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2018 National AAAEA Conference
CONCRETESUSTAINABILITY
Mustapha Ibrahim, PhD, PE
WSP
November 09th, 2018
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• Introduction to Sustainability
• Concrete Sustainability
• Pipeline for Concrete Sustainability
• Role of Cement on Sustainability
• Role of Supplementary Cementitious
Materials (SCMs) and industrial
byproducts on Concrete Sustainability
• Role of other Raw Materials
Overview and Objective
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➢What is Sustainability???
➢ Balance of the Impact to Triple Bottom Line:
➢ Environment (Ecology)
➢ Society
➢ Economy
➢ “Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.”
Introduction - Sustainability
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➢Energy Use according to U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
➢Residential
➢Commercial
➢Transportation and Infrastructure
➢Industrial
Residential,
22%
Commercial,
19%Transportation,
32%
Industrial,
27%
Energy Use by Industrial Sector (EIA 2018)
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Introduction - Sustainability
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➢U.S. Energy Consumption by type of Industry
➢ Construction 8%
➢ Cement Production 2%
mining, 11%
refining, 18%
bulk chemical, 28%
cement, 2%
Metal-based
products, 4%
agriculture, 5%
food processing,
5%iron, steel,
and
aluminum, 6%
paper, 6%
construction, 8%other, 8%
U.S. Industrial Sector Energy Consumption by type of Industry, 2017
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Introduction - Sustainability
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Cement production is the 5th largest source of CO2
emissions in U.S.
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Concrete Sustainability
Source: U.S.EPA (2012) “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012”
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http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/
➢ Every year, more than 4 billion tons of cement for concrete are produced worldwide
➢ As of 2017, about 9 billion cubic meters of concrete are made every year
➢ Average of 0.92 tons of CO2 emitted per ton of cement produced
Improving sustainability of cement & concrete production can have a significant impact on improving sustainability of civil infrastructure for future generations
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Concrete Sustainability
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Serviceability
&
Functionality
Service Life
Durability
➢ Concrete Sustainability
➢Service Life
➢Durability
➢Functionality
➢Serviceability
➢Aesthetics
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Concrete Sustainability
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Stage VI: Demolition and Disposal/Recycling
Service Life Recycling Demolition & Disposal
Stage V: Maintenance
After XX years in service Structure Repair (% of materials to be replaced)
Stage IV: Construction
Transport Fuel Machinery/Labor Cast-in-Place/Precast
Stage III: Concrete Production
Energy Requirements Resource & Water Use
Stage II: Transport of Raw materials to Production Facility
Local Availability Amount & distance to be transported Fuel
Stage I: Raw Materials Extraction and Acquisition
Cement Cementitious Materials Aggregate Water Admixtures
Con
crete
Prod
ucti
on
Sh
ort-
term
Lif
e C
ycle
Lo
ng
-term
Lif
e C
ycle
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Pipeline for Concrete Sustainability
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➢ Cement Materials
➢ Calcium oxide, CaO: from limestone, chalk, shells, shale or calcareous rock
➢ Silica, SiO2: from sand, or old glass bottles
➢ Alumina, Al2O3: from bauxite, recycled aluminum, clay
➢ Iron, Fe2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash
➢ Gypsum, CaSO4: found together with limestone
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Cement Production
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Raw Materials transported from the quarry, crushed, milled, and proportioned
Raw Materials are ground to powder and blended
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Cement Production
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➢ Raw Materials are burned at 1450 oC (2700 oF)
➢ Calcination Process:• CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
• Accounts for more than 55% of CO2 emission
Burning Raw Materials in a Rotating Kiln
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Cement Production
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Clinker
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Limestone: A by-product created by the crushing of rocks to produce crushed aggregates
Fly Ash: Product of coal combustion at power plants
Slag: Byproduct of metal ore smelting & processing
Silica Fume: Byproduct of silicon alloy production
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Cement Sustainability – SCMs & Byproducts
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Limestone can be added either by intergrindingwith the clinker or homogeneously blending it with cement
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IntergrindingLimestone with
clinker
Blending limestone with
cement
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Cement Sustainability
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• Role of Limestone By products in Sustainability
– Reduce the amount of limestone required for the calcination process
• Role of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Sustainability
– Reduce the need for virgin materials
– Decrease the amount of cement (embodied energy emission) required for a concrete mixture
– Puts to use materials otherwise destined for landfill
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Cement Sustainability – SCMs & Byproducts
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➢ Aggregates
➢ Sand, Gravel, or Crushed Stone
➢ Constitutes 60 to 75% of concrete by volume
➢ Role of Aggregates in Sustainability
➢ Reserve natural resources
➢ Reduce the amount of landfill waste material
➢ Sustainable Aggregates include:
➢ Recycled hardened concrete
➢ Industrial by products such as blast furnace slag aggregate
➢ By product of crushing of coarse aggregates. Usually blended with fine aggregate (sand)
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Raw Materials Sustainability
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Recycled Concrete: Crushed concrete from demolished sites
Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate: Byproduct of metal ore smelting & processing
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Raw Materials Sustainability
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➢ Water
➢ Account to ~4 to 7% of the concrete mixture
➢ Process water has High PH (> 8.5) which could be harmful to the survival of aquatic organism if discharged into the ground
➢Can be reused in concrete mixing, or
➢Can be treated by injecting CO2 to lower the PH levels.
➢ Cement Kiln Dust
➢ Cannot be recycled
➢ Used for Soil solidification / Stabilization
➢ Concrete Carbonates (CO2 Sink)
➢ Use of Tire Derived Fuel
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Raw Materials Sustainability
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2018 National AAAEA Conference
11/26/2018 191911/26/2018
Thank you!
Questions?
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➢Best Practices for Sustainable Design
➢Energy efficiency and conservation
➢Manage Water Resources
➢Waste reduction and Recycling
➢Renewable energy and Low Carbon Fuels
➢Open space and offsetting carbon emissions
➢Efficient transportation
➢Green Buildings
➢Community and individual action
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Introduction - Sustainability
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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Environmental Sustainability
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LIFE CYCLE COST ASSESSMENT
Economic Sustainability
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