Conditionals & Wish Clauses
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Transcript of Conditionals & Wish Clauses
CONDITIONALS & WISH CLAUSES
by BETÜL YETİM
ZERO CONDITIONAL
• If + present simple, present simple• True fact in the present or the future
Examples:• If you heat water to 100° C, it boils.
• If she gets embarrassed, she blushes.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
• If + present simple, future simple present conti., future conti.
present perfect, future perfect present modals, future perfect conti. imperative
present modal verbs
• Likely to happen in the present or future
Examples:
• If I have enough money, I will go on holiday.
• If you want to speak to me, I’ll be studying in the library.
• If I am not given any extra work, I will have finished writing this report by tomorrow.
• If it doesn’t stop by the evening, it will have been raining for two weeks straight.
• If you need any help, don’t hesitate to ask me.
• If we have to be at the airport at 9, we had better leave now. (modal + modal)
• If you don’t want to put on weight, you should stop eating fast food. (pre. sim. + modal)
• Normally we don’t use “will” after if, but when you are making a polite request you can say: If you’ll wait here a moment, I’ll show you to the manager’s office.
SECOND CONDITIONAL• If + past simple, would / could / might v1
• Imaginary situation, contrary to the fact in the present
Examples:• If Ahmet were two years older, he could get a
driver’s license.
• If there were a university at my hometown, I wouldn’t have to leave home and go to Istanbul.
• I might consider moving to a bigger flat if I could get a better job.
• If my husband were to come home early today, we might go out to dinner.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
• If + past perfect, would / could / might have v3
• Imaginary situation, contrary to the fact in the past
Examples:• If you had invited me to your party, I would
certainly have (certainly) come.
• If you had talked to your teacher, she might have given you a couple of more days to complete your project.
• If there had been live music at the wedding, we could have had more fun.
MIXED CONDITIONALS• If + past, present If I had won the lottery last week, I would be a rich man
now. (I didn’t win it and I am not rich.)
• If + past, futureIf Mark had gotten the job, he would be moving to Shanghai next month. (He didn’t get the job and he isn’t going to move to Shanghai.)
• If + present, pastIf Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you. (He doesn’t speak Russian so he didn’t translate it.)
• If + future, pastIf we weren’t going away for the weekend, we would have accepted your dinner invitation.(We are going away and that’s why we didn’t accept your invitation.)
INVERSION in CONDITIONALS• TYPE 1
If you need help…. : Should you need help…. (Should + subj. + v1 + main clause)
Should you not be satisfied with our goods, please return them in a week to get a refund. (not comes after the subject)
• TYPE 2 If I were you….. : Were I you….(Were + subj. + obj. + main clause)
Were I you, I would not buy that second-hand car.
(Were + subj. + to infinitive + main clause)Were I to come to the office tomorrow, we could have a meeting.
• TYPE 3
If they had told us…. : Had they told us….(had + subj. + v3 + main clause)
Had I known you were studying, I would not have made so much noise.
IMPLIED CONDITIONALS• with / without + noun / noun phrase
You’re already a good musician. With some instruction, you can easily learn the saxophone.(If you take some classes, you can easily learn the saxophone.)
• butI could have answered all the questions, but we didn’t have enough time.
• but for + noun / noun phraseBut for the interruptions, the meeting would have finished earlier. (If it wasn’t for the… / Without the…)
• otherwise / or (else) + clauseYou tell him what color car you want, or (else) / otherwise he will choose a color that he likes.
• if so / if not (to avoid repetition)I’ll try to fix the TV tomorrow. If not, you’ll have to wait until next Friday.
Has Sezen Aksu’s latest album been released? If so, where can I find it?
OTHER WORDS USED in CONDITIONALS
• only if / provided / providing (that) / on condition that / as (so) long asOnly if he finishes high school, will he be able to attend university.
(when you use “only if” at the beginning of a sentence the other half of the sentence will be inverted.)
Your little sister can come to the concert with us only if / provided (that) / providing (that) / on condition that / as long as she behaves herself.
• unless (negative meaning but positive sentence)
Don’t use this entrance unless you have to.
3rd conditional excluded, “unless = if not”If she weren’t so fat, she would be an attractive girl. ✔Unless she were so fat, she would be an attractive girl. ✗
• even ifEven if he apologizes for crashing my car, I won’t forgive him.
• suppose (that) / supposing (that) / what ifSuppose (that) everyone owned a car, what would the traffic be like?
What if he cheated on you, would you still love him?
• whether or not (two or more choices)Whether I win or lose, I want to play a game of chess with the school champion.
My mother is going to buy a new laptop whether or not the prices come down.
• in caseTake some warm clothes with you in case the camping site is cold.
We left home early; in case we got stuck in traffic.
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
I have an extra ticket if your sister wants to join us.
I have an extra ticket in case your sister wants to join us.
OTHER USES of IF (not conditions but situations)
• If you saw Jack yesterday, why didn’t you ask him to come and talk to me?
• If I was rude to you, please forgive me.
• If you are not going to do what I say, why did you ask me for advice?
• If the doctor has told you to take this medicine, you should take it.
WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT• I wish / If only + past simple / past conti. / could + bare
infinitive• A wish about the present• A situation you want to be different
Example:I wish / If only this exercise weren’t so difficult.
I wish / If only we weren’t staying at a hotel.
I wish / If only I could come to the cinema with you.
WISHES ABOUT THE PAST• I wish / If only + past perfect sim. / conti.• I wish / If only + could have v3 • A wish about a past situation• You want to have been different (regret)
Example:I wish / If only I hadn’t been driving so fast.
I wish / If only you had told me you needed help.
I wish / If only I could have answered the questions.
WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE• I wish / If only + would + bare infinitive• A wish for a future change• Unlikely to happen / wish to express dissatisfaction
Example:
I wish / If only David would change his mind.He wishes he could (not would) play the piano.
I wish / If only she wouldn’t talk so much.
I wish you would listen to me.