CONDITIONS IN THE RICE ECONOMY Case Studies of Tamil · PDF fileCONDITIONS IN THE RICE ECONOMY...
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Transcript of CONDITIONS IN THE RICE ECONOMY Case Studies of Tamil · PDF fileCONDITIONS IN THE RICE ECONOMY...
CONDITIONS IN THE RICE ECONOMY Case Studies of Tamil Nadu and Assam
NARENDAR PANI
A thesis resubmitted to the University of Mysore
for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
through the Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
1984
Th.1. 1s to ,,:.rUty t.bat this 1a the
&,ev1aed vera.1on o&.: tnt:) tbe.1L-i ent.iUed.pruouct.J.on
conu1~1ona 1n the R.1ae ~ouay. C e Stuui8S of
Te.J.1 N.wu .am All ... bf tU.NaceOO4U i 411.1 who
worked on thJa aubJvc~ 1a ~ laa~1tut. toe
1)oc1.1 ana :coaoaic Gh"~ ....... loz-e ira.
A~uat 1977 -.0 May 1~80. All the c.;hdn\i~. .u'J~at4ld
by t.be _.a .... l:. have been .... waaer .~ vu1~cance. I h4d 4IJ..0 guJ.Ufld .uw .u~rv.t...Q the ~r~..,arClUon
&aO wr.1t.1ng ot \be t.tlva.1. 1a .1t~ ,,~1.1" tona.
I alao deCJ.are that. t.h18 th~.1a 1. the r ul~
vnollr or 1D loJ.rt. Mea aua.lt.t..-d toe any otl'wr
....... Due .ctuXN1"' __ 'ta h.vlt .... -.de
*.~&' anJt.h1~ M .... n borroWljQ trUil
I
II
III
y
VII
VIII
Introduction, A TheoreU.cal beckdE'O.,
Agricultu~dl Sl-t ... 10 A ..... A HJ.at.oric.u O\&U ....
Ayr1Qul tlLt.l SY.~ 1n T.uJ. ... '-"1' A H1~torical ~utl1ne
P.t~ern. ot InY ~n~ aDd CCQVP~
.....
1
30
1nt. .. n.1"1 J.D Taa1,l .... aDuAa... lOa
"'IM~ and ito. Intluenc. on CZ'O.i-'9iaag Inten.ity aDd Inve$~Q&
FUll .::iia ... .nO 1t. 1lltJ.l..1c::ctUone tOE"
11'
Invw.~Dt .na ~o~p~ In~n.lt.y lJ4
Ullaert.t&1nty. CX'oaJP.1~ .l.a" .. na.1t.y and Iav .......
""&IIX!iHE!lT!
1ftl1a reviaed tM.U na. berwi1t..cS Wl.ldol\.lJ tJ:'UIa tJl~
_.Int ot Uw .. .-hwc
1bJ.. U\-a.1. owe. IIUah to th"- .. YiUAD~" of ~rot. Q. P.
Millbra. HJ.a .~jJOCt on bOtJa ...... 10 Uk.1 OUlwr IMtot.era wu
.-on,*, tht: J. .... t. a.1Agl. t.-atot. wh.1..:n h ... .,..a in u.. ~vl.tion ot thh theai.. In such ci.r'gw.at..uk:e;:a to ~c ....
~,"at.1.t.uoe .1. ~rh ..,. rwces ry .... t tw.ccilJ .ul:t.1c:1ent..
Prot.M.V.Nadkun1 ~nt tbrou'" .nul ... gcuU
~n.t4k1~1~ ~ .... .1t. ot .1.1. ~ 811m iu.enl.li. lilUte. once
aga.i.D. on_ (';dn onlr _~ rea. ~.Ut.\Mie 40 ... .,. 1neW-.-.&4t.CI 1\
.. y be.
To ~ruta. ~.S.Venk.t.u_ ..... ClOY V.M.kClO. ur.P.M.
lCulk-rrU _0 ~\ID EU"Ance. all at "boll coftUJJNt"d thtc~
cU.ti(.;\ll:tS.1ulUl . MU o~c cSC.o_J.c: nel. 1 ~c .... __ ~.t.J.t\lde.
8~c:i4l1 t.iaanka uU Q\a8 CoO Jo~1Ib W4l.tJ:'iOl lIIbo ~_coWilr
h4il1,*cS in .--art1culiJ:' 11 dJ.tt1c:w.t ... _ ot thtl t.he.1
8ot.h Che AOIId_J.c 4IIlU ~n.1..Udt.1v .. ~i of the
ln~t..1t.ute to~ soc1al &no Ecoaa.1c: Change vera conal.tent
ID ~ce 0: Del~.
Mr.aun11 lJecan Ray. 1.. .c.i1.1". Wlu.UU clC~ l"'.J. ~.1uevi ke~t al1vu tn16 ~.1a ~v~ o,1acua.1on. ano encouc4ve--nt.
~ w.11e J"\IQ. yCW~ .UQb ot t.ne .... v1s;.t.loa fac thJ.a work
with h~J. .ujJ~rt. on both tht:s ...... 'e aDa non-tIOedI je
~Gt.. ot t.b4t ua.a1a.
It. a.yite 01 all th.la be.l,y, IIJ.a~Ake. r....u.n,
ot CUUCIMI, .it .lti tb8 1101. 1: ~.J.Dllitl O~ the AUtJ1ur.
11.1
WT or ,.".wa AD&l~.1. 01 Vu lance in Ilic411 Y1.1da ..,.~ l_~
Rat.io of l~ J.o u1 t. ut" al !Abu," to P~o..,l. vlt1a SIJeGlt1ecl ClCcupet.1oa 1n M .... .l.1
11.a Pro~t.!oa o~ ~ UDdeC u1Lt_~e~ ~~. in ANd. - 1i71
11.4
11.1
11.6
Pro~rU_ of ACe. WICJaI' Ric" to 'fot4ll cro~~ ~u. 1D A .... - lv71
Pr~t.1oD of Tw. -.. t.Q T~ ~~.,_ .v .. 1a Aa_ - 1:1111
~~~t. of Tea by Indi. t.o V.rlo\UI CuunLC1~. 1jO.l-ol
11.7 Pro~~t1on ut Jute .ec .. c. in aaGb Si8e el ... .in Aa ... - 1911
11.8 '-ro,tJOCt..i.un of "'opw..at.1on dnocrkMr. in
.... ~ .
41
Agr1cul~uce in Aa... II
11.1J Pro.,ar;UuQ ot wnd _dK lJ1tter.at. v ... in All ... - 1911 59
11.11 cro~....s.~ lot.eD&1.U ... Aa Aa_ 1~i1-5I;l t.o 1~1o-71 60
11.12 .. t.. value. in t.he L.1..... Truda 1ft Ric. Proauct.~v1~1 in Aa.~ .1
III. 1. PerOlnt..~Q of Cooli. LAboUl- in ~-'ua_ ... C..t.;:8 10 Madr .. V&" ... 1u..r)Qj' - J.u11
I
J
III. 3 LADd UDdeC ~ i'OI:'a ot Ttln"". in T-.&.l
Ncadu - llJ81
lU. 3 "&'1DC.1~e1 AtcJ.c:l of ~t t&'Oll Itc&dr". P&'ua1dcancr 9a
Ill. 5 PrOroct1OD of Ar.. 1n D!tt~rent ~i~ .. el ..... - ~j.,l "
III. 6 Orowtb RAte in RiCfit ~1~lQ .i.u r....u. N.a& 1964-6S to 1970-71 ti
III." R.~ tiftQ vYliIJ:aJ.l Qrowtb of ~v ()utp\K
IV. 1
111 T~l "\1 1~4 t.o 196Jf.l1 100 PI'ClPOCt,1on ot To~al Areca Irl'i94t.ecI 1ft ~11 H~QU .ad A.... lt7~
IV. a Met..v.. lrX'i\ldt.6ld bJ ~.n.la t~ .... District.s at Taa1.l. :~~u - .L :J72-7l 112
IV. 3 pro~t,lo" of Are. UDdU ''''1nl)' Pub.1c anD ....... Dly prj. y.". sources of lZ"rJ.'tJA-tien in 'raai.l. Nadu - 1~71 114
IV. S Dist.rict-wi .. Inve~~Dt in Aa... 118
V. 1 Rel.t..1o~ aetwe.n Ten.nay. cro .I,lJ1ng Int.ena1~ aDd ~DV ""'t. .tel' T.-1J. du eng A.... 126
v. a pro~tJ.oa O .u.. "l~ UDdU J.n T_.11 l4~u .nQ iUi ... - ~"1 128
VI. 1 IDdax o! P._ S1& .1D T..ul Ii&aU end As... - 1~71 141
VI
VI.I
VI
Ral_.1~ .. tween Cro;'io.i1Dg In~.n.1~J" l ..... c..enc. AftQ zcu;. 3ue 1n T .. 11 Ncaw aDd A ....
ClJeif1c::1.nt.. of Corr'llut.1on b"t.ween P.na ai8e and cco~~1n~ InL_n.it.t in T.-11 ~ ana A .... - 1~71
&a~~.d Nuabwr ot ~1cu1t.urdl M4Cb1-1181"1 ~I" 100 bou.-holcSa by .1&8 c;:l.... 0& HouM-bolu o ... ~.tJ.on.l Hol~~.
bt.J.aated ..... 1' 0' ~1c\llt\I.L'.1 Macdlie ~~t ~ 100 AeotArea ot o .... r.t.a ~ ~ ~ .. o~.~ ~I" t."'4IG\.01" (100 Mot.dl" .. )
C08fl!cient. of Co~I".1.~1on be~ Fera ~1a. ana Pr1y.t~ l~r1Qgt1on.no Pro l 4ct.1oQ 0& Tut.4IIl AC". UDc.Mt&" Pc1vc.at.. ~'&'1 ... t1\.in
51" Cl ... w1a. c&"0,.,tI1ng Inc.8na1U tu&" .~l_~.a ~U1ct.a
VI.S
CHAPTIR I
Over the last t.wo deeade!:", at.t.81pts h... lIMn
.-de &0 altudy the PCObl_s ot Indlan dQrlc~ltuce
lvnorlnc;; the production tunct1on. Most Ot thelie
at.terr.pt however. do not od.,-a"s ceplaee t.he prOCUet.iOfl
functlon wit.h an oltecnative theoretical fr~~4~ock.
aa.. etud1es restrict th .... lv to Ju~t lookifig dt
.-pirie.l rela tionshlps bet.w .. n varlabl.s. There 'e,
thus. a atroOQ empir1cist. tr.tdltlon aeveloplog in Inc~n
a9rlcllltural .C!OftOIftlc:a. 'I'hill 8C!hool ilJnores ... Of the
C!auae-efteot relatlonahipe which .ut nece8~.r11y exist
for any anelY61a. r 01' 1Mt~nce study 01 trends 1n
a9rloultural ~aQe. w111 only be complete 1t we oen atote
what determine. t.he$e wdge rateS.
All thie ... not to 5"'\Ihen cc-rt .... 1rl reldt1on-
ahl~ are obecYed .-pJzlecally they 4Ire souCjfr.t to be
apl.lned. These exVlaMtlonu. howevel'. co not.
al ... },. fit lnto a which
oould be t4ken as it re*"la.,.ent for iolCoCuctlon fun~tion
eoor;calca. ene of t.he few dtteQ'i~ta which twve been
Mde to t~ise on the besi. or .an cSlten.4tive fl'dllleWQl:k
i~ t.hcat. ~ {,.K. :.AIIl. 1 ~ian r-.:v1v",:. CUaj8lN'1j J.
C~OCu&Jt. (,.\~ .. ~&CII1t. '-.;CO~. 'nULl ~I..&~~ evn-
Vato" with t.m.il.)' lcabo",,". In . .:.ntu ~~vt.ivn toik. .. w
4Ua;u tl~~t.b. I:iW4IJ b~ a1w. 410 ,-c~y ~~ uIl 1",~~
tr.L~o ~ ~AaJl~n o;..~t.~ --.v1r1~~ uo~vJu.vn~ nuu-
G~Q .1n lnuj,an ~'1~t..lt.".:s. !ow 1n:.;t.caD..~. ~~"'"~nw to
1. --------
A.K.Ben. NPecuwnt.s .and lJ\..Ctl.L .. w1Ul ~ _.U1UUt. ~\46'~ uu Lcabu",,"". ~Uw.uu .!..l. I "v+i4"-'~ .,:A.;J.
A.V. ~.nuv. 'Ib! PE~-x 01 UI! .... i:III4Ult. -4;;v9Ull!!l. eel. u. "nlDl'nc:c ..JO. UU',.1. It ( l!J.inuid: 1' ... 4( ! .loo).
w f I .. ... r :j ... :I I. t; IC r ~ ~ : .. ... It :r i ! l i I .. 0' e " ... i i ! ~ ... .. 1 ., =- i I It i- G' r. n ! c , i (; l f c It ! It ... a nfCl J; ,.. S t (1 8 ~ ,. 4t i " It tr. f :r 'C ~ I f I ., & , C 0 .., (t c:. ,.. (. :r :J :J CI) .. i ... !; f B ~ r l ., " ~ ir e ('I l tL r ... ... c ... ~ ~ g. ... t" tt ! t't .... E '< C ! 0 .... I! i Pi" u . i r. to p 'C f. l ~ i .... ... IC 1 ~ It f i ~ .... ., ... ~ It i ... .. M ~ I Ii( ~,. (; c I i .... .> " ~ CI ~ ~ fl. ... ... ... p. : '< ~ i ... i D too- ~ nl't" ... "- c " ... f r " , & Ol CII ''C ~ r c- It c-. ,. i $' i tt fit P ~ C G. ... C ... ~ ~ ~ I r. too ~ r r (' C " ... (: ~ ... 0 -c c C ~to .. ' t: ft = ., ~ ,. ~ ~ c - !i .... rl'" i ... ~ ~ 8 i c '< : r II( ... r'! P." ., 1 .: ~ g I ~ .... .. Ci ~ ,. ... ~ r' c; ... ., .. D i '< ,. ... &. r.t ,. ~. .... 0 c e. f ~ ~; ... ,. t' ... tal :J ... t :J t; ... tt t': r.. t0o- t' I ,. ft ~ .,. ~ I,. I ('. r
.... -
taw Q.1&~t),I;.noe lady not. iN Ia&l.all .1n the aJ.atl 0& ua. '-
t.u", .... U.. 10 suet. an evuotu.a.l1t.r t.bu IJuc1.1aUc ~
".111 bCt.luk o~n. Evun jn Cd". -a.re taw 14UCjle 1..u1kC. uo not. "t, .;r_.,unt .1ny,,; $t. .n~., at .11. it. 1,it. ,,~t..
tapa cuw.c ~ h.1~ :tio,la ~ Attot, ... 4I. l:a .... .1r.1~4iU1~
.,~4~. Ch8 80 c.a,u,'
I
IlUt1y~ 'a4t noc. OOIIillcate. 1bI 1_ vc: 'a ~t b~ Ju.-t. ~t. ot. ~ 1oc.tl ~ 6~\JCt:.Y.L~ ~.t..H~X th.n a , w.t:J.~
uktit ~lec. on ~ l~ Q4t ~.le. 1'hW;.. uwu .. n ~t.h t.hQ
'Ulla Uti l~WC. t.,.uU 4'XUUUCUun 1e 1J.k 1~ to be baft an etttlct. on ~uUUlCt.J..V.1t.)f. In gtAw; \IIO.oe. U.
81_ 01 Uae t .. J.a JWt. " cnOl.dCt.cr.1at.1c OL