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Concession & Privatization - Microsoft · 2014. 1. 16. · ¸Long-term leasing of airport...
Transcript of Concession & Privatization - Microsoft · 2014. 1. 16. · ¸Long-term leasing of airport...
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Concession & Privatization
Cyriel Kronenburg
International Air Transport Association
Lessons Learned
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Privatization&
Concession
Key Lessons
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1. Customer involvement critical
2. Efficient management is vital due to higher cost of capital
3. Good governance is more important than ownership
4. Independent, robust, economic regulation necessary
5. Regulation oversight by independent competition authority
6. Good efficiencies from existing assets, less so from investment
7. Mechanisms to incentivise cost efficiencies required
8. Service Level Agreements are necessary to deliver
9. Asset revaluations and dual-till accounting key challenges10.“Gold-plating” through debt financing is a real risk
10 Key Lessons
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Privatization&
Concession
Experience
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Most common experiences
Sale of airports to private companies and financial investors
Long-term leasing of airport assets to private investors
Long-term leasing of airport facilities to airlines
Other infrastructure privatization e.g. water, power
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Sale to private investors
British Airports Authority (BAA), UKCopenhagen Airport (CPN), DenmarkVienna Airport (VIE), AustriaZurich Airport (ZRH), SwitzerlandBrussels Airport (BRU), BelgiumAuckland International Airport (AIA), New Zealand
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Long-term lease of assets
Sydney International Airport (SYD), AustraliaPerth Airport (PER), AustraliaEzeiza International Airport (EZE), ArgentinaJuan Santamaria International Airport (SJO), Costa RicaJorge Chavez International Airport (LIM), PeruAthens International Airport (ATH)
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Lease / construction by airlines
New York (JFK), USANewark (EWR), USAAtlanta (ATL), USADallas Fort Worth (DFW), USADetroit (DTW), USAHouston (IAH), USAMany more US airports
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British Airports Authority, UK
PROS
Independence of regulatorCC oversightEfficiency incentivizing 5-year price caps at 3 largest airportsService level standardsSingle tillExisting assets cost-efficientSuccessful developing non-aeronautical assets
CONS
Charges still highTime & EffortRegulatory capture?Over-generous WACC allowedNew investment not cost-efficientDiversification of management effort
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Effect on Heatrow
50 % increase 2003 – 08A further 50 % increase 2008 – 13Operating costs increasing 30 % per year High charges, poor qualitySupport reference to Competition Commission
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Athens Airport, Greece
PROS
Good Service
CONS
No consultationLittle transparencyCostly, inefficient investmentDual-tillRate of return regulation15% return on equity guaranteeCharges can be raised to recoup previous profit shortfallNo regulator independence500% rise in charges
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Copenhagen Airport, Denmark
PROS
Charges negotiation requiredCPI-X price caps over 3 years if failure to agreeX includes both efficiency targets plus traffic ‘claw-back’
CONS
Regulator is Transport MinistryNo independent oversightGovt still hold 34% sharesCharges rising in real terms ieCPI+ not CPI-
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Auckland Airport, New Zealand
PROS
Obliged to consult with customers (only every 5 years)
CONS
Charges unregulatedLand values inflated to ‘opportunity cost’Commerce Commission recommendation for re-regulation ignored by Govt
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Effect on Auckland
Auckland International Airport EBIT 66 %
Microsoft 37 %ExxonMobil 16 %General Electric 15 %Air New Zealand 4 %
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Ezeiza Intl, Argentina
PROS
Private CapitalOpen attitude
CONS
Bidding process led to high royaltiesInvestment plans cutNo efficiency incentives
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Quito Intl, Ecuador
PROS
New Airport Under Construction
CONS
Pre-financingNo transparencyNo regulation of chargesNo customer consultationUnrealistic traffic forecastsHigh charges
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Effect on Quito
128% increase before new airport even opensHigh rate of return for investorsLimited growth, limited accessAirline lawsuitsHigh charges, poor qualityDistorted relationship airlines / airport
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Newark, USA
PROS
High quality facilitiesInvestments are bondedAirline control of terminalHigh concession revenuesAbility to control pax experience
CONS
Exclusive to one carrierLack of airside transparencyLimited lease period where airlines loose investment
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Often airlines feel the immediate effect
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Not a sustainable business model
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…it’s time for effective economic regulation
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Privatization&
Concession
Customer View
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Market Dynamics
Airlines pay airports and ANSPs $ 42 billion per year11% of revenuesAirport aeronautical revenue over $ 27 billion aloneFurther $ 26 billion from non-aeronautical Direct impact on route profitability and growth Largest external cost excluding fuelNo or limited control
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Airport Charges
Landing, passenger, parkingCargo, security, noise, aerobridges, central infrastructure fees, concession fees
In addition airlines pay for:
Rentals / Lease / BondingMaintenance facilities Staff facilitiesUtilitiesFast-track facilities
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Airline View Of Airports
In the business of providing a serviceShould have a supplier/customer relationshipShould facilitate airline operations in a safe, reliable and cost-effective environmentShould be motivated, cost efficient, customer focused, transparent businessesWhere natural monopoly, need regulatory substitutefor market disciplines
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But far too often…….
Airlines are treated as users not customersLandowner/tenant relationshipAirport facilitates investors and passengersAirports purely driven to make moneyNo regulation at all, often regulator is the owner
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Main Issues
Excessive profits Poor consultation and transparencyGovernment interferenceHigh royalty / concession charges Unnecessary or “political” investmentsLack of efficiency targets
NEED FOR FAIR CHARGES AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT IN COST EFFICIENCY
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Desired Approach
Open, transparent and meaningful consultationAgreed investment priorities supported by business casesClear, credible and accepted benchmarkingMeasurable and accountable cost efficiency targetsand continuous improvementsLonger term pricing arrangementsService Level AgreementsRobust independent regulation and appeals
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New Terminal?
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Often Leads To Increases
100% Financing by customers
Often no involvement of customers
Shouldn’t the goal of construction be Shouldn’t the goal of construction be to lower the unit coststo lower the unit costs
andand increase the quality?increase the quality?
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Privatization&
Concession
ICAO/OACI
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All airports should adhere to
Chicago Convention
ICAO Doc 9082 Policy on Charges
ICAO Doc 9562 Airport Economic Manual
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ICAO charges policies
Non-discrimination
User Consultation
Cost Relatedness
Economic Regulation
Contains Key Elements For Users:
Transparency
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Privatization&
Concession
Economic Regulation
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Agree on investments
Economic RegulationA Government Responsibility
Non-discriminatory
Stakeholder engagementTransparency
Single-till financingAdhere to ICAO policies
Independent appeal body
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User Consultation
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Consensus increaseschances of success
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Consultation Basics:
Transparency
Clear proposals
Supporting Business cases
A Two way process
Continuous user involvement
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Transparency?
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Transparency Requirements
Justification is required that charges are cost based
Major investments should be justified and required
Airlines should exactly know what they pay for
Transparency should lead to improved benchmarking
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In Summary:
It does not matter who owns the airport, as long as there is:
Good governanceEconomic RegulationTransparencyConsultation
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