Conflicts

Crusades

WHERE

Middle East

(Holy Land, Jerusalem)

WHEN

11th-13th Centuries

CAUSES

To restore the right of Christians to make pilgrimage to Jerusalem

Help Byzantine Emperor against the Turks

To gain some of the fabulous riches of the East

To gain new lands & trade routes

RESULTS

Hardened Muslim attitudes towrd Christians

Led to expansion of Ottoman Empire

Stimulated trade

Expanded use of money

Islamic learning went to the West

Opium War

Where

China

When

1839-1842

Causes

Britain had unfavorable balance of trade with China

China demanded Britain end opium trade

Results

Treaty of Nanking opened more Chinese ports to trade and gave Hong Kong to Britain

British gained right of extraterritoriality

China had to pay indemnity

Sepoy Mutiny

Where

India

When

1857

Causes

Indians were developing a sense of national identity

Insensitivity of British to Indian religious practices

Results

East India Co. forced to give up control

British gov’t took official control of India

Boxer Rebellion

Where

China

When

1899-1900

Causes

Chinese resented growing foreign interference

Boxers wanted to remove foreigners from China

Results

International force defeated the Boxers

China for forced to pay a large indemnity

Demand for reforms

World War I

Where

Europe

When

1914-1918

Causes

Nationalism

Imperialism

Alliances

Militarism

Assassination of Archduke

Results

Enormous human and economic losses

Treaty of Versailles Reparations

War guilt clause

Loss of territory and colonies

World War II

Where

Europe, Asia, Africa

When

1939-1945

Causes

Aggressive empire building

(Japan, Italy, Germany)

Appeasement

Results

Human losses

War crime trials

Occupied nations

United Nations created

Decline of colonial powers

Rise of superpowers

Chinese Civil War (Chinese Communist Revolution)

Where

China

When

1927-1949

Causes

Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi] expelled communists and began a purge against them

People thought government under Chiang Kai-shek was corrupt

Results

Communists gain support of peasants

Centralized economic planning

Collectivization of farms

Great Leap Forward

Cultural Revolution

Korean War

Where

Korea

When

1950-1953

Causes

Korea was divided after WWII

North Korea invaded South Korea

Results

Stalemate

Remains divided

Demilitarized zone

Arab-Israeli Wars

Where

Middle East-Israel

When

1948-today

Causes

Zionist movement of late 19th century

Holocaust

Disagreement over land ownership

UN partition plan

Results

Many wars

Terrorist groups

Intifada

Attempts at peace

Indian-Pakistani Conflict

Where

Kashmir

When

1947-today

Causes

Hatred between Hindu and Muslims

Partition of British India

Dispute over border

Results

Three wars

Threat of nuclear war

Northern Ireland

Where

Great Britain

When

1922-today

Causes

Disagreement between Catholics and Protestants

Irish Catholics want independence

Results

Violence (Irish Republican Army)

Peace talks continue

Cuban Missile Crisis

Where

Cuba

When

1962

Causes

US policy of containment

Soviet Union was building bases to install nuclear missiles

President Kennedy ordered naval blockade

Results

World stood on brink of war

USSR backed down and removed missiles

Vietnam War

Where

Vietnam [Indochina]

When

1959-1975

Causes

France tried to reclaim Indochina after WWII

Ho Chi Minh lead nationalist movement

1954 Vietnam was divided

US supported South

Results

Vietnam fell to communists

Devastation of country

Vietnamese refugees

Civil War in Nicaragua

Where

Nicaragua [Central America]

When

1979

Causes

Repressive rule of Somoza family (1936-1979)

US backed anti-communist Somozas

Sandinistas overthrew the gov’t

Results

US secretly backed the anti-communist Contras

Many deaths

Weakened the Nicaraguan economy