Conflict Diamonds and Minerals

Conflict Minerals and

Diamonds

Leonie Kermarrec, Clemence, Helene Gaudin,

Fanta Diop, Doris Kirui, Natalia Fonseca, Laura

Gondelmann

Origins of Conflict

Minerals and Diamonds

Origins Diamond Gold Coltan Solutions

½ carat = $1000-$2000

Diamonds are more expensive than gold

A part of the diamonds are too

small sounexploitable

Diamonds are the hardest

natural substance on

Earth

1 carat cancost $1 million

Diamond Facts


Diamond Uses

Diamonds are used in:

Industry

Petro chemistry

Surgery

Jewellery


Diamond Trade History

Antiquity 17th c.:

India

The route to India

From 18th c. 19th c.:Brazil

“Diamantina”

Christopher Colombus

From 19th c. Today:

Africa

Colonialism/Wars


Diamond - Key Players

The World’s top Diamond

Mining Companies

1. De Beers

2. Rio Tinto

3. Alrosa

4. Harry Winston Diamond

5. BHP Billiton

6. Petra Demonds


Diamond - Origins of Conflict

The history of De Beers

Creation in 1880

Monopoly in the world (95% of world reserve)

Creator: Cecil Rhodes (British)

Successor: Oppenheimer (German naturalized British)

War to recover Namibia


Diamond - Origins of Conflict

… diamonds that originate from areas controlled by forces or

factions opposed to legitimate and internantionally recognized

governments, and are used to fund military action in opposition to

those governments, or in contravention of the decisions of the

Security Council.

The United Nations’ definition of conflict diamonds

“

”

1990’s: Conflict Diamonds rose in Central

and Western Africa

Violence, smuggling, worker exploitation,

and environmental degradation


Minerals - Origins of Conflict

Tantalite

(Ta)

Coltan

Tin

(Sn)

Cassiterite

Tungsten

(W)

Wolframite

Gold

(Au)

1970s: 3Ts enter in the normal used in industry

65% for chemical and metallurgical industry

25% electronical application

5% medical purpose

Today is used all electronic products

Chemical and Metallurgical

Industry69%

Electonical Application

26%

Medical Purpose5%


Mineral - Origins of Conflicts


What is in your mobile phone?



Focus on Coltan in Congo

Democratic Republic of Congo in North and South Kivu

Main issues:

Humanitarian

Crisis

Political

Conflicts

Natural Resource

Exploitation



Where can Coltan be extracted?

− National parklands

− Forest

− Agricultural land

Why did the conflict start?

− Financing Rwandan Rebel Army

− individual enrichment


Gold – Origins of Conflict

Tied to currencies

A reference in stock exchange

Used in jewelry, new technology,

medicine (radiation), Aerospatiale…


Gold - Key Players

The World’s top Gold Mining

Companies

1. Goldcorp

2. Barrick Gold

3. Newmont

Mining

4. Polyus Gold

5. Newcrest

Gold

6. Yamana

Gold


Economics of Diamonds


Market State

Flat Supply Growing Demand


Supply Chain – The diamond pipeline

65%

Of

the world’s

diamonds

come from

Africa

Industrial vs.

Artisanal

Mining 90%Of

all diamond

pieces cut in

were cut in

Gujarat, India

Key hubs:

Antwerp

Tel Aviv

New York

>50%


Supply Chain – The diamond pipeline


Economic Constributions

Direct Economic Contributions

Provides financial security

Employment

Protects the wealth of nations

Indirect Economic Contributions

Forward and backward linckages

Infrastructure, roads

10

million people globally

are supported by

the diamond

industry

Diamond

industry

represents 33% of Botswana’s

GDP and 20%of Namibia’s

GDP


Social Issues of

Diamonds


Social Issues


Diamond used to fuel civil war

Child Labor/Child Soldiers

Brutal Atrocities

Workers Exploitation/

Slavery

Mostly in Africa

Blood Diamond


Child Labor/Child Soldiers

Easy to manipulate and terrorise

Produce more result

Easy to re-educate and can do any

kind of work they are given

First victim of the civil war

Source of cheap labour


Brutal Atrocities

Kidnapping

Mass Killing

Torture Rape


Brutal Atrocities


Government Violence - Zimbabwe


Government Violence - Zimbabwe

2006: Discovery of alluvial diamonds in

Marange

• Settlement of artisanal miners, merchant, dealers

• Beginning of violence on workers and thepopulation of Marange

2008: Deployment of the national army at Marange

• Massacres of artisanal miners, dealers, villagers

• The government owns the diamond field

• The government decides to relocate the population to another village

• Villagers protest and try to find an arrangement

2009: The population of Marange is relocated by force to another village


DIAMONDS

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

CONGO

SIERRA LEONE

ANGOLA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

LIBERIA

IVORY COAST

THE REPUBLIC OF

CONGO

Results of Diamond conflicts

Rich mineral resources

Outside formal market

The centre of unsafe, unhealthy

and badly-paid piecework

Economical, political, social and

historical constraint

Civil war


Loss of Infrastructures


Dangerous Work Condition

Health

Mining Pits Sex Trade

Health


Environmental Issues of

Diamonds


Environmental Issues Impacts

WaterPollution

DeforestationSoil

Pollution

Air Pollution

Loss of biodiversity


Quiz Time!

1. How much toxic waste do mining corporations dump into oceans, rivers, and lakes around the world each year?

a. 180 million tons

b. 120 million tons

c. 80 million tons

2. On average, how much tons of ore and waste rock is generated by a single wedding ring (18-karat)?

a) 35 tons

b) 20 tons

c) 5 tons

3. How many mines produce 86% of all the toxic waste from mining dumped in the sea?

a. 24

b. 14

c. 4


Regulations

International Regulations

National Regulations

National regulation are being eroded by amendments and exemptions

2009: US Supreme court vs Coeur D’Alene Mines


Victor Mine - Canada


…leach chemicals

into surrounding

water

Waste rock…

…dumped in the

surrounding area

28.7 million tons of rock dug from the ground…

2.5 million tons of rock processed per year

Land Impacts from Canadian Victor Mine


Noise of the explosives + 60 trucks per day

Easier motorized access

Impact on habitat for woodland caribou and migratory birds

Water table affected : 260,000 hectares surrounding the mine

Wildlife Impacts from Canadian Victor

Mine:


Economics of Gold


Market State Stable Supply


Market State

Inelastic and widely dispersed demand

52%Of gold demand

come from

China and India

alone!


Supply Chain

Top gold producers:

1. China

2. Australia

3. USA


Economic Contributions

Direct economic contributions

Provides financial security

Employment

Protects the wealth of nations

Indirect economic contributions

Forward and backward linckages

Infrastructure, roads

70%of total

expenditures

remain in

producing

country


Social Issues of Gold


Social Issues - Gold


Physically demanding work – Involvement of Women

• Guinea: 75% women work in artisanal mining

• Child labor

Low level of occupational safety and health care

Inefficiency in exploitation and processing of mineral production

• low recovery value

Insufficient consideration on environmental issues

Presence of terrorist groups

Exploration Construction Exploitation Closure

Small Scale/Artisanal Mining


Case Study - Colombia


GOVERNMENT

BIG COMPANIES•RUCOM

TRADERS•CERTIFICATE:

•JewleryTraders

•Minery Traders

MINES

• ORIGIN CERTIFICATE:

• Legal Mines.

• Artisan Mines VS Illegal exploitation

FEEDBACK

Case Study - Colombia



Gold


Toxic mine drainage: the biggest environmental concern

Air and moisture can set off chemical reactions that produce acids

and leach toxic metals

Sulfuric acid, arsenic and copper

Gold extraction significant impact:

Found in rock that contains a lot of acid-generating sulfides;

Produces much more unwanted rock

Environmental disaster


Mercury

Use of mercury in gold mining

Global health and environmental crisis

Mercury: liquid metal used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining to extract

gold from rock and sediments

The world’s 10 to 15 million artisanal gold miners release about 1000 tons of

mercury

35% 70%Of man-made

mercury

pollution

Of the mercury deposited in the

United States is from

international sources


Economics of Coltan


Market State - Tantalum

Ore Pricing Trend: 1995-2015: 2016 Forecast (annualized)

US Dollars Per Pound


Supply Chain

Of

the world’s

coltan

reserves are

in DRC

80%

Australia

currently

produces

most coltan

Most coltan

refineries

are located

in East Asia


Supply Chain


Social Issues of Coltan


Can you remember what objects are

made in Coltan?


Who are the primary exploiters of

Coltan in Congo?

Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi

Proxy militias of these countries

“The African World War”

5 million people have

died

directly and

indirectly 90% in

Eastern Congo


Main Issues

Economic - Labor in mine for local population to survive, child labor

Humanitarian - Sexual violence, child soldiers, disease and malnutrition


Main issues

Social – Rural health service and schools abandoned, destruction of the

entire society

Environmental - Hunters shooting wildlife


Foreign Corporate Exploitation

A global denial : national and international

All the industries bear responsibilities

Supply chain


Case Study VICE



Coltan


Case study: Congo

Congo’s Basin rainforest: one of the world’s most threatened ecosystems

Illegal lumbers: forestry operations

Coltan mining is destroying the home of 270 species of animals

Congo’s ecosystems will no longer exist within the next 10 to 12 years

For instance: the Eastern lowland gorilla population

1996: Numbered in the thousands

2013: less than 140 gorillas

440,000 per year3,000

Trees

are cut

down each

day


Solutions to Diamond

Conflicts• Kimberley process

• Strengths & Limitations

• Other solutions


An international certificate based system that stems the

flow of conflict diamonds

Came into effect in 2003

So far 75 countries participate in KPCS

By being involved they agree to trade only with other

members

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme


Participants in the Kimberley process

Official applicants to the Kimberley process

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme


How does it work?

1. Each shipment in tamper proof container accompanied by KP certificate

2. Certificate must be resistant to forgery

3. Shipment only exported to another KP participant

4 Importing country must check content with KP certificate


System of warranties

Involves written statements on all invoices declaring that the diamonds being

sold are from conflict free sources

Companies file invoices for annual audits

The following affirmative statement must be provided on all invoices:

“The diamonds herein invoiced have been purchased from legitimate sources not

involved in funding conflict and in compliance with United Nations resolutions.

The seller hereby guarantees that these diamonds are conflict free, based on

personal knowledge and/or written guarantees provided by the supplier of these

diamonds.”


Summary

Mining Export Import Polishing Manufacturing Retail

Kimberley process System of warranties


The fact that it exists

Participants can only engage with other participants

Includes NGOs, diamond industry & states

Strengths of KPCS


Limitations & Challenges of KPCS

It only applies to rough diamonds

Narrow definition of “conflict diamonds” means human rights issues are left out

Issuance of fake certificates

System of warranties can be altered

Consensus decisions means countries can veto

Smuggling of diamonds e.g. Venezuela, Congo Brazzaville


Other solutions

Diamond development standards - aims to find sustainable methods

Government Policies:

- Clean Diamond Trade Act (US)

- Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act (Canada)


Solutions of Gold

Conflicts


Due Diligence

Guidance for Responsible

Supply Chains of Minerals

Conflict Assessment

Company Assessment

Commodity Assessment

External Sources of

Gold Assessment

Management Statement of Conformance

Supply Chain - Big Scale Production

Invest in new technologies

OECD Gold Supply Chain


Accurate, digestible information

Securities Exchange Commissions (SEC)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The Artisanal Gold Council (AGC)

Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC)

Improve awareness


Green Mining

Is there such a thing as Green Mining/

Responsible Mining ?- Shutting down illegal and unregulated mines

- Choosing environmentally friendly general mining processes

- Implementing recently discovered green mining technologies

- Cleaning up the sites of shut-down mines

- Reevaluating Cut-off Grades

- Research and Development of Green Mining Technology


Solutions of Coltan

Conflicts


Should we ban Coltan?


Publicly acknowledge the link between exploitation of Coltan and

conflicts in the DCR.

Determine collectively or individually a feasible and appropriate

response to this issue.

Employ their influence along the supply chain to conform, ban or

support a regulated coltan industry.

Promote ethical business practices.

Tantalum Industries should…


Coltan Initiatives

The Dodd-Frank Act

European Parliament Strasbourg May 2015

Why not create a Kimberley project for

Coltan?


Case Study: LG Electronics

Try not to support armed groups

Ask its suppliers to identify the smelters

The Conflict-Free Smelter programme


Case Study: LG Electronics


Thank you Any Questions?

References Originshttp://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp13.pdf

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/africa/conflict-diamonds-explainer/

http://www.diamondfacts.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D128%26Itemid%3D134%26lang%3Den

http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/business-and-human-rights/oil-gas-and-mining-industries/conflict-diamonds

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conflict-minerals

https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/democratic-republic-congo/

http://www.sourceintelligence.com/what-are-conflict-minerals/

http://visual.ly/conflict-diamonds-hitting-stores-near-you

http://www.brilliantearth.com/blood-diamond/

https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/

http://www.polinares.eu/docs/d1-1/polinares_wp1_history_minerals.pdf

http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-conflict-minerals-funded-a-war-that-killed-millions/

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/conflict-minerals/gettleman-text

http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num6/articles/art05204.html

http://www.cetri.be/Exploitation-miniere-au-Sud-enjeux

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp13.pdf

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/05/world/africa/conflict-diamonds-explainer/

http://www.diamondfacts.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128&Itemid=134&lang=en

http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/business-and-human-rights/oil-gas-and-mining-industries/conflict-diamonds

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conflict-minerals

https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/democratic-republic-congo/

http://www.sourceintelligence.com/what-are-conflict-minerals/

http://visual.ly/conflict-diamonds-hitting-stores-near-you

http://www.brilliantearth.com/blood-diamond/

https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/

http://www.polinares.eu/docs/d1-1/polinares_wp1_history_minerals.pdf

http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-conflict-minerals-funded-a-war-that-killed-millions/

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/conflict-minerals/gettleman-text

http://mappemonde.mgm.fr/num6/articles/art05204.html

http://www.cetri.be/Exploitation-miniere-au-Sud-enjeux

References Economics http://www.diamondshades.com/viewpoint

http://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_REPORT_The_global_diamond_report_2013.pdf

http://www.debeersgroup.com/content/dam/de-beers/corporate/documents/Sustainability/Sustainability%20Reports/DB_Performance%20Supp_3Oct.pdf

https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact%20Sheet%20(Diamond%20Mining%20in%20Africa).pdf

http://insightreport.debeersgroup.com/_downloads/pdfs/de-beers-insight-report-2014.pdf

https://www.kpmg.com/ID/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/diamond-q4-2014-q1-2015.pdf

http://www.diamondfacts.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D132%26Itemid%3D169%26lang%3Den

http://www.gold.org/research/social-and-economic-impacts-gold-mining-video

http://www.sourcingnetwork.org/mining-the-disclosures

https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/1091

http://www.thisisgold.co.za/downloads/finish/4-fact-sheets/13-fact-sheet-august-2014-economics-of-gold/0

http://www.gold.org/gold-mining/economic-contribution/value-distribution

https://www.isf.es/ee/pdf/FFI_20Coltan_report.pdf

www.hcss.nl/reports/download/125/1763/

http://s1.q4cdn.com/038672619/files/Fact-Sheet-Sep-2014_FINAL-v2_v001_t7ur94.pdf

https://www.kpmg.com/ID/en/.../Documents/gold-q4-2014-q1-2015.pdf

http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/eastern_congo/conflict-minerals

https://www.fairphone.com/2013/11/08/tin-and-tantalum-road-trip/

http://www.diamondshades.com/viewpoint

http://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_REPORT_The_global_diamond_report_2013.pdf

http://www.debeersgroup.com/content/dam/de-beers/corporate/documents/Sustainability/Sustainability Reports/DB_Performance Supp_3Oct.pdf

https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact Sheet (Diamond Mining in Africa).pdf

http://insightreport.debeersgroup.com/_downloads/pdfs/de-beers-insight-report-2014.pdf

https://www.kpmg.com/ID/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/diamond-q4-2014-q1-2015.pdf


http://www.gold.org/research/social-and-economic-impacts-gold-mining-video

http://www.sourcingnetwork.org/mining-the-disclosures

https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/1091

http://www.thisisgold.co.za/downloads/finish/4-fact-sheets/13-fact-sheet-august-2014-economics-of-gold/0

http://www.gold.org/gold-mining/economic-contribution/value-distribution

https://www.isf.es/ee/pdf/FFI_20Coltan_report.pdf

http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/125/1763/

http://s1.q4cdn.com/038672619/files/Fact-Sheet-Sep-2014_FINAL-v2_v001_t7ur94.pdf

https://www.kpmg.com/ID/en/.../Documents/gold-q4-2014-q1-2015.pdf

http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/eastern_congo/conflict-minerals

https://www.fairphone.com/2013/11/08/tin-and-tantalum-road-trip/

References Issues of Diamond• http://www.ddiglobal.org/issues/

• http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-‘curse’-blessing

• https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact%20Sheet%20(Diamond%20Mining%20in%20Africa).pdf

• http://www.diamondfacts.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D132%26Itemid%3D169%26lang%3Den

• http://www.irinnews.org/report/91460/central-african-republic-poverty-peril-for-diamond-mining-communities-in-east

• http://www.crisisgroup.org/%7E/media/Files/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/167%20Dangerous%20Little%20Stones%20-%20Diamonds%20in%20the%20Central%20African%20Republic.ashx

• http://projects.voanews.com/central-african-republic-diamonds/

• http://www.rocketswag.com/travel/africa/congo/Congo-History-And-Diamonds.html

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rsOhgQq2rM

• https://www.globalwitness.org/reports/diamonds-good-deal-zimbabwe/http://www.theafricareport.com/news-analysis/the-story-of-zimbabwes-marange-diamonds-pollution-politics-power.html

• http://www.dianaprincessofwalesmemorialfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/Case%20Study_Global%20Witness.pdf

• http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/july25a_2010.html

• http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/08/world/africa/ishmael-beah-child-soldier/

• http://ihscslnews.org/view_article.php?id=283

• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sierraleone/7936115/Blood-diamonds-and-war-crimes-the-conflict-in-Sierra-Leone.html

• http://www.voicesofyouth.org/fr/posts/blood-diamonds-child-soldiers

• http://www.idexonline.com/FullArticle?id=32952

• http://www.theafricareport.com/news-analysis/the-story-of-zimbabwes-marange-diamonds-pollution-politics-power.html

http://www.ddiglobal.org/issues/

http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2007/conflict-resources-‘curse’-blessing

https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact Sheet (Diamond Mining in Africa).pdf


http://www.irinnews.org/report/91460/central-african-republic-poverty-peril-for-diamond-mining-communities-in-east

http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/167 Dangerous Little Stones - Diamonds in the Central African Republic.ashx

http://projects.voanews.com/central-african-republic-diamonds/

http://www.rocketswag.com/travel/africa/congo/Congo-History-And-Diamonds.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rsOhgQq2rM

https://www.globalwitness.org/reports/diamonds-good-deal-zimbabwe/

http://www.theafricareport.com/news-analysis/the-story-of-zimbabwes-marange-diamonds-pollution-politics-power.html

http://www.dianaprincessofwalesmemorialfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/Case Study_Global Witness.pdf

http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/july25a_2010.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/08/world/africa/ishmael-beah-child-soldier/

http://ihscslnews.org/view_article.php?id=283

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sierraleone/7936115/Blood-diamonds-and-war-crimes-the-conflict-in-Sierra-Leone.html

http://www.voicesofyouth.org/fr/posts/blood-diamonds-child-soldiers

http://www.idexonline.com/FullArticle?id=32952

http://www.theafricareport.com/news-analysis/the-story-of-zimbabwes-marange-diamonds-pollution-politics-power.html

References Issues of Gold

https://www.gold.org/sites/default/files/documents/WGC172_Conflict_Free_Gold_brochure_0.pdf

http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/greenmining.html

http://www.goldpriceoz.com/gold-price-per-ounce/

http://www.gold.org/gold-mining/economic-contribution/social-economic-impact

Miniroundtable, Conflict Minerals disclousure requirements, panel experts, oct 2014. www.riskandcompliancemagazine.com

http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/reducing-mercury-pollution-artisanal-and-small-scale-gold-mining


http://www.unido.org/en/what-we-do/environment/resource-efficient-and-low-carbon-industrial-production/watermanagement/mercury/global-mercury-project.html?ucg_no64=1%2FDATA1%2Fdoc%2Findex.php

http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Mercury/Documents/ASGM/Techdoc/UNEP%20Tech%20Doc%20APRIL%202012_120608b_web.pdf

http://www.oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/50472027.pdf

https://www.gold.org/sites/default/files/documents/WGC172_Conflict_Free_Gold_brochure_0.pdf

http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/greenmining.html

http://www.goldpriceoz.com/gold-price-per-ounce/

http://www.gold.org/gold-mining/economic-contribution/social-economic-impact

http://www.riskandcompliancemagazine.com/



http://www.unido.org/en/what-we-do/environment/resource-efficient-and-low-carbon-industrial-production/watermanagement/mercury/global-mercury-project.html?ucg_no64=1/DATA1/doc/index.php

http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Mercury/Documents/ASGM/Techdoc/UNEP Tech Doc APRIL 2012_120608b_web.pdf

References Issues of Coltan

http://makinghistorymatter.ca/2015/04/06/coltan-war-and-the-congo/

http://www.friendsofthecongo.org/resource-center/coltan.html

http://cern-cenco.cd/

http://sharpmagazine.com/magazine/coltan-and-the-congo/

http://acuns.org/wp-

content/uploads/2012/06/RoleofMultinationalCorporations.pdf

https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/action/case-example/114

http://makinghistorymatter.ca/2015/04/06/coltan-war-and-the-congo/

http://www.friendsofthecongo.org/resource-center/coltan.html

http://cern-cenco.cd/

http://sharpmagazine.com/magazine/coltan-and-the-congo/

http://acuns.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/RoleofMultinationalCorporations.pdf

References Environmental Issues

http://nodirtygold.earthworksaction.org/

https://www.earthworksaction.org/

http://www.miningfacts.org/

http://www.mining.com/

http://www.icmm.com/

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/20/AR2010092004730.html

https://iphoneproj2011.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/coltan-mining-its-environmental-impacts/

http://www.brilliantearth.com/blood-diamond-environmental-impact/

http://www.okinternational.org/mining

https://www.elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/Chapter1.pdf

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/20/AR2010092004730.html

http://www.okinternational.org/mining

References Solutions

https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact%20S

heet%20(Conflict%20Diamonds%20and%20the%20Kimberley%20Process).pdf

http://www.dtcb.co.bw/kimberly_cert.php

https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/kimberley-process/

http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/about


Meyer, H. Business, Boycott & Bureaucracy: The Kimberley Process Certification

Scheme and the Global Quest for Conflict-Free Diamonds.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamond

http://www.ddiglobal.org/our-work/development-diamond-standards

https://www.worlddiamondcouncil.org/download/resources/documents/Fact Sheet (Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberley Process).pdf


https://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/kimberley-process/

http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/about


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamond

http://www.ddiglobal.org/our-work/development-diamond-standards

Conflict Diamonds and Minerals

Documents

Transcript of Conflict Diamonds and Minerals