Conflict in Sudan

8/17/2019 Conflict in Sudan

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CONFLICT IN SUDAN



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Sri Lanka



Sudan, republic in northeastern Africa, the largestcountry of the African continent. It is bounded on the north byEgypt; on the east by the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia; onthe south by Kenya, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of the

ongo !DR , formerly "aire#; and on the $est by the entral African Republic, had, and %ibya. Sudan has a total area of&,'(',)(( s* +m ! - ,/ ( s* mi#. Khartoum is the capital andlargest city.

Sudan $as under the rule of Egypt and the UnitedKingdom 0 became independent in the mid of &( th century.Republic of Sudan $as formally established on 1anuary 2,2 '-. Egypt and the United Kingdom immediately recogni3edthe ne$ nation. Sudan became a member of the Arab %eagueon 1anuary 2 and of the United 4ations on 4o5ember 2&.



6he first general parliamentary elections after Sudanattained independence $ere held on 7ebruary & , 2 '). 6heUmma 8arty $on a ma9ority and formed a ne$ go5ernment on:arch &(. It $as o5erthro$n on 4o5ember 2 by %ieutenant

eneral Ibrahim Abboud, the commander in chief of the armedforces. Abboud, reputedly an ad5ocate of closer relations $ithEgypt, dismissed parliament, suspended the constitution,declared martial la$, and established a cabinet $ith himself asprime minister.

In 4o5ember 2 -/, 8resident Abboud resigned. <e $asreplaced by a supreme council of state. A re5olt in southernSudan that had begun under Abboud against domination by the

Arab north continued as a ci5il $ar until :arch 2 &, $hen thesouth $as granted some autonomy. A shift to$ard a pro=Arabforeign policy $as e5ident after the Arab=Israeli >ar of 2 - .



NIMEIRY’S REGIME

In 2 - a group of radical army officers, led byolonel !later 7ield :arshal# aafar :uhammad al=4imeiry, sei3ed po$er and set up a go5ernment under are5olutionary council. During this period 4imeiry, $hobecame the first elected president of Sudan in 2 &,

consolidated his po$er. In early 2 ? a ne$ constitution$as promulgated. 4imeiry $as the only Arab leader tobac+ Egyptian president An$ar al=Sadat in his peacenegotiations $ith Israel. Sadat@s assassination in 2 )2left Sudan considerably more 5ulnerable to the enmity

of %ibya. 6he country@s stability $as also threatened bya large influ of refugees from Eritrea, Uganda, andhad, $hich seriously strained its resources.



8resident 4imeiry $on reelection to a third

term in April 2 )?. In September he issued ablan+et pardon for some 2?,((( prisoners andannounced a re5ision of the penal code to accord$ith Islamic la$ !Sharia#. :artial la$, imposed in

April 2 )/ in the $a+e of rising tensions $ith %ibya,protests o5er food price increases, and oppositionin the predominantly non=:uslim south toIslami3ation, remained in force until lateSeptember. Rene$ed unrest led in April 2 )' to

4imeiry@s ouster in a bloodless military coup.



CIVIL WAR After a year of military rule, Sadi* al=:ahdi, the great grandson of

:uhammad Ahmad, $as elected prime minister in the first free election in2) years. Boting $as postponed in ? southern constituencies, ho$e5er,

due to a guerrilla $ar led by southern rebels +no$n as the Sudanese8eople@s %iberation Army !S8%A# against the :uslim Arab go5ernment. 6hene$ly elected assembly $as to draft and appro5e a ne$ constitution and tohold elections e5ery four years. <o$e5er, se5ere food shortages, guerrillaunrest, a mounting debt crisis, and other problems $ea+ened thego5ernment@s po$er. In 1une 2 ) a military coup headed by Crigadier

mar <assan al=Cashir toppled the :ahdi go5ernment. A state ofemergency $as imposed, and Sudan $as ruled through a 2'=memberRe5olutionary ommand ouncil for 4ational Sal5ation. onditionsdeteriorated in the early 2 (s, as the Cashir regime suppressed politicalopposition and stepped up the $ar against non=:uslim rebels in the south.In 2 ? Cashir too+ tentati5e steps to$ard multiparty democracy, includingthe dissolution of the military go5ernment, but the decision to retain most ofhis former ministers prompted many to percei5e these changes as largelycosmetic.



In 1anuary 2 / about 2((,((( refugees fled to Uganda $hen Sudanesetroops led an offensi5e against the S8%A. 6hroughout 2 / mediators from theIntergo5ernmental Authority on Drought and De5elopment !I ADD#, consisting ofrepresentati5es from Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Eritrea, attempted tonegotiate a peace agreement bet$een the Sudanese go5ernment and the S8%A.In September the negotiations resulted in the creation of the Supreme ouncilfor 8eace, an ) =member body $ith ?) representati5es from the rebel=dominatedsouth. 6he S8%A resumed its attac+ in 1uly.

In :arch 2 - Cashir and his supporters s$ept presidential and legislati5eelections. <assan al=6urabi, the head of a po$erful Islamic fundamentalistmo5ement called the 4ational Islamic 7ront and a national spiritual leader, $as

elected to the 4ational Assembly and made spea+er. In April Sudan facedinternational condemnation after e5idence surfaced lin+ing Cashir@s go5ernment$ith a 1une 2 ' assassination attempt on Egyptian president <osni :ubara+ inEthiopia. In :ay 2 - the United 4ations !U4# le5ied sanctions against Sudanfor refusing to e tradite to Ethiopia three suspects in the assassination attempt.



Cy the mid=2 (s the S8%A, led by 1ohn arang, a former officer inthe Sudanese army, controlled most of southern Sudan and a number ofimportant to$ns. <o$e5er, the go5ernment maintained control o5er 1uba, alarge city in the far south, and se5eral +ey southern to$ns along the 4ile andthe main roads. Although se5eral smaller rebel groups ha5e signed peaceagreements $ith the go5ernment, the S8%A has stated that it $ill acceptnothing less than complete independence for southern Sudan. 6heSudanese go5ernment has accused Ethiopia, Uganda, Eritrea, and 6an3aniaof aiding the rebels, but these countries ha5e denied the claims. In mid=2 )peace tal+s, the S8%A and the go5ernment tentati5ely agreed to accept aninternationally super5ised 5ote on self=determination in the south. <o$e5er,no date $as set for the 5ote, and the tal+s failed to produce a cease=fire.8eace tal+s continued, but they repeatedly stalled o5er ma9or issues such asthe go5ernment@s un$illingness to separate state and religion anddisagreement o5er $here the boundary bet$een north and south $ould lie.Se5eral temporary cease=fires $ere called during this time in support of thepeace effort and to facilitate the deli5ery of humanitarian aid, including thedeli5ery of food and 5accines, to the $ar=torn south.



In December 2 a po$er struggle bet$een Cashir and 6urabi came to ahead. 6urabi attempted to pass constitutional amendments designed to reduceCashir@s presidential po$ers by calling for the creation of the office of a prime minister,accountable to the 4ational Assembly, and the remo5al of presidential control o5er theselection of state go5ernors. In response to this threat to his authority, Cashirdismissed 6urabi and declared a state of emergency, dissol5ing the 4ational

Assembly and suspending parts of the constitution.8resently this Cashirs go5t gi5e their fullest assistance to a pri5ate militia call

1A4 I>ARDF to genocide non G :uslims in the country. It created the $orsthumanitarian crisis of the century. 6his cost about 2 million deaths 0 refugees uptono$. o5t has prohibited relief $or+ers to conduct their $or+ in south. Recently 6onyClair 5isited Sudan 0 held discussions $ith Sudanese go5t .Cut there@s no good

response.

Due to the less interest sho$n by international community this problembecame much more $orst. E5en though U4 has imposed limited no of embargos,the response of Sudanese go5t is not fa5orable yet. If the international communitydoes not act effecti5ely , a country $hich can be de5eloped $ith its natural resources$ould become failed state , no sooner than later.



SUGGESTED STEPS TO SOLVE THE

PROBLEM IN SUDAN

2. 8ut pressure on go5t to disarm 0 cut=off thesources of supply to militias by internationalcommunity 0 U4 .

&. In5ol5ement of U4 peace+eepers to stabili3ethe country.?. Decentrali3ation of go5t authority./. Reforms in 9udicial system.

'. De5eloping of infrastructure.-. Effecti5e solutions for star5ation 0 homeless.. <umanitarian aids for refugees.

Conflict in Sudan

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