Conference on Border Crossing in Greater China: Production, Community and Identity Center for China...

Conference on Border Crossing in Greater China: Production, Community and IdentityCenter for China Studies, National Chengchi University, Taipei

13-14 September 2012

Robert Chung, Edward TaiPublic Opinion Programme

The University of Hong Kong

Ethnic Identity of Hong Kong People:An Academic Question turned Political

Ethnic Identity of Hong Kong People

• Methodological Framework

• From dichotomy to one-in-four choices

• From one-in-four choices to strength ratings

• From strength ratings to “identity indices”

• Describing the Trend of Ethnic Identities

• “Hongkongers” versus “Chinese”

• Strength rating for identities – “Hongkongers” vs “Chinese”

• “Identity indices” – Six identities gathered together

• Ethnic Identity turned Political

• What next?2

Study of Ethnic Identity

• Dichotomy of “Hongkonger” （香港人） versus “Chinese” （中國人） was widely used by Hong Kong sociologists in the 1980s

• From a 1985 survey by Lau & Kuan “

• “59.5 percent of the respondents identifies themselves as Hongkongese, 36.2 percent as Chinese.”

• the proportion of those opting for a Hong Kong identity was “striking”

• people’s “sense of attachment to Hong Kong is tremendous”

3

Methodological Framework

From dichotomy to one-in-four choices

• The traditional method: choose from a dichotomy of

“Hongkonger” （香港人） vs “Chinese” （中國人）

• But the concepts of “Hongkonger” and “Chinese” may

overlap with each other

• Instead of using “don’t know”, “hard to say” and other

uncertain answers as the middle choice, two more specific

answers were offered, namely, “Hongkonger in China” （中國的香港人） and “Chinese in Hong Kong” （香港的中國人）

4


From dichotomy to one-in-four choices

• “Hongkonger in China” （中國的香港人） = “ethnically

Hongkonger living in China”, meaning a stronger sense of the

“Hongkonger” identityand “Chinese in Hong Kong”

• “Chinese in Hong Kong” （香港的中國人） = “ethnically

Chinese living in Hong Kong”, meaning a stronger sense of

the “Chinese” identity

• Managed to narrow down some ambivalent answers to more

specific labels like “Hongkonger in China” and “Chinese in

Hong Kong”5


6

“Hongkonger in the broadest sense”

（廣義香港人）

“Hongkonger”（香港人）

“Hongkonger in China” （中國的

香港人）

“Chinese in the broadest

sense” （廣義中國人）

“Chinese”

（中國人）

“Chinese in Hong Kong” （香港的

中國人）


From one-in-four choices to strength ratings

• There is a methodological blind spot regarding the absolute strength of identities when answering dichotomous or one-in-four choices

• Two more rating questions added to rate respondents’ strength of their “Hongkongers” and “Chinese” identities separately using a 0-10 scale

• In June 2007, the survey is further enhanced to include four more identities for strength rating, namely, “citizens of People’s Republic of China”, “members of the Chinese race”, “Asians” and “global citizens”, in order to depict a clearer picture of cultural and ethnic identities 7


From strength ratings to “identity indices”

• Separate importance ratings for all different identities are

added in December 2008

• “Identity indices” computed by taking the geometric means

of “strength” times “importance” then multiplied by 10

• The importance ratings are introduced because some people

may give a high rating on an identity, but do not feel that the

identity has too much relevance in their political or social life8


9

Identity Indices

Strength Ratings

Importance Ratings

X 10

Describing the Trend of Ethnic Identities

10

26-2

7/8/

1997

28-2

9/10

/199

7

3-4/

6/19

98

14/8

/199

8

21/1

2/19

98

15/4

/199

9

6/8/

1999

13-1

5/12

/199

9

6-7/

4/20

00

21-2

5/9/

2000

22/3

-2/4

/200

1

13-2

1/9/

2001

12-1

3/3/

2002

2-5/

9/20

02

1-4/

3/20

03

10-1

4/12

/200

3

6-9/

12/2

004

9-14

/12/

2005

6-12

/12/

2006

11-1

4/12

/200

7

9-12

/12/

2008

8-11

/12/

2009

13-1

6/12

/201

0

12-2

0/12

/201

1

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

身分類別認同（按次）Ethnic Identity (per poll)

(8/1997 - 6/2012)

香港人 Hong Kong Citizen

中國人 Chinese Citizen

香港的中國人 Hong Kong's Chinese Citizen

中國的香港人 China's Hong Kong Citizen

調查日期 Date of survey

百分

比 P

rece

ntag

e


11

26-2

7/8/

1997

28-2

9/10

/199

7

3-4/

6/19

98

14/8

/199

8

21/1

2/19

98

15/4

/199

9

6/8/

1999

13-1

5/12

/199

9

6-7/

4/20

00

21-2

5/9/

2000

22/3

-2/4

/200

1

13-2

1/9/

2001

12-1

3/3/

2002

2-5/

9/20

02

1-4/

3/20

03

10-1

4/12

/200

3

6-9/

12/2

004

9-14

/12/

2005

6-12

/12/

2006

11-1

4/12

/200

7

9-12

/12/

2008

8-11

/12/

2009

13-1

6/12

/201

0

12-2

0/12

/201

1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

身分類別認同（按次）Ethnic Identity (per poll)

(8/1997 - 6/2012)

廣義香港人 "Hong Kong Citi-zen" in broad sense

廣義中國人 "Chinese Citizen" in broad sense

調查日期 Date of Survey

百分

比 P

rece

ntag

e


12

26-2

7/8/

1997

28-2

9/10

/199

7

3-4/

6/19

98

14/8

/199

8

21/1

2/19

98

15/4

/199

9

6/8/

1999

13-1

5/12

/199

9

6-7/

4/20

00

21-2

5/9/

2000

22/3

-2/4

/200

1

13-2

1/9/

2001

12-1

3/3/

2002

2-5/

9/20

02

1-4/

3/20

03

10-1

4/12

/200

3

6-9/

12/2

004

9-14

/12/

2005

6-12

/12/

2006

11-1

4/12

/200

7

9-12

/12/

2008

8-11

/12/

2009

13-1

6/12

/201

0

12-2

0/12

/201

15.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

「香港人」、「中國人」身分認同程度評分（按次）Strength of “Hong Kong citizen” & “Chinese citizen” identity (per poll)

(8/1997 - 6/2012)

香港人 Hong Kong Cit-izen

中國人 Chinese Citizen


認同

感 S

tren

gth

Rat

ing


13

26-2

7/8/

1997

28-2

9/10

/199

7

3-4/

6/19

98

14/8

/199

8

21/1

2/19

98

15/4

/199

9

6/8/

1999

13-1

5/12

/199

9

6-7/

4/20

00

21-2

5/9/

2000

22/3

-2/4

/200

1

13-2

1/9/

2001

12-1

3/3/

2002

2-5/

9/20

02

1-4/

3/20

03

10-1

4/12

/200

3

6-9/

12/2

004

9-14

/12/

2005

6-12

/12/

2006

11-1

4/12

/200

7

9-12

/12/

2008

8-11

/12/

2009

13-1

6/12

/201

0

12-2

0/12

/201

1

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

「香港人」身分認同程度評分（按次及按年齡組別）Strength of “Hong Kong citizen” identity (per poll, by age group)

(8/1997 - 6/2012)

18 - 29

30+

整體 Overall


認同

感 S

tren

gth

Rat

ing


14

26-2

7/8/

1997

28-2

9/10

/199

7

3-4/

6/19

98

14/8

/199

8

21/1

2/19

98

15/4

/199

9

6/8/

1999

13-1

5/12

/199

9

6-7/

4/20

00

21-2

5/9/

2000

22/3

-2/4

/200

1

13-2

1/9/

2001

12-1

3/3/

2002

2-5/

9/20

02

1-4/

3/20

03

10-1

4/12

/200

3

6-9/

12/2

004

9-14

/12/

2005

6-12

/12/

2006

11-1

4/12

/200

7

9-12

/12/

2008

8-11

/12/

2009

13-1

6/12

/201

0

12-2

0/12

/201

1

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

「中國人」身分認同程度評分（按次及按年齡組別）Strength of “Chinese citizen” identity (per poll, by age group)

(8/1997 - 6/2012)

18 - 29

30+

整體 Overall


認同

感 S

tren

gth

Rat

ing


15

Ethnic Identity turned Political

• 28 December 2011, the POP released its latest finding that “in

terms of absolute rating, people’s identification with

‘Hongkonger’ has reached a ten-year high, while that of

‘Chinese’ has dropped to a 12-year low”

• One day later, Hao Tiechuan, Director of the Publicity, Cultural

and Sports Department of the Liaison Office of the Central

People’s Government in Hong Kong openly criticizes the survey

as “unscientific” and “illogical”, because it uses a dichotomous

measurement of “Hongkongers” and “Chinese”, which is not

mutually exclusive

• Severe criticisms from leftist commentators followed16


• All Cultural Revolution type rhetoric and accusations can be summarized into three lines of arguments:

1. Because the survey requires people to choose between the identities of “Hongkongers” and “Chinese”, it is unscientific and illogical

2. The survey conducted before Hong Kong’s handover was not of a problem, but when carried out after the handover, it becomes “unscientific”

3. The survey advocates the independence of Hong Kong and thus has an ulterior motive

• The criticism was seen by some analysts in Hong Kong as a prelude to leftist commentators’ attacks on the “3.23 Civil Referendum” Project proposed near the end of 2011, and scheduled to take place on 23 March 2012

17


A six-point rebuttal:

1. Asking people to choose the most desired identities among four

overlapped options, namely, “Hongkongers”, “Chinese Hong Kong

citizen”, “Chinese” and “Hong Kong Chinese citizen” is not

unreasonable, even though it may have problems of “subsumption

and inclusion”

2. The results released come from two separate and independent

questions, they are single-item questions which do not involve any

“logical” problem

3. The “scientific nature” or “logical dimension” of a study is

impossible to be changed with the political climate

18


4. If the above survey methodology is “unscientific” in Hong Kong,

then similar surveys on ethnic identity cannot be “scientific”

elsewhere in the world

5. The study comprised of 13 opinion questions plus 9 demographics

variables, the study is already very comprehensive and useful. Hao’s

complete denial of the 22-question strong survey, straddling over 15

years, with one single question which he considers “illogical”, is just

too arbitrary and dogmatic

6. The proposition that the author is splitting the country in the name of

academic research, against all academic ethics and morals, is a direct

discredit of the author’s research achievements; academic institutions

should pay attention to this, and should even consider to provide

appropriate legal protections for the innocent academics

19

What next?

• Six months after the leftist commentators launched their attack, in

June 2012, the Public Opinion Programme at the University of Hong

Kong again releases its latest findings of the same survey

• “People’s identification with ‘Hong Kong citizens’ has dropped back

a bit compared to 6 months ago, but their identification with

‘Chinese citizens’ has dropped to a 13-year low since the end of

1999. Indepth analysis shows that the rating of those under 30 years

of age continues to drop since mid-2009, and plunges to just over 5

points in the past 6 months. This warrants special attention…”

• The release concurred with the 15th anniversary of the HKSAR. This

time, the leftist commentators remain silent20

THANK YOU !

21

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