FINAL PROJECTCourtney Matus, Kevin O’Hara,

Ryan Baicher, and Omar Baradah

Target audience

Wilkes University Students.

Football players

Respondent:

Female

Male

Data collected

17 males, 12 females

24 people between the ages of 19-25

3 people between the ages of 26-31

2 people 32 and older

Sampling Plan

Find How many sample size we need.

Set up around 40 questions and then, pick up the

more beneficial questions to our project.

Type our survey questions and pass them out to

Wilkes students around the campus.

Record the result of each survey question

Collect and organize the data to make it ready to

use it in our project testing & analysis.

Survey Method

Used Survey papers method. Location:

Basement, 1st & 2nd Floor of Wilkes Farley library.

Henry Student Center.

Survey Questions 1. Gender :

Male Female

2. Age:

Under 18 19-25 26-31 32&older

3. What kind of sport do you participate in?Football Baseball Basketball Soccer hockey Volleyball Softball Lacrosse.

4. How many games/practices do you participate in every week?

5. Have you ever had a concussion?

Yes No

6.Have you ever had a sports related concussion?

Yes No

Survey Questions (cont)

On a scale 1-5 how sever do you believe these injuries are 5 being the most sever:

Concussion?

1 2 3 4 5 Broken bone ?

1 2 3 4 5 Ligament damage?

1 2 3 4 5 Torn muscle?

1 2 3 4 5

11. What sport do you think related concussions occur the most in?

Football Baseball Basketball Soccer hockey Volleyball Softball Lacrosse

Injuries among college students

College students involved with sports/extracurricular activities

Belief that injuries are increasing among college athletes

Rushing of recovery process

Research Question

“Is there an increase in the amount of concussions among college students that are physically active?”

Surveying students who participate in sports Surveying students that are not physically

active

Hypothesis

“We believe that after surveying college students, the leading cause in sport related injuries are concussions.”

Audience Targeted: College student athletes Non athletes

WebMD Article

Rise of concussions in younger generation

Number of concussions while playing on sports teams has doubled in past decade

Most concussions occur from football and hockey

Factors that increase concussions Sports are more competitive Kids are bigger than in the past

University of Pitt Article

Among college football players: 34%/1 concussion 20%/multiple concussions

Suffering from a second concussion while still having symptoms from a previous could be fatal.

Pitt Article cont

How severe people view concussions

Physicians and trainers disagreement about recovery time

Athletes return too soon which can result in more injuries

Data Table

Gender Male = 0Female = 1

Age Under 18 = 019 – 25 = 126 – 31= 2 32 & older = 3

What sports do you think related concussions occur the most in ?

Football = 0 Baseball = 1 Basketball = 2 Soccer = 3 Hockey = 4 Volleyball = 5 Softball = 6 Lacrosse = 7

Have you ever had a concussion? Yes = 0 No = 1

Have you ever had a sports related concussion?

Yes = 0 No = 1

gender? age? ever have a concussion? sports concussion? concussion broken bone1 1 1 1 0 5 32 0 1 0 0 5 43 1 3 1 1 5 44 1 3 0 0 5 45 1 1 0 0 3 56 1 1 1 1 3 37 1 1 1 1 5 48 0 1 0 0 5 59 1 1 0 0 3 2

10 0 2 0 0 5 511 0 1 0 0 4 212 1 1 1 0 5 213 0 2 1 1 2 114 0 1 1 1 5 415 1 1 0 0 5 216 0 1 1 0 5 217 1 1 0 0 5 418 1 2 0 0 1 119 1 1 1 1 3 420 1 1 0 0 4 221 1 1 1 1 4 122 0 1 0 0 3 223 1 1 0 0 1 224 0 1 0 0 4 425 0 1 0 0 5 426 1 1 1 1 4 527 0 1 0 0 4 328 0 1 0 0 5 229 1 1 1 1 3 4

Histogram

concussion broken bone ligament damage torn muscle0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

4

3.10

3.48 3.55

Severity of Injury

avera

ge r

ank

Measure of Center

no concussion concussion3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

Severity of Concussion

avera

ge r

ank

Hypothesis Tests

Tested which gender suffered more concussions

Proportion test

Two-sample test

Hypothesis Testsx-value sample 1 2 x-value sample 2 7

for the proportion proportion 1 16.7% proportion 2 41.2%

pooled proportion 0.310 sample size 1 12 sample size 2 17

females w/ concussion males w/ concussion

std error 0.174

do males receive more sports related concussions than females?

NULL: p1=>p2 males do not receive more sports related concussions

ALTERNATIVE: p1<p2 males do receive more sports related concussions

one-tailed or two tailed? 2enter 1 or 2

above

test statistic (obs) (1.405)

critical measure 1.960

|obs| > critical?? no

p-value 0.16

a-level 0.05 ←enter alpha level here

p-value < a-level?? no

reject the null

males receive more concussions

Hypothesis tests

Tested sports-related concussions versus non-sports related concussions

Two-sample test

Proportion

Hypothesisx-value

sample 1 12x-value

sample 2 9

for the proportion proportion 1 41.4% proportion 2 31.0%

pooled proportion 0.362 sample size 1 29 sample size 2 29concussion

sports concussion

std error 0.126

do student-athletes receive more sports related concussions than non sports related?

NULL: p1=>p2student-athletes do not receive more sports related concussions

ALTERNATIVE: p1<p2student-athletes do receive more sports related concussions

one-tailed or two tailed? 2enter 1 or 2

above

test statistic (obs) 0.820

critical measure 1.960

|obs| > critical?? no

p-value 0.41

a-level 0.05 ←enter alpha level here

p-value < a-level?? no

reject the nullstudents do receive more sports related concussions

Hypothesis Tests

Tested how severe concussions are viewed as between people who’ve suffered from concussions versus those who have not.

Two-sample

Mean

Hypothesis TestsHYPOTHESIS TESTS sample mean 1 4.10 no concussion

stdev 1 1.34

pooled sample stdev 1.242 sample size 1 17

std error 0.468 sample mean 2 4.08 concussion

stdev 2 1.08

do students who received concussions ranks the severity of them higher than students who have not received a concussion sample size 2 12

NULL: m1=>m2students who have received a concussion do not rank them more sever

ALTERNATIVE: m1<m2students who have received a concussion rank them more sever

one-tailed or two tailed? 2 enter only 1 or 2

type of test? t test

enter only z or t

test statistic (obs) 0.036

critical measure 2.052 degrees of freedom 27

|obs| > critical?? no

p-value 0.971

a-level 0.050 ←enter alpha level here

p-value < a-level?? no

rejet the null

RegressionSUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.106125

R Square 0.011263

Adjusted R Square -0.02677

Standard Error 0.481918

Observations 28

ANOVA

  df SS MS FSignifican

ce F

Regression 1 0.068782 0.068782 0.296161 0.590936

Residual 26 6.038361 0.232245

Total 27 6.107143     

 Coefficien

tsStandard

Error t Stat P-valueLower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0%

Upper 95.0%

Intercept 0.483871 0.312078 1.550479 0.133115 -0.15762 1.125357 -0.15762 1.125357

5 -0.04098 0.075296 -0.54421 0.590936 -0.19575 0.113796 -0.19575 0.113796

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

Observation

Predicted 0 Residuals

1 0.278989 -0.27899

2 0.319965 -0.31997

3 0.360942 -0.36094

4 0.319965 -0.31997

5 0.278989 -0.27899

6 0.319965 -0.31997

7 0.278989 -0.27899

8 0.360942 -0.36094

9 0.360942 -0.36094

10 0.278989 -0.27899

11 0.278989 -0.27899

12 0.319965 -0.31997

13 0.442895 -0.44289

14 0.278989 -0.27899

15 0.278989 -0.27899

16 0.278989 -0.27899

17 0.278989 0.721011

18 0.360942 0.639058

19 0.278989 0.721011

20 0.360942 0.639058

21 0.319965 0.680035

22 0.319965 0.680035

23 0.360942 0.639058

24 0.278989 -0.27899

25 0.442895 -0.44289

26 0.401918 0.598082

27 0.278989 -0.27899

28 0.278989 0.721011

Scatter plot

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

5 Residual Plot

5

Resid

uals

Restate the Relevant Findings

Articles state there is an increase in concussions over the past decade.

Concussions can be fatal

Doctors believe the recovery process is rushed by trainers and athletes

Relevant Findings

Hypothesis Tests: Males do suffer from more sports related

concussions than females There are more sports-related concussions

than non-sports related concussions Students who suffered from concussions rank

them more severe then people who have not endured a concussion.

Methods of Improvement

Larger pool of participants

More detailed questions

Survey for coaches/trainers

Interview with athletes that suffered from a concussion

Interview with non-athletes

Further Research

Rising concussions among elementary/high school students

Long term effects of concussions

Ways to prevent concussions

Recovery time after suffering from concussion

Thank-you

Any Questions??