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Concrete Technology Properties of Hardened Concrete Lecture 17 Eng: Eyad Haddad.
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Transcript of Concrete Technology Properties of Hardened Concrete Lecture 17 Eng: Eyad Haddad.
Concrete TechnologyConcrete Technology
Properties of Hardened Concrete
Lecture 17
Eng: Eyad HaddadEng: Eyad Haddad
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Introduction:
Concrete is a highly complex heterogeneous material whose response to
stress depends not only on the response of the individual components but
also upon the interaction between those components.
Strength of concrete may not be
the most important characteristic of
concrete; durability, volume stability,
and impermeability may be equally
significant. However, strength has
become universally accepted as the
most important indication of
concrete quality.
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Factors that effect concrete strength may be divided
into four categories:
(1) constitute materials,
(2) methods of preparation,
(3) curing procedures, and
(4) test conditions.
We have already discussed methods of preparation and curing.
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Compressive strength
The compressive strength of concrete is the most common measure for
judging not only the ability of the concrete to withstand load, but also the
quality of the hardened concrete. Test results obtained from compressive
strength tests have proved to be sensitive to changing mix materials and
mix proportions as well as to differences in curing and compaction of test
specimens.
There several reasons for this:
1) it is assumed that the most important properties of concrete as directly
related to compressive strength;
2) concrete has little tensile strength and is used primarily in
compression;
3) structural design codes are based on compressive strength;
4) the test is relatively simple and inexpensive to perform.
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ASTM Cylinder Test
The normal compressive specimen in America is a cylinder with length
to diameter ratio of 2:1. If the slump is more than 3 inches, concrete is
consolidated by rodding; if the slump is less than 1 inch, the concrete is
consolidated by vibration. Poorly compacted cylinders will have lower
strength.
If the specimen is to be rodded, it should be filled in three equal layers,
each rodded 25 times with 16mm diameter steel rod with a rounded end.
If specimens are to used for quality control the cylinders must be stored
at 15 to 27C for the first 24 hours in such a way that moisture loss is
prevented. The cylinder are then removed and stored in a standard moist
room or in saturated lime water (23C) until tested.
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ASTM Cylinder Test (cont.)
Capping cylinder reduces the effects of concentrated stresses under
loading.
Testing should be done as soon as capping is completed. Sulfur caps
lose strength and pourablity with used and therefore should not be
reused more than five times.
Determination of compressive strength using ASTM C39 states
tolerances for the testing machine. Since strength is dependent on
loading rate, the specimen should be loaded at a controlled rate of 1.4 to
3.5 kg/cm2/s or a deformation rate of 1.2mm/min.
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Cube Test
Cube test, standard in Great Britain and Germany. BS 1881: Part 108: 1983.
Filling in 3 layers with 50 mm for each layer (2 layers for 100 mm cube).
Strokes 35 times for 150 mm cube and 25 times for 100 mm cube. Curing at
20±5 0C and 90% relative humility. The loading rate is 2.3 kg/cm2/s.
Compressive strength is defined as:
fc’= P /A ( N/mm2 or MPa)
where
P = load to failure, N
A = cross-sectional area, mm2
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Cube Test (cont.)
Characteristic strength (fck) is defined as the val ue for the compressive
strength of concrete, below which not more than 5% of the valid test
results obtained on cubes of concrete of the same grade should fall.
For example, a concrete with characteristic strength of 30 MPa has a 95%
probability of achieving 30 MPa and more, and a 5% probability of being
less than 30 MPa.
A valid test result is the average result obtained from the testing of
three test specimens of concrete.
Specified strength normally refers to the character istic strength and is
indicated on design drawings or project specifications.
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Cube Test (cont.)
Target strength (fct) is the compressive strength that is aimed at to ensure
that the concrete meets the characteristic strength requirement. It is
obtained by using the formula:
fct = fck + 1,64 x standard deviation
where the standard deviation (SD) is dependent on the degree of control at the
concrete production facility.
Test specimens are crushed between two
plates in a hydraulic press.
The rate of load application influences the
compressive strength results and is specified
at a uniform rate of 0,3 MPa/s ± 0,1 MPa/s.
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Satisfactory modes of failure
are shown in the below
Figure:
Note: All four faces are cracked approximately equally, generally with little damage
to the faces in contact with the plates. The shape of the crushed specimen is a
good indication of whether the test was conducted in accordance with the
specification.
An unsatisfactory failure, as illustrated in the Figure below, may indicate that
the plates are not parallel, the cube is not square or the faces of the cube
are not flat.
The concrete areas in contact with the plates must be plane, parallel to each
other and at right angles to the y-axis of the specimen. An unsatisfactory
failure may give a suspect result, and indicates a deviation from standard
procedures
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Factors Affecting the Measured
Compressive Strength:
Compression tests assumed that a pure state of uniaxial loading.
However, this is not the case, because of frictional forces between the
load plates and the specimen surface.
As specimen length to diameter ratio decreases the end effects are
more important resulting in higher apparent compressive strengths.
As l/d decreases below a value of 2 the strength increases. At ratios
above 2 the effect is more dramatic. Also, this phenomena is significant in
high-strength cement.
Specimen size is important for the simple fact that as the specimens
become larger it is more likely to contain an element that will fail at a low
load.
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Modulus of elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of a material is defined by the slope of the stress-the slope of the stress-
strain curvestrain curve. The higher the elastic modulus, the more resistant the material is
to deformation. Concrete is not a perfectly elastic material and therefore the
stress-strain curve indicates a varying elastic modulus (the slope of the
tangent). Typical stress-strain curve for concrete
Young’s modulus or initial tangent modulus
is the initial linear part of the curve.
Tangent modulus is the slope of the tangent at
an arbitrary strain.
)(
)(tan
cC Strain
cStressE
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Modulus of elasticity: (cont.)
Secant modulus or static modulus of elasticity is the strain corresponding to a given
stress.
The value is normally determined by testing, where the stress is equal to one third
of the compressive stress. The value depends on the rate of load application.
According to ACI Building Code 318, with a concrete unit weight between 1441 and
2482 ton/m3, the modulus of elasticity can be determined from:
Where:
Ec = elastic modulus,
Wc = unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3),
f’c = the 28-day compressive strength of standard cylinders
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Modulus of elasticity: (cont.)
The splitting tensile strength can be obtained using the following formula:
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Modulus of elasticity: (cont.)
Indirect tension test (split cylinder test or Brazilian test) BS 1881: Part 117:1983.
Specimen 150 x 300 mm cylinder. Loading rate 0.02 to 0.04 MPa/s
ASTM C496-71:
Specimen 150 x 300 mm cylinder. Loading rate 0.011 to 0.023 MPa/s
The splitting test is carried out by applying compression loads along two axial
lines that are diametrically opposite. This test is based on the following
observation from elastic analysis. Under vertical loading acting on the two
ends of the vertical diametrical line, uniform tension is introduced along the
central part of the specimen.