Conditional Land Tenure in Watershed Protection Forest

SuyantoThe Land Tenure Center’s forum “Designing Pro-Poor

Rewards for Ecosystem Services,” April 7-8, 2008, on the University of Wisconsin campus, Madison, WI.

Background• In many parts of Asia, government

owns and controls most of forest area. This condition obstructs local people’s access to forest as their important resources for their livelihoods and condemns them to poverty more deeply.

• Land tenure can be an attractive incentive for farmers to get engaged in sustainable management of protected forest land.

Four Criteria in Developing Reward for Environmental

Services Mechanisms: (van Noordwijk et al 2006)

• Conditional: based on real cause-effect relations between land use and environmental services

• Realistic: WTA < Reward < WTP

• Voluntary: adaptive and reflect effective voice of communities and balanced negotiation power at all levels

• Pro-poor: understand the relations between poverty and ES provision and to develop pro-poor mechanisms

Research Site: Sumberjaya 55,000 ha sub-district comprising a 55,000 ha sub-district comprising a

40,000 ha upper Way Besai 40,000 ha upper Way Besai watershedwatershed

Land status: about 40% protection Land status: about 40% protection forest and 10% national park forest and 10% national park

in reality forest cover <10%in reality forest cover <10% 2004: 87,000 people 2004: 87,000 people Density: 161 people/km Density: 161 people/km 22

Coffee is a major cropsCoffee is a major crops Agroforestry system (shade coffee & Agroforestry system (shade coffee &

fruit trees) could maintain watershed fruit trees) could maintain watershed functionfunction

Research Site: Sumberjaya

Current public investment scheme: land rehabilitation

Hydro Electric Company, 90 MW

Potential mechanisms for reward transfer in near future A benchmark for conflicts of forest-watershed functions in Indonesia

“Myth-understanding” regarding watershed functions led to often violent evictions of thousands of people

• Provided for secure tenure through long term lease contracts with farmer groups in protected forest land

• Requirements of farmer groups:•Plant multi-story agroforestry trees with coffee on deforested protected forest land

•Protect the soil with soil and water conservation measures

•Protect remaining forest area

Conditional land tenure (HKm)

Tree Planting per Ha in 2000-2005

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Nu

mb

er

of

tre

e p

lan

tin

g p

er

he

cta

re

Timber Tree MPTS Shade

1994 1997

2000

Reduced FireReduced Fire

Sources of Income in Way Besay Watershed Lampung in 2004

Income inequity in Way Besay Lampung in 2004

 

Income's coefficient Pseudo

Sharesconcentrat

iongini ratio

A. Farm Income      

Coffee garden at State land

0.41 0.99 0.37

Coffee garden at Private land

0.14 1.78 0.67

Rice field 0.06 0.88 0.33

Others Farm income 0.11 1.02 0.38

B. Non Farm 0.1 2.22 0.84

C. Wage      

Agriculture 0.13 -0.33 -0.13

Non Agriculture 0.03 -0.06 -0.22

d. Others      

Transfer 0.02 0.21 0.08

e. Total Income     0.38

Perceived tenure security on forest land relative to private land (household survey)

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

Tenure securitybefore reformation

Tenure security afterreformation

Tenure security HKmpermit approved %

sec

urity

rela

tive

to p

rivat

e

HKM permit eviction HKMpermit no eviction

Conclusions and Implications

•HKm program appears targeted to poorer households

•The program appears to promote investments in tree planting

•Over time these investments may increase participants’ income and provide environmental benefits

•Conditionally is important element in PES

Sources for this presentation

Projects: 1. Property Rights, Environmental Services

and Poverty in Indonesia (BASIS-ICRAF-IFPRI-MSU).

2. RUPES Actions Research In Sumberjaya, Lampung

3. Suyanto.et al (2007). Poverty and Environmental Services: Case Study in Way Besai Watershed, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Ecology and Society. 12(2):P. 13