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Transcript of Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved 01/06/2015Reducing air pollution from...
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 1Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments
P. Campling, S. Janssen, P. Lodewijks, Koen Van Den Bossche (IEEP), Kris Vanherle (TML)
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 2Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Overview
» Background, objectives and consortium» Importance of maritime emissions» Policy developments to reduce maritime emissions» Legal and technical issues» Approach to quantifying benefits of including
maritime into a land based ETS» Summary
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 3Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Background, objectives and consortium» Background – DG ENV service contract Dec ’08 to Dec ’09 – use of
market based instruments to reduce air pollution» Lot 1 – land based sources (IPPC installations) – ENTEC
consortium» Lot 2 – maritime sources – VITO consortium
» Objective and tasks» Expand land based EU ETS to include maritime sector
» Special attention to legal and technical aspects (Task 1)» Possible solutions to obstacles (Task 2)» Assessment of benefits (Task 3)
» Consortium» VITO – project coordination, air dispersion modelling, ETS (MBI)
tool, impact assessments» IEEP – environmental policy experts at EU level, maritime law» TML – TREMOVE model, maritime emissions, abatement curves» ARCADIS – maritime emissions and abatement curves
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 4Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Importance of maritime emissions
» 90% of EU’s external trade transported by water» 3.5 billion tonnes freight loaded and unloaded per
year » Sea freight grew 34% 1995 to 2005» Most major ports continue to grow
» Rotterdam 1990 to 2004 +23% » Antwerp 1990 to 2004 +50%» Hamburg 1990 to 2004 +88%
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 5Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Importance of maritime emissions (SO2 and NOx)
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 6Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2000 to 2006)
Time-line
Regulat-ion Refer-ence
Enforce-ment Area
Impacted Operator
Detail of Restriction
07/ 2000
1999/32/EC EU Ports All Vessels Max 0.2% m/m sulphur content of Marine Gas Oil
08/ 2006
2005/33EC EU Ports Scheduled Passenger Vessels (>12 passengers)
Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel
08/ 2006
2005/33EC Baltic Sea (SECA)
All Vessels Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel
08/ 2006
1999/32/EC2005/33EC
EU Ports Suppliers No sale of > 1.5% sulphur content of Marine Diesel Oil
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 7Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2007 to 2010)
Timeline Regulation
Reference
Enforcement Area
Impacted Operator
Detail of Restriction
11 August 2007
2005/33EC North Sea (SECA)
All Vessels Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel
1 January 2008
1999/32/EC2005/33EC
EU Ports All Vessels Max 0.1% m/m sulphur contentMarine Gas Oil
1 Jan 2010 2005/33EC EU Ports All Vessels at berth and inland waterways
Max 0.1% m/m sulphur content of fuel. Exemptions for:Short-stay vessels Using shore-side electricity
1 Jan 2010 1999/32/EC2005/33EC
EU Ports Suppliers No sale of >0.1% sulphur content of Marine Gas Oil
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 8Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
NEC Report Version 6 (IIASA) – emissions (kT)
BAU 2020 SO2
BAU 2020 NOx
BAU 2020 PM2.5
IMO 2020 SO2
IMO 2020 NOx
IMO 2020 PM2.5
Baltic Sea
171 404 29 14 349 4
Med Sea
1714 2311 198 1714 2220 97
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 9Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Legal and technical issues and constraintsInternational legal framework (enforcement / practicalities)
» Main problem transboundary issue (+different jurisdictional zones)» Law of the Sea convention (maritime zones affecting enforcement)» Marine pollution (in principle dealt with through IMO - politically/or
legally regarded as sole institution)» Internal waters (port state jurisdiction)» Territorial seas (innocent passage) (<12nm)» Contiguous zone (only enforcement of functional rights in respect of
territory) (12 – 24 nm)» Exclusive Economic Zone (only functional sovereign rights) (<200nm)» High seas (flag state jurisdiction)» Flag of convenience within and outside Community waters
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 10Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Preliminary results of legal / technical analysis
» Inland waters (including ports) » Emission trading possible » Differentiated dues/charges possible » Taxation possible» Imposing fuel and technology standards possible
» Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – MBI and regulation tools are only possible in “context of services rendered” » Emission trading NOT possible » Differentiated dues/charges possible » Taxation possible» Imposing fuel and technology standards NOT possible
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 11Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Shipping emissions inventory
» Determine an EU maritime emission baseline, taking into account:» Geographic distribution » Port / at sea (cfr. different health impact, ETS schemes)» Source type (i.e. technology relating to abatement
options)» (Vessel type)» (Size)
» Data sets – EXTREMIS database (inventory developed for JRC), IIASA data (based partially on ENTEC grid), TREMOVE and EMMOSS (detailed ship emissions from Belgian ports)
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 12Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (NOX)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NO
x E
mis
sion
s (T
ons/
year
)
Port - EU-flag
Port - non-EU-flag
Sea - EU-flag
Sea- non-EU-flag
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 13Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (SO2)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
SO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(To
ns/
year
)
Port - EU-flagPort - non-EU-flagSea - EU-flagSea- non-EU-flag
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 14Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Modelling impact of ETS (MBI) options
» Specific Objectives» Modelling the environmental impacts of an NOx
and SO2 ETS (other MBI options) extended for ship emissions
» EU wide assessment (60km resolution)» Zoom on restricted trading zones or hotspots e.g.
the Channel, Baltic Sea (7.5 km resolution)
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 15Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Modelling scheme for impact of ETS (MBI) options
Emission inventory
maritime sector
Emission Trading
System (MBI options)
EU emission inventory
(IIASA, EMEP)
E-MAP (emission mapping
tool)
belEUROS (dispersion
model) – EU and hotspots
Impact assessment
Population density
Critical loads
ExternE factors
ECMWF meteorology
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 16Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Modelling impact of ETS (MBI options) simulations
» Transformation of ETS output to gridded emissions: E-MAP tool » Tool developed at VITO» Spatial distribution of emissions making use of proxy data (e.g.
shipping routes, EPRTR stack data, poplation density…)» Output emissions compatible with dispersion model
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 17Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Dispersion modelling tool
» Dispersion model: BelEUROS» EUROS developed by RIVM
(Netherlands) for modelling of ozone» BelEUROS extended by Vito in 2004/2005
to model dispersion of primary and secondary particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)» Meteo: ECMWF (T, rH, wv+wd, CC,
PR, mixing layer height)» Emissions: EMEP/CORINAIR + local
emission inventories» Emission scenarios: GAINS
Europe» Resolution: horizontal: 60 kmor
7.5 km
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 18Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Impact assessment» Gridded emissions (E-MAP)» Air quality maps for the EU domain and the Channel zoom
(belEUROS)» Impact assessment on human health (population exposure) and
sensitive ecosystems (exceedance of critical loads)
18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 19Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved
Summary» Shipping is an important source of NOx and SO2 emissions
» Legal and technical constraints on using MBI to reduce NOx and SO2 pollution from ships (legal jurisdiction, legal enforcement, EU vv non-EU vessels, 16 vessel type categories
» Inland waters (including ports) – ETS, differentiated dues/charges, taxation, fuel and technology standards
» Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – only differentiated dues/charges and taxation in context of services rendered
» Ports only account for <10% NOx and S02 emissions
» Generic tool at EU level – ETS (ports) + differentiated dues/charges (territorial seas + resticted seas e.g. Baltic, Adriatic)????
» Confined ETS scheme – Port Zone (ships trading with local IPPC installations)????