 'stone' katha kathan katha 'nest' wunda wundan wunda 'stingray species'
wunda wunin wun 'rain' belda belin bel 'tip' dalda dalin dal 'curve'
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ngalu ngalukin ngaluk 'story' wangal wangalkin wangalk 'boomerang' thalkurr thalkurrkin thalkurrk 'kookaburra' kundul kundulkin kundulk 'umbilical cord'
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: lelk -> lelka 'head' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: lelk -> lelka 'head' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
lelk--> rule 2: lelka 'head'
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
lelk--> rule 2: lelka 'head'
why not rule 4? lelk--> lel (then maybe rule 1: lel-->lelda)
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
ngaluk--> rule 4: ngalu 'story'
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
ngaluk--> rule 4: ngalu 'story'
why not then apply rule 3? ngalu --> ngala
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Lardil
some rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
one response to this kind of problem: rule ordering
Rules 2 and 3 apply before Rule 4.
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Lardil
some ordered rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
input lelk rule 2 lelka rule 3 --rule 4 --output lelka
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Lardil
some ordered rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
input lelk ngaluk rule 2 lelka --rule 3 -- --rule 4 -- ngalu output lelka ngalu
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Lardil
some ordered rules:
1. one-syllable stems add -da: bel ->belda 'edge' 2. ..unless they end in -k, then just add -a: birrk -> birrka 'string' 3. final u ->a: kandu -> kanda 'blood' 4. final k drops: wangalk -> wangal 'boomerang'
input lelk ngaluk rule 2 lelka --rule 3 -- --rule 4 -- ngalu output lelka ngalu
(...these all happen to be cases in which only one rule applies...)
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24.917 ConLangs: How to Construct a Language Fall 2018
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