Conducting Safe Live Fire Training Evolutions

Conducting Safe Live Fire

Training Evolutions

Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute University of Maryland

Steven T. Edwards, Director

Spring 2014

Note Taking Guide

Copyright 2014 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.

The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the University of Maryland is the State’s comprehensive training and education system for all emergency services. The Institute plans, researches, develops, and delivers quality programs to enhance the ability of emergency service providers to protect life, the environment, and property.

1

Conducting SafeLive Fire Training Evolutions

Lesson 1-2

Introduction to Safe

Live Fire Training

Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute

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Student Performance Objective

Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe the importance of conducting safe live fire training evolutions.

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Overview

Program Introduction

The History of Live Fire Training

Legal Considerations

The Impact of a Line-of-Duty Significant Injury or Death

2

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Welcome and Introductions

Class Introduction

• Course Goal—To provide participants with the introductory knowledge to safely conduct fire training evolutions.

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Program organization

• 4 Sessions (3 hours each)

• Lesson 1-2: Introduction to Conducting Safe Live Fire Training

• Lesson 1-3: LODD Prevention

• Lesson 2-1: Planning for Live Fire Training

• Lesson 3-1: Acquired Structures

• Lesson 4-1: Gas-fired and Non-gas Fired Structures

• Lesson 4-2: Non-structural Fire Training Props

• Lesson 4-3: Written Examination

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Attendance and other requirements

Introduction to the student manual

Introduction to note taking guide

Introduction to the textbook

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Live Fire Training Deaths

• 1977 to 2010 = 291 deaths during firefighter training

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Live Fire Training Deaths

• 2001 to 2010 = 108 deathsLive Fire Training = 13

Live Burns = 4

Examples

– Flashover

– Recruit playing victim

– Trapped

What’s the message?

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Who is responsible for the safety of all participants?

Standard for conducting live fire training

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NFPA 1403

• Purpose: “provide a process for conducting live fire training evolutions to ensure they are conducted in safe facilities and that exposure to health and safety hazards is minimized.”

• History

• Consensus Standards

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Behavioral aspects of firefighter safety

• Why do firefighter deaths and injuries continue?

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Behavioral aspects of firefighter safety

• Technical problem versus adaptive challenge

Technical problem—address with necessary knowledge and procedures.

Adaptive challenge—change attitudes, values and behaviors.

• Crew resource managementConcept

Purpose

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Introduction

• Safety – foremost concern

• Issues we control

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Introduction

• Safety – foremost concern

• Issues we controlStructure utilized

Fuel and fuel load

Evolutions conducted

• Compliance with standards is critical

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Introduction

• Failure to follow standards:

Legal Action

Possible arrests

Needless deaths and injuries

“This is such a target rich environment because of departments who don’t’ follow NFPA 1403”

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Legal terms and concerns

• Criminal lawPrevents harm to society

Brought by – government

Burden of proof – “beyond a reasonable doubt”

Outcomes

• Civil lawAddress rights of individuals where one has been wronged by another

Brought by – party that has been wronged

Burden of proof – “more likely than not” standard

Outcomes

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Legal terms and concerns• Negligence – the failure to exercise care that the reasonably

prudent person would have under the circumstances that caused damages to another.

• Elements to prove negligence• Duty

• Standard of care

• Breach of standard of care

• Damages

• Causation

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Legal terms and concerns• Two types of negligence

• Gross negligence

• Recklessness

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Legal terms and concerns• Defenses to negligence

• Assumption of risk

• Contributory negligence

• Comparative negligence

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Legal terms and concerns• Last clear chance

• Respondeat Superior

• Tort claims act

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Introduction

Plan components

• Notification of family

• Ensuring care and hospital liaison

• Notification to department

• Securing the scene

• Seizing evidence

• Personal statements

• CISD

• Media

• Notifications

• Emergency Operations Center

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The Investigation

• Goals

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The Investigation

• GoalsWhat happened?

Why did it happen?

What can be done to help reduce the risk of a recurrence?

• Other agencies that might be involved

• NIOSH investigations

• External reviews

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The Investigation

• NIOSH investigationsDefine characteristics of death

Develop recommendations

Disseminate prevention strategies

Voluntary and names remain confidential

• External reviews

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The media

• Pressure to find fault

• Example—Osceola, Florida

• Advice from Dave Statter“If you know a firefighter has been burned, release it.”

“If you know for certain a flashover has occurred, say so.”

“There are plenty of things that are facts that will not change. There is no reason not to release them.”

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The aftermath

• Regulatory and criminal charges and prosecution

• Internal strife

• Other actions

• Similarities identified

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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe the importance of conducting safe live fire training evolutions.

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Review





1

Lesson 1-3

LODD Prevention



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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe various systems and strategies designed to reduce the risk of a training related line of duty death or significant injury.

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Overview

LODD—A Failure of Multiple Systems

Cardiac and Thermal Stress

National LODD Prevention Standards

MFRI LODD Policies and Procedures

LODD Prevention—Other Best Practices

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Definition of multiple systems

Focus of this chapter

• Why training-related LODD and serious injuries are not acceptable

• The importance of LODD prevention strategies

• How strategies are interrelated into a system

• How strategies are designed into MFRI as a “Risk Management System”

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Strategies to prevent a LODD

• Remove or “engineer-out” the risk

• Administrative policies

• Personal protective equipment

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Introduction

• How body responds to firefighting

• Dangers associated with those responses

• Effective strategies to minimize risks

Cardiovascular and thermal strain of firefighting

• University of Illinois

• Center for Firefighter Safety Research and Development

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Cardiovascular and thermal strain of firefighting• Factors affecting cardiovascular and thermal strain

Environmental conditions

Work performed

Personal protective equipment

Individual characteristics

• Categorization of risk factors

Modifiable

Non-modifiable

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• Factors affecting cardiovascular and thermal strain

Medical conditions

Fitness level

Hydration status

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Heat emergencies

• Introduction

• Thermal balanceHeat exchanged in four ways

– Radiation

– Conduction

– Convection

– Evaporation

Exchange affected by

– Thermal gradient

– Humidity

– Air movement

– Degree of sunlight

– Clothing worn

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Heat emergencies

• Heat illnessHeat cramps

Heat exhaustion

– Symptoms

– Treatment

Heat stroke

– Symptoms

– Treatment

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Heat emergencies

• Two overlooked factors for heat illnessGastrointestinal

Skin irritation

• Prescription and over-the-counter medication

• Alcohol

• Past issues

• Greatest predictor?

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Heat emergencies

• PreventionCurtail or postpone training

• SummaryKnow the strains

Know how to address the strains

Remember that heart attack can be gradual or sudden

Take symptoms seriously

5

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NFPA 1403

• Chapter 1—AdministrationScope

Purpose

• Chapter 2—Referenced publications

• Chapter 3—Definitions

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NFPA 1403• Chapter 4—General

4.3 – Student prerequisites

4.4 – Safety officer

4.5 – Extreme weather

4.6 – Instructor responsibilities

4.7 – Fire control team

4.8 – PPE

4.9 – Communications

4.10 – EMS

4.11 – Water supply

4.12 – Fuel

4.13 – Parking

4.14 – Visitors

4.15 – Preburn plan

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NFPA 1403

• Chapter 5—Acquired Structures

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NFPA 1403

• Chapter 6—Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures6.1 – Structures and facilities

6.2 – Inspection and testing

• Chapter 7—Non-Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures

7.1 – Structures and facilities

7.2 – Inspection and testing

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NFPA 1403

• Chapter 8—Exterior live fire training props8.1 – Props, structures and facilities

8.2 – Inspection and maintenance

• Chapter 9—Reports and records

• Appendix A—Explanatory Material

• Appendix B—Live Fire Evolution Sample Check-list

• Appendix C—Responsibilities

• Appendix D—Heat Exhaustion

• Appendix E—Informational References

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NFPA 1584—Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members during Emergency Operations and Training Exercises

• Basic GuidelinesRest/recovery

Cooling/warming

Medical monitoring

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NFPA 1851—Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Firefighting and Proximity Firefighting

• Routine inspections

• Components inspectedCoat and trousers

Hood

Helmet

Gloves

Footwear

Drag rescue device

Interface components

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Other National Standards

• NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids

• NFPA 58, Liquid Petroleum Gas

• NFPA 1001, Firefighter Professional Qualifications

• NFPA 1142, Water Supplies

• NFPA 1971, Protective Ensembles

• NFPA 1975, Station/work Uniforms

• NFPA 1981, SCBA

• NFPA 1982, Personal Alert Safety System

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Live Structural Fire Training Evolutions

• History

• Purpose – Establish requirements to help ensure training in live-fire structures during MFRI classes are conducted in a manner that the exposures to health and safety hazards of all participants is minimized.

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Hydration Policy

• History

• Purpose

• ProcedurePrehydration

Preventing dehydration

Rehydration

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Weather conditions

• History

• Purpose

• Policy

• ProceduresExtreme heat

– Heat index 110ºF

Extreme cold

– Wind chill 20º F

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Medical clearance

• History

• Purpose

• ScopeFF I, II

FF Survival & Rescue

Hazardous Materials

Confined Space

Swift water Rescue

• ProceduresMedical clearance defined

Obtaining medical clearance

Frequency

Financial Support

• ResponsibilitiesStudents

Lead instructor

Responsibility of others

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Risk Management

• History

• Purpose

• Physical exam frequency

• Physicals

Instructor Certification and Recertification

• History

• Certification

• Recertification

• Re-entry

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Instructor Selection

• An instructor is an individual qualified by the AHJ to deliver training, who has the training and experience to supervise students during live fire training evolutions.

Prerequisites to becoming a live fire training instructor

• General qualities

• MFRI requirements

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Training for the live fire training instructor

• Fire behavior and structural fire dynamics

Introduction

Heat release rate

Smoke

• Student psychology

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Student objectives

• Every evolution must have a purpose

• Training must beSafe

Realistic

Educationally sound

• ObjectivesEnsure safety

Prevent free-lancing

Protect instructors

Protect organization

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Student prerequisites

• Introduction

• Skill areasSafety

Fire behavior

Portable extinguishers

PPE

Ladders

Fire hose, Appliances and streams

Overhaul

Water supply

Ventilation

Forcible entry

Building construction

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Summary

• Training can help eliminate the unknowns

• LODD is rarely caused by a single cause

Case Studies for Session 2-1

• Instructor to divide class into 3 groups

• Case study to be assigned to each

• Students to read before Session 2-1


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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe various systems and strategies designed to reduce the risk of a training related line of duty death or significant injury.

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Review






1

Lesson 2-1Planning for Live Fire Training



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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe the components of a written preburn plan designed to achieve compliance with NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions.

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Overview

Planning Introduction

Initial Evaluation of the Site

Developing the Preburn Plan

Using the Preburn Plan

Post Live Fire Training Activities

Activity 2-1-1: Case Study Analysis

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Many pieces must come together

The Preburn Plan defined• The plan is to be prepared and utilized

during the preburn briefing (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.1)

• All features of the training areas are to be indicated on the plan (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.1.1)

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Training sites/structures

Important first questions

• Will the structure allow what the FD wants to accomplish for training?

• What are the goals?

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The accessibility of the site

Adjacent properties

• If impacted – must be notified (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.8.1)

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Safeguards needed to eliminate hazards to motorists (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.9.1)

• Street closings

• Traffic rerouting

• Signs

• Police traffic control

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Introduction

• The SOP should drive planning

• Compliance is critical

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Plan components

• (1) Learning objectivesMFRI Classes – spelled out

Instructors to be briefed

• (2) ParticipantsPrerequisites (discussed in Lesson 1-3)

Instructor requirements

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Plan components

• (3) Water Supply NeedsResponsibility for determining water flow (4.11.1)

Back-up lines (NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.3)

95 gpm minimum (NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.2)

Minimum water supply—based upon NFPA 1142

Minimum reserve required (50%)—NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.5

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Plan components

• (3) Water Supply Needs

Separate water sources for supply and backup (NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.6)

Exception to separate water sources (NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.6.1)

Room to be provided around all props for lines (NFPA 1403, Section 4.11.7)

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Plan components

• (4) Apparatus NeedsHydrants

Static Sources

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Plan components

• (4) Apparatus NeedsEngines

Portable pumps

Tankers

Aerial Apparatus

Other logistical needs

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Plan components

• (5) Building Plan

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Plan components

• (6) Site Plan

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Plan components

• (7) Parking and Areas of OperationAreas to be designated (NFPA 1403, Section 4.13.2)

– Staging

– Operating

– Parking

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Plan components

• (7) Parking and Areas of OperationEntrance/exit routes to be monitored (NFPA 1403, Section 4.13.5)

Parking for police/press (NFPA 1403, Section 4.13.4)

Visitors and spectators (NFPA 1403, Section 4.14)

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Plan components

• (8) Emergency PlansBasic plan components– Accountability

– RIC

– Evacuation plan (NFPA 1403, Section 4.9.2)

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Plan components

• (8) Emergency Plans

Emergency Evacuation– Purpose: evacuate in an unforeseen emergency

– Procedure

“Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate”

30-second air horns

Evacuation

PAR

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Plan components

• (8) Emergency PlansMayday

– Purpose: Initiate actions to rescue one or more individuals in need of assistance

– ProcedureMayday, Mayday, MaydayL (location), U (unit), N (name), A (assignment), R (resources)Lead instructor (acknowledges, activates RIC)EvacuationFire extinguishersSearch and Accountability

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Plan components

• (8) Emergency PlansStopping the evolution

– Evolutions are stopped any time lead instructor determines fuel, fire or other conditions pose a hazard (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.10)

– If evolutions are stopped, they can restart only after the hazard is resolved (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.10.1)

Non-exercise emergencies

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Plan components

• (9) WeatherPlan to address measures for

– Shelter from sun

– Rehydration

– Cooling

Awareness of weather conditions required (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.11)

– Wind velocity

– Wind direction

– Heat/Cold index

– General conditions

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Plan components

• (9) WeatherTo be checked immediately before ignition

– Acceptable weather conditions

– Red flag conditions

– MFRI Guidelines

Cold = < 20° F

Heat index = 110° F

Extreme weather (NFPA 1403, Section 4.5)

– Curtailed

– Postponed

– Cancelled

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Plan components

• (10) List of Training EvolutionsEvolutions to be listed

• (10a) Fire Control TeamMinimum of 2 persons (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.1)

– Ignition officer (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.1.1)

– Observer (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.1.2)

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Plan components

• (10a) Fire Control teamSafeguards

– Duties to be rotated (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.1.2)

– Full PPE required (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.4)

– Charged line available (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.5)

Fire ignition

– Decision to ignite made by: (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.2)

Instructor in charge

Safety Officer

– Flame area clear of personnel (NFPA 1403, Section 4.7.6)

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Plan components

• (10b) Fuel materialsScope

Fuels appropriate for design (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.1.1)

Unidentified materials not permitted (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.4)

Examples of lighting sources: (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.5)

– Propane lighters

– Butane lighters

– Flares

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Plan components

• (10b) Fuel materialsUsed only in amounts required (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.6)

Limited to prevent flashover/backdraft (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.7)

Instructor in charge/Safety Officer access factors (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.9)

– Fuel material

– Wall, floor, ceiling material

– Type of construction

– Dimension of rooms

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Plan components

• (10b) Fuel materials

Secondary exit planning imperative (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.9)

Training stopped if environment presents a hazard (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.10

All possible source of ignition removed (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.9)

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Plan components

• (11) Order of OperationsDefined—steps in sequential order on how to conduct each evolution

Components

– Set-up according to site plan

– Briefing conducted by Instructor in charge

– Briefing componentsAll facets of each evolution

Walk through

PPE reminders

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Plan components

• (11) Order of OperationsComponents

– Other considerations

Manikin use (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.5)

Familiarity with props (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.6)

– Assignments given (NFPA 1403, Section 4.15.4)

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Plan components

• (11) Order of OperationsComponents

– “Go/No Go” Sequence

“All personnel stand by”

Start with support crew, then attack crew

All positions can stop process

Safety officer to inspect structure

Safety officer—“We have a go for ignition”

Ignition— “Fire in the hole”

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Plan components

• (12) Emergency Medical PlanBLS Services to be available (NFPA1403, Section 4.10.1)

Acquired structures—BLS to be on site (NFPA 1403, Section 4.10.1.1)

Plan for: (NFPA 1403, Section 4.10.2)

– Ingress

– Parking

– Egress

– Helicopter LZ

Reports to be completed (NFPA 1403, Section 4.10.3)

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Plan components

• (13) Communications PlanCommunications required: (NFPA1403, Section 4.9.1)

– Lead instructor

– Interior

– Exterior

– Safety officer

– External requests for service

NIMS terminology

Radio capability to be tested during planning stage

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Plan components

• (14) Staffing and Organization

Instructors to be qualified (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.1, 4.6.6)

Lead instructor responsibilities (MFRI Live Fire P & P)

– Ensure compliance with policies

– Plan/coordinate all activities and ensure safety ((NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.3)

– Safety officer duties

– Provide rest and rehabilitation (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.5)

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Lead instructor responsibilities continued (MFRI Live Fire P & P)

– Manage the assignment of instructors

3 functional groups

Command staff

Attack group

Support Group

Roles (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.4)

One for each functional crew

Each back up line

Each additional functional assignment

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Lead instructor responsibilities continued (MFRI Live Fire P & P)

– Roles (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.4)

Manage rotation of instructors (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.5.1)

Oversee completion of checklists

Support Instructor responsibilities

– Ensure compliance

– Monitor and supervise all students (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.10)

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Plan components

• (15) Safety OfficerAppointment required (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.1)

Defined— “instructor who has been designated by the AHJ to function in this position.”

Provides safety for all persons on scene (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.5)

General responsibilities

– Prevention of unsafe acts (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.4)

– Elimination of unsafe conditions (Section 4.4.4)

– Authority to intervene (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.3)

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Plan components

• (15) Safety OfficerMust not be assigned other duties (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.6)

Must be knowledgeable

Additional safety personnel (NFPA 1403, Section 4.4.8)

Enforces requirement to wear SCBA and PPE

Monitors rehabilitation

Safety considerations for visitors

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBAPPE Required (NFPA 1403, Section 4.8.1)

MFRI specific requirements

– PPE to be provided and utilized

– Worn per manufacturer’s instructions

– Required inside operations perimeter

– Minimum when evolutions not underwayHelmet

Gloves

Boots

– PPE maintenance and other clothing

14

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBAPPE required– Oxygen deficient atmosphere or products of combustion

(NFPA 1403, Section 4.8.7.1)

– Suspected of oxygen deficient or products of combustion (NFPA 1403, Section 4.8.7.2)

– Atmospheres that can become oxygen deficient or contaminated with products of combustion (4.8.7.3)

– Below ground level (NFPA 1403, Section 4.8.7.4)

MFRI general requirements

– Training fire has been ignited

– Structure is not completely clear of visible contaminants

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBAInspection required by safety officer (NFPA 1403, Section 4.8.2)

Ensure being worn appropriately

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBATurnout coat/pants

– Coat/pants to match

– Outer shell

– NFPA compliance tag

– Proper fit

– Liner

15

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBAHood

Helmet

– Shell

– Liner

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBAGloves

– Outer shell

– Liner

– Glove-to-coat interface

– NFPA sticker

– Proper fit

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBABoots

– Contamination

– Tears

– Weakened material

– Charring

– Liner

– Moisture barrier

– Hardware

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Plan components

• (17) PPE and SCBASCBA

– Cylinder

– Harness

– Regulator and hoses

– Facepiece

– PASS

– NFPA compliant

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Plan components

• (18) Agency Notification Check-listList of agencies to notify

• (19) Demobilization PlanPlan to put resources back in place

Components

Injuries

Post-Burn Check List

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Required prior to evolutions

• Walk-through

• Knowledge of layout

• Emergency procedures

During briefing

• Not necessary to disclose location of simulated victims

• No person to play victim

17

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Completed after evolutions

Review of evolution

Records

• Activities

• Instructors and assignments

• Participants

• Unusual conditions

• List of injuries

• Condition of structure

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Case StudiesActivity 2-1-1

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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe the components of a written preburn plan designed to achieve compliance with NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions.

18

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Review


Initial Evaluation of Site




Case Study Analysis

1

Lesson 3-1

Acquired Fire Training Structures



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Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions in acquired structures.

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Overview

Risks and Acquired Structures

Initial Evaluation

Initial Preparation

Evolution Preparation

Operations

Final Controlled Burn

Post Evolution Debriefing

Activity 3-1-1: Acquired Structure Preparation

Activity 3-1-2: Acquired Structure Fatality Case Study

2

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-3


Permanent Structures• Use of permanent structures reduces risks

• NFPA 5.1.1.A – Where live fire training structures are available, they should be used instead of acquired structures.

MFRI does not utilize acquired structures

Guidance for those who do• Familiar with NFPA 1403

• Departmental SOG’s

• Utilize trained and experienced staff

Scope of this session

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-4

Initial Evaluation

Acquired Structure Defined—one that is obtained by the AHJ from a property owner for the purpose of conducting live fire training evolutions.

Must be properly prepared.

First question—Why does an individual let the FD burn down his or her building?

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-5

Initial Evaluation

Concerns that might immediately rule out a structure:

• Proximity to other structures

• Properties impacted by smoke or by presence

• Properties where transportation could be impacted

3

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-6

Initial Evaluation

Concerns that might immediately rule out a structure:

• Site access restrictions

• Structural integrityObvious concerns

Floor, walls, stairs, other structural components

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-7

Initial Evaluation

Concerns that might immediately rule out a structure:• Previous fire in structure

• Are fire department needs met?

• Past occupancy

• Contamination of site

• PermitsAir quality

Water run-off

Water usage

Burning Traffic

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-8

Initial Evaluation

Owner responsibilities

• General issues

• Record keeping important

• Examples of needs to be addressed:Evidence of ownership

Fire insurance cancellation

4

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-9

Initial Evaluation

Owner responsibilities• Written permission from owner

Anticipated condition at completion of evolutions

Method of returning property to owner

Responsibility for permits & inspections

Costs of asbestos removal

Other preparation costs

Details on removal of debris

Details on securing property

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-10

Initial Evaluation

Preburn Plan• Discussed in Session 2

• Properly approved

• Unique features

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-11

Initial Evaluation

Preburn Plan• Discussed in Session 2

• Properly approved

• Unique featuresFinal controlled burn

Transfer back to owner

Emergency Plans• Issues can arise, despite planning

• Action in emergencies:RIC

Students to exterior

Announcement from training to suppression

5

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-12

Initial Evaluation

Water supply• Introduction

Quantities to be determined

NFPA 1142

• Determining required water supply

Two key terms

– Fire flow rate

– Minimum water supply requirements

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-13

Initial Evaluation

Water supply• Determining required water supply

Fire flow calculations

– NFA (L × W /3)

Minimum Water Supply

– WS = minimum water supply (in gallons)

– VS = total volume of structure

– OHS = occupancy hazard

– CC = construction classification number

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-14

Initial Evaluation


Example


– VS (20 × 20 × 12) = 4800

– OHC = 7 (light)

– CC = 1.5 (wood frame)

– EH = 1.5

– WS = 1542.8 gallons

6

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-15

Initial Evaluation


Example

Fire Flow (FF)

– FF = (L × W)/3

– 20 × 20 = 400/3 = 133 gpm

• Water supply sourcePrimary question—If my primary source is lost, will the backup lines continue to have a source?

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-16

Initial Preparation

Site Inspection• Hazardous structural components to be removed

(NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4)

• Hazardous environmental components to be removed (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.5)

• Resource Recommended—Site Inspection Worksheet (NFPA 1403, A. 5.2.5)

Universal wastes

Building materials

Refrigerants

Household wastes

Building structures

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-17

Initial Preparation

Equipment/supplies that may be needed

• Engine

• Hammer/nails

• Cordless drills

• Cordless saws

• Generators

• Portable lights

• Step ladders

• Shovels

• Brooms

• Chain and vent saws

• Weed eaters

• Bolt cutters

• Pre-made vent openings

• Utility ropes

• Barrier tape

• Water flow test kit

• Measuring wheel

• Plywood, wall board

7

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-18

Initial Preparation

Access• Access to/from training area

• Access to the property

• Hazards to be removed

Trees, brush, vegetation (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.8)

Toxic weeds (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.7)

Insect hives (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.7)

Vermin (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.7)

Debris (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.6)

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-19

Initial Preparation

Access• Hazards to be protected or removed (NFPA

1403, Section 5.1.2)

Storage sheds

Detached garages

Materials from demolition

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-20

Initial Preparation

Access• Underground dangers

Septic tanks

Drain fields

8

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-21

Initial Preparation

Access• Nonparticipant access

Press

Spectators

EMS

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-22

Initial Preparation

Hazardous storage conditions

• To be removed or neutralized (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.2)

• Closed containers or combustible materials (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.3)

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-23

Initial Preparation

Hazardous storage conditions

• Oil tanks that cannot be removed, must be vented (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.3.2)

• Any hazardous atmosphere within vessel to be rendered inert (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.3.2)

9

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-24

Initial Preparation

Hazardous storage conditions• Care required when neutralizing tanks or

vessels (NFPA 1403, Section A.5.2.2)

Referenced to be utilized

Typical means – filling with dry sand

Water or other liquids must never be used.

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-25

Initial Preparation

Entry and Egress for the structure

• Routes to be planned

• Key—short distance to outside

• Selecting rooms2 separate means of egress

Door can be cut into wall

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-26

Initial Preparation

Entry and Egress for the structure• Other precautions when selecting rooms

Tree, brush (near entry/exits)

Doorways

Windows

Doors

Other areas to be serviceable

10

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-27

Initial Preparation

Exterior preparation• Hazardous environmental conditions to be

removed (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.5)

• Asphalt and asbestosImportant to know local requirements

History

Homes before 1980 should be suspects

Asbestos removal (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.5.1)

– Removed in approved manner

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-28

Initial Preparation

Exterior preparation• Utilities

Utilities must be disconnected (NFPA 1403, Section 5.3.1)

Utilities adjacent to be removed or protected (NPFA 1403, Section 5.3.2)

Electric

Tanks moved away from building

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-29

Initial Preparation

Exterior preparation

• Marking the building

11

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-30

Initial Preparation

Exterior preparation• Ventilation

Address after fire locations finalized

Cautions in locating areas– Do not use egress points for ventilation

– Opening should draw products away from egress

– Other considerations

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-31

Initial Preparation

Exterior preparation• Ventilation

Operation

– Cut in preparation stage

– Permitted—openings normally closed, but can be opened in an emergency

Pre-cut panels

Hinged covers

– No one on roof during live fire training

• Chimneys (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.2)

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-32

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Reasons for concern

Donated

Used by trespassers

Hazards

Basic protection during preparation stage

Systematic approach required

Storage in normal homes

Businesses

Disinfection (2 cups bleach/gallon of water)

12

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-33

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Furniture

Only class A materials to be used

Today’s furniture

Bottom line

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-34

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Flooring (Items to be removed)

Carpet/rugs

Linoleum

Remaining debris (NFPA 1403, Section A.5.2.4.7)

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-35

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Flooring (Items to be removed)

Other preparations

– Holes (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.1)

– Structurally sound (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.1)

13

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-36

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Walls and ceilings

Surfaces to be removed

– Low density fiberboard (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.7)

– Other combustible interior finishes

Extraordinary weight above training area (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.7)

Holes to be patched (NFPA 1403, Section 5.2.4.4)

Other concerns

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-37

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Windows

• Doors

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-38

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Kitchens

Cabinets and appliances

Commercial fixtures

Closed containers

• Oil tanks

• Attics

14

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-39

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Exits

Evaluate prior to each burn (NFPA 1403, Section 5.4.1)

Markings

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-40

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Exits

Stairs/railings

Railing is missing

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-41

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation• Fuel loads

Wood products (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.1)

Fuels not permitted (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.2)

– Pressure treated wood

– Rubber

– Plastic

– Polyurethane foam

– Upholstered furniture

– Chemically or pesticide treated straw or hay

15

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-42

Initial Evaluation


Flammable or combustible liquids prohibited (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.3)

Unidentified materials prohibited (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.4)

Permitted lighters (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.5)

– Propane lighters

– Butane lighters

– Fuses (safety flares)

– Kitchen matches

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-43

Initial Evaluation


Fuel only in amounts necessary (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.6)

Lead Instructor & Safety Officer assess room (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.8)

Fuel loading to be documented (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.9)

Evolutions stopped if fuel load presents a hazard (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.10)

All sources of ignition removed (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.9)

One fire at a time (NFPA 1403, Section 5.1.12)

Sequential live burn evolutions (NFPA 1403, Section 7.3)

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-44

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation

• Burn location

Location critical

Considerations

– Expected fire spread

– Worst case

– Ventilation to be planned

– Other concerns

– Exits must not conflict with fire spread

16

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-45

Initial Evaluation

Interior preparation

• Burn set location

• Lining of room

Additional layer of drywall

Hearths or fireboxes

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-46

Initial Evaluation

Preparing the neighborhood

• General

• Spectators

• Media

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-47


Equipment and Supplies• Two pumpers

• Portable radios

• Portable generators

• Accountability systems

• ICS vests

• Igniters

• Spray paint

• Two anemometers

• Thermal imaging camera

• Canopies

• Water coolers

• BLS kits

• Documentation

• Preburn plan

• Forms

• Other items to consider

17

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-48

Operations

Set-up

Preburn Briefing and Walkthrough

Go/No Go

Igniting the Fire

Fire Behavior Considerations

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-49


Introduction

• Action after all evolutions are complete

Fire out

Accountability

Tools/Equipment

Reposition hose

• Other preps (RIC, ICS)

• Caution required

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-50


Overhaul

• Evaluate after final burn down

• Measures to render site safe

• Possible remaining hazardsMetal roofing

Chimneys

Large beams

Parts of walls that remain

• Warn of remaining dangers

18

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-51


Purpose

Strategy

Timeliness

Final issues

Records required

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-52

Activities 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-53

Activity 3-1-1

19

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-54

Activity 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-55

Activity 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-56

Activity 3-1-1

20

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-57

Activity 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-58

Activity 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-59

Activity 3-1-1

21

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-60

Activity 3-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-61

Activities 3-1-2

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-62


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions in acquired structures.

22

MGMT 215-PPT-3-1-63

Review


Initial Evaluation

Initial Preparation


Operations



Activity 3-1-1: Acquired Structure Preparation

Activity 3-1-2: Acquired Structure Fatality Case Study

1

Lesson 4-1

Gas-Fired and Non-Gas Fired Structures



MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-1


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions in permanent gas-fired and non-gas-fired structures.

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-2

Overview

Risks and Permanent Live Fire Training Structures

Types of Live Fire Training Structures

Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures

Non-Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures

Management of Live Fire Training Structures

Overhaul/Post-Burn Activities

MFRI Live Fire Training Evolutions Policy and Procedure

Activity 4-1-1: Facility Inspection

2

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-3

Risks with Permanent Live Fire Training Structures

Use of permanent structures reduces risks that could occur in acquired structures

Deaths are still possible

NFPA 1402, Guide to Building Fire Service Training Centers

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-4


Categories• Non-gas fired

• Gas-fired

Other features• Structural components

• Examples of features

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-5


Other features• MFRI linings

High Temp Tiles

Sprayed on Linings

2’ X 4’ Panels

3

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-6


Advantages and disadvantages• Non-GasFired Fire Training Structures

Advantages

– Fire behavior more realistic

– Structure not on fire

– More realistic smoke than gas-fired

Disadvantages

– Highest temperature

– Requires strict site management

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-7


Advantages and disadvantages• Gas-Fired Fire Training Structures

Advantages

– Safest

– Non-toxic atmosphere

– Ability to immediately shut-off fuel

– No real smoke

– Minimal set-up

Disadvantages

– Fire spread limited to burn locations

– Expensive

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-8


Fuel• Usually LPG

• Flammable liquids not permitted (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.1)

Computerized control systems

Must meet NFPA 58 (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.4)

4

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-9


Instructor controls

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-10


Various scenarios

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-11


Improvements in recent years

Control station features• Wireless

• Dead-man switch

5

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-12


Policy components• Fuel and fire locations

• Heat

• Types of scenarios

• Simultaneous training evolutions

• Staffing requirements

• Host personnel

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-13


Preparations unique to gas-fired fire training structures• System to be tested before evolutions conducted

• Other issuesSystem designed for specific gas

Flammable gas – only for structures designed for that use

Engineers accessed factors that can impact growth

Burn barrels not permitted

Nothing to be placed on top of gas-props

Flammable gases not to be ignited manually.

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-14

Non Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures

Policy considerations• Fuel

Factors influencing danger (size room/# evolutions)

Selected criteria per NFPA 1403

– Known burning characteristics

– MFRI fuels (pallets, excelsior)

Not permitted

– Pressure treated wood

– Rubber, plastic, polyurethane foam

– Upholstered furniture

– Straw or hay treated with pesticides

6

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-15


Policy considerations

• Fuel load documentation (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.9)

Fire Observation Session (FF 1) – ½ bale excelsior

Others – 3 pallets and ¼ bale excelsior

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-16


Policy considerations

• Other considerations

Use of linings

Fuel arrangements

Location to be varied

• Fuel storage

Stored in separate structure

Must not be located in hallways, stairways, exitways)

Amount for single 3 hour session may be in adjacent un-used burn room (max 9 pallets, 3 bales excelsior)

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-17


Policy considerations• Heat – max temperature recommendations

Temperature monitoring• Bale Hay and 2-4 pallets (Source HTL Company)

200°F at floor

1000°F – 1500°F near ceiling

7

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-18


Heat Levels during Helmet Testing at MFRI

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-19


Sequential live fire burn evolutions• Maximum fuel loading per evolution

• Fuel loads for successive burns

• Maximum number of evolutions before cooling

• Criteria not to be exceeded under any circumstances

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-20


Sequential live fire burn evolutions (MFRI chart)

Evolution Maximum Fuel Load Minimum time/conditions before next evolution

1 3 pallets, ¼ bale excelsior

2 1 pallet, 1/8 bale excelsior (provided previous fuel load is

70% consumed)

20 minutes and room must be hydraulically ventilated.

3 1 pallet, 1/8 bale excelsior (provided previous fuel load is 70% consumed)


4 (max) for 3 hrs

1 pallet, 1/8 bale excelsior (provided previous fuel load is 70% consumed)


8

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-21


Other policy considerations

• Safety

2 exits

Burn set not located near exit path

• Multiple fires

Permitted in permanent non-gas fired structures

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-22



Fire flow calculations

– NFA (L × W /3)


– WS = minimum water supply (in gallons)

– VS = total volume of structure

– OHS = occupancy hazard

– CC = construction classification number

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-23


Water supply (example)• Volume

Room 1

– (15 × 23 × 9 = 3105)

Rooms 2, 3, 4, 5 – (15 × 23 × 20) = 6900

OHC = 6 (Foundries), CC = type 1 (.5)

9

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-24


Structural evaluation frequencies

Engineering requirements• Use of LPE

Evaluation schedule• Non-gas fired = 5 years

• Gas-fired = 10 years

• Integrity to be evaluated annually

Examples of defects in floors, columns, beams• Cracks

• Spalls

• Warps

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-25


Inspection• Required before live fire training (NFPA 1403,

Section 6.2.1, 7.2.1)

• Examples of possible concernsStructural integrity

Visible defects

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-26


Inspection

• Examples of possible concernsThermal linings

Significant damage to sprayed on linings

Edge of a panel being monitored

Cracks in a tile being monitored

Exposed Bolts in tile

10

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-27


Inspection

• Examples of possible concernsDoors

Hinges

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-28


Inspection

• Examples of possible concernsHand/guard rails

Stairs

Unauthorized persons, animals or objects

Debris

Sources of ignition

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-29


Inspection• Other examples of possible concerns

Doors, windows, shutters

11

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-30


Inspection• Other examples of possible concerns

Railings, Roof vent hatches, floor scuttles

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-31


Inspection• Other issues required by NFPA 1403

Automatic ventilators

Mechanical equipment

Lighting

Sprinklers/standpipes

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-32


Inspection• Other issues required by NFPA 1403

Burn racks

Fuel

12

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-33


Inspection• Safety devices (NFPA 1403, Section 6.2.4,

7.2.4)Thermal sensors

Gas monitors

Evacuation alarms

Emergency shut down switches

• Documentation required

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-34

Overhaul/ Post-Burn Activities

Injuries

Damage

Facility to be left in safe condition (NFPA 1403, Section 6.1.2, 7.1.2)

Other issues

Records to be maintained• Accounting of activities

• Listing of instructors and assignments

• Listing of participants

• Unusual conditions, conditions of adjacent areas

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-35


Components• Purpose

• Policy

• Definitions

• Responsibilities

• Procedures

• Appendixes

13

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-36

Activities 4-1-1

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-37


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions in permanent gas-fired and non-gas-fired structures.

MGMT 215-PPT-4-1-38

Review

Risks and Permanent Live Fire Training Structures



Non-Gas-Fired Live Fire Training Structures


Overhaul/ Post-Burn Activities


Activity 4-1-1: Facility Inspection

1

Lesson 4-2

Nonstructural Training Props



MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-1


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions with nonstructural fire training props.

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-2

Overview

Types of Nonstructural Fire Training Props

The Preburn Plan (Unique Considerations)

Preparation and Inspection Techniques

Operations

2

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-3


General types• Acquired

• Manufactured

Fuels• Class A

Type of props

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-4


Fuels• Class A

Items to be removed

– Bumper compression cylinders

– Fuel tanks

– Drive shafts

– Batteries

– Air bags & igniters

– Brake shoes

– Engine components (oil pan, transmission, differential drain plugs)

– Fluids to be disposed properly

– Items in trunk

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-5


Fuels• Class A

Safety considerations

– Prop to simulate an actual emergency

– If built, must:

Meet code

Withstand multiple burns

Thoroughly tested

Barriers between professional and personnel

3

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-6


Fuels• Class B

Introduction

– Examples

– Fuel considerations

Design considerations

– Props using pressure need remote shut-offs (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.2)

Safety considerations

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-7

The Preburn Plan

Unique Considerations• Area

Obstructions (NFPA 1403, Section 8.1.5)

Debris (NFPA 1403, Section 8.1.7)

Ground cover (NFPA1403, Section 8.1.6)

Personal safety (NFPA 1403, Section 8.1.4)

Environmental safety (NFPA 1403, Section 8.1.4)

• Environmental concerns

• Water supply

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-8

Preparation and Inspection

Inspections• Visual (NFPA 1403, Section 8.2.1)

• Damage to be documented (NFPA 1403, Section 8.2.1.1)

• Functions to be checked (NFPA 1403, Section 8.2.2)

• Annual structural integrity (NFPA 1403, Section 8.2.3)

Other considerations• Prop Use

Instructor & Safety Officer to be qualified (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.12.1)

Training requirements (NFPA 1403, Section 4.6.12.1)

4

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-9

Preparation and Inspection

Other considerations• Prop Use

Appropriate for learning objectives

Clear of debris

Free mobility

Sources of ignition removed

NFPA 58

– Valves operate freely

– Pipes in good condition

Tested and IC and Safety officer agree – good working order

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-10

Operations

Preburn briefing

Lighting of fire• General considerations

Ignition officer

PPE

Supervision by safety officer

Go No-Go sequence

• Ignition of Class A PropsMonitor continuously

Changes - stop

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-11

Operations

Lighting of fire• Ignition of Class B Props

Knowledge critical

Safety valves to be operated

Safety officer to be stationed at remote shut-off

Shut-off to be authorized when: (NFPA 1403, Section 4.12.11.2)

– Prop malfunctions

– Fire is out of control

– Extinguishing team in jeopardy

5

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-12

Operations

Safety during evolutions• First step—walk-through (dry-run)

• Second step—charged line (no fire)

• Third step—fire added to evolution

Post-burn activities• Left in safe condition (NFPA 1403, Section 8.1.3)

• Damage to be noted

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-13

Operations

Post-burn activities (continued)

• Records to be maintainedAccounting of activities

Listing of instructors/assignments

Listing of participants

Unusual conditions

Injuries

Unusual deterioration of prop

Condition of adjacent area

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-14


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, the student will describe procedures designed to minimize the exposure to health and safety hazards for firefighters participating in live fire training evolutions with nonstructural fire training props.

6

MGMT 215-PPT-4-2-15

Review


The Preburn Plan (Unique Considerations)

Preparation and Inspection Techniques

Operations

Conducting Safe Live Fire Training Evolutions

Documents

Transcript of Conducting Safe Live Fire Training Evolutions