Conceptual Modeling to Explore Problem and Solution Space ......Process Store Transmit Distribute...
Transcript of Conceptual Modeling to Explore Problem and Solution Space ......Process Store Transmit Distribute...
Conceptual Modeling to Explore
Problem and Solution Space,
Illustrated by Examples from
Future Energy Systems
ICONS 2021
Gerrit MullerProfessor Systems EngineeringUniversity of South-Eastern NorwaySenior Research Fellow at TNO-ESI, the Netherlands
4/4/2021 1
Speaker Biography
• Gerrit Muller
• worked 20 years in the industry as systems architect
• Since 1999, he worked in research and education in close
cooperation with industry.
• In 2008, he became professor systems engineering at USN.
• Since 2020, he is INCOSE Fellow an Excellent Educator at USN.
4/4/2021 2
Specific interests
• Systems Architecting, Conceptual modeling
• Education in Systems Engineering
• Research in Systems Engineering
• Connecting Education, Research, and Practice
• Sustainability
4/4/2021 3
Figure of Content
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
Renewable Energy
4/4/2021 4
As-Is: System Model Calculates Optimum
black box
energy system model
trace of offshore
wind data
traces of onshore
weather data
traces of
consumption patterns
optimal configuration
and sizes
CAPEX, OPEX, LCOE
component data
4/4/2021 5
Problem: No Understanding, No Reasoning
Designers explore and find an optimum,
however, they lack understanding.
How sensitive is the model for parameter or data changes?
How do we reason about use cases?
How do we reason about options and risks?
What happens when we make wrong assumptions?
black box
energy system model
trace of offshore
wind data
traces of onshore
weather data
traces of
consumption patterns
optimal configuration
and sizes
CAPEX, OPEX, LCOE
component data
User: (WT-shared) Texugo at wts wikivoyage, CC BY-SA 1.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Remember Texas in
the winter of 2021?
4/4/2021 6
A Model of the As-Is Energy System
physical fossil systems
virtual fossil systems virtual electricity systems
physical electricity systems
Extract
resources
Store
Transport
Process
Store
Transmit
Distribute
Convert
Use
financial
control
legal
control
technical
control
logistics
control
financial
control
legal
control
technical
control
logistics
control
Generate
4/4/2021 7
Main Questions about the Renewable Energy System
What is an appropriate configuration and sizing of
generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and
demand control
to obtain a sustainable, robust, reliable, and affordable
energy system?
What legal, financial, logistics, and technical
control strategies and measures
do we need to operate these resources effectively?
virtual electricity systems
physical electricity systems
Store
Transmit
Distribute
Convert
Use
financial
control
legal
control
technical
control
logistics
control
Generate
4/4/2021 8
What Architecting Means do we need?
What methods, techniques, formalisms, models, and tools
will help us to create and explore problem and solution space
to understand, communicate, reason, and facilitate decision making,
with many diverse stakeholders and
a large set of complicated technology options,
ranging from idea stage to fully mature,
in a complex natural environment?
4/4/2021 9
Conceptual Modeling
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
4/4/2021 10
First Principle Models
First principle model: a model based
on theoretical principles.
A first principle model explains the
desired property from first principles
from the laws of physics.
A first principle model requires values
for incoming parameters to calculate
results.
first principle model ttop floor elevator
s
t
v
t
a
tta tatv
v = dS
dta =
dv
dtj =
da
dt
Position in case of uniform acceleration :
St = S0 + v0t + a0t21
2
ttop floor = ta + tv + ta
ta = vmax / amax
S(ta) = 1
2* amax * ta
2
Slinear = Stop floor - 2 * S(ta)
tv = Slinear / vmax
4/4/2021 11
Empirical Models
empirical model tmove elevator
Empirical model: a model based on
observations and measurements.
An empirical model describes the
observations.
An empirical model provides no
understanding.
10
20
5
15
10
30floors
meters
tmove = a * n + b
ba
4/4/2021 12
Conceptual Models
conceptual model tmove elevator
Conceptual model: a model
explaining observations and
measurements using a selection of
first principles.
A conceptual model is a hybrid of
empirical and first principle models;
simple enough to understand and to
reason, realistic enough to make
sense.
10
20
5
15
10
30floors
meters
tmove = vmax * n + bstart/stop
bstart/stop
a
s
t
v
t
a
tta tatj tj t j tj
S1 S4S0 S2 S3 S5
bstart/stop = f(acceleration, jerk)
4/4/2021 13
Mental Models
mental models of an elevatorMental Models are models in our
human brains. These models depend
entirely on the individual and his/her
background
Mental models help us to think.
Individuals may have a verbal or
visual orientation, they may think in
concrete or abstract ways, etc.
safety
elevator standards
compliance
UL certification
norm xyz
s
t
v
t
a
tta tatj tj tj tj
S1 S4S0 S2 S3 S5
4/4/2021 14
Simulations
simulation of an elevatorSimulation: an executable model
based on first principle and empirical
models.
Designers run simulations to explore,
analyze, and gain insights.
A simulation provides understanding,
when the users transform the
outcomes into insights.
dt 0.2 s
vmax 2.5 m/s
amax 1 m/s2
t (s) s (m) v (m/s) a (m/s2)
0 0 0 1
0.2 0.02 0.2 1
0.4 0.08 0.4 1
0.6 0.18 0.6 1
0.8 0.32 0.8 1
1 0.50 1 1
1.2 0.72 1.2 1
1.4 0.98 1.4 1
1.6 1.28 1.6 1
1.8 1.62 1.8 1
2 2.00 2 1
2.2 2.42 2.2 1
2.4 2.88 2.4 1
2.6 3.38 2.6 0
2.8 3.90 2.6 0
3 4.42 2.6 0
3.2 4.94 2.6 0
3.4 5.46 2.6 0
4/4/2021 15
Product Structure and Documentation
product structure of an elevatorThe Product Structure prescribes the
parts hierarchy. Each part in the
hierarchy has associated
documentation and information for
the entire life cycle.
The Product Structure and associated
documentation help the organization to
manage all processes from creation to
decommissioning and recycling, via
ERP, PDM, PLM etc. systems.
elevator
shaft cables cage engine control
doors
lighting
frame
walls
floor
ceiling
climate
UI
documentationspecs
design manufacturing
procurement
transportationverification
acceptance
installation
configuration
commissioning
maintenance
diagnosis
training
sales
4/4/2021 16
Map of Various Model Types
mental models
the actual system in
its context
infinitely complex
dynamic
evolving
nature and humans
conceptual models
understanding
reasoning
communication
digital twin
as simulation
using actual data
real-time control
health monitoring
simulation
compressed time
look inside
many and extreme
circumstances
what if ...
hybrid, e.g. SIL, HIL
partially closer to
reality
configuration and
version (ERP, PDM)
documentation
static information
prescribes,
describes system
“Reality” “Abstractions”
simplifications
4/4/2021 17
Case
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
4/4/2021 18
Starting Point: Irish Energy Data
Michael 1952, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>
via Wikimedia Commons
DateTime GM
T O
ffse
t
NI
Ge
nera
tio
n
NI
De
ma
nd
NI
Win
d A
va
ila
bil
ity
NI
Win
d G
en
era
tio
n
NI
So
lar
Av
ail
ab
ilit
y
NI
So
lar
Ge
ne
rati
on
IE G
en
era
tio
n
IE D
em
an
d
IE W
ind
Ava
ilab
ilit
y
IE W
ind
Ge
ne
rati
on
SN
SP
01-01-2020 00:00 0 805.808 736.418 268.222 267.818 0 0 2708.45 3035.95 331.08 324.1 21.3%
01-01-2020 00:15 0 808.93 727.636 271.798 272.509 0 0 2757.59 3001.06 332.35 324.88 19.8%
01-01-2020 00:30 0 799.635 715.448 264.655 264.816 0 0 2765.93 2956.65 326.64 318.97 19.2%
01-01-2020 00:45 0 781.243 704.161 256.279 255.498 0 0 2741.16 2912.98 319 311.37 18.7%
01-01-2020 01:00 0 828.025 714.902 256.845 257.602 0 0 2727.65 2868.51 328.5 320.47 17.4%
01-01-2020 01:15 0 852.065 708.819 265.536 265.553 0 0 2691.3 2823.61 340.81 332.14 17.2%
01-01-2020 01:30 0 802.759 693.102 269.476 269.548 0 0 2647.64 2775.59 343.64 333.65 18.4%
01-01-2020 01:45 0 813.181 680.919 289.076 287.469 0 0 2632.3 2733.24 355.85 346.04 19.5%
01-01-2020 02:00 0 829.529 669.815 307.113 305.538 0 0 2593.98 2694.05 370.54 360.81 21.4%
01-01-2020 02:15 0 838.336 655.935 325.403 324.447 0 0 2509.58 2660.09 398.42 389.14 24.3%
01-01-2020 02:30 0 845.129 640.637 336.459 334.505 0 0 2434.57 2612.82 418.51 411.92 25.8%
01-01-2020 02:45 0 852.376 624.397 342.903 339.328 0 0 2413.78 2561.93 443.28 439.63 25.7%
01-01-2020 03:00 0 880.49 615.8 366.08 362.413 0 0 2390.8 2536.64 484.78 480.89 26.7%
01-01-2020 03:15 0 840.47 605.929 364.687 299.381 0 0 2391.66 2508.61 503.09 497.51 25.6%
https://www.eirgridgroup.com/how-the-grid-works/renewables/
NI: Northern Ireland
IE: Ireland
4/4/2021 19
Simulation Using Hydrogen Storage
4/4/2021 20
wind trace data
2018 1 44214
2018 2 39969
2018 3 51687
2018 4 19293
2018 5 15842
2018 6 26849
2018 7 14014
2018 8 43098
2018 9 50887
use
- daily
use
21370
surplus
22844
18599
30317
-2077
-5528
5479
-7356
21729
29517
store/retrieve
11422
9300
15159
-2077
-5528
2740
-7356
10864
14759
convert
* ηH2
50%
700000
709300
724458
722382
716854
719593
712237
723101
737860
delta storage
aggregated
production
year dayproduc-
tion
2017 2018
jan 1179179 842549
feb 849591 1221703
mar 881203 1134683
apr 653040 863695
may 571785 503499
jun 322225 544853
jul 351038 522236
aug 618113 746528
sep 832528 710308
oct 968051 946287
nov 1270278 710351
dec 1041645 1100137
unscaled 9538677 9846828
aggregated surplus
2017 2018 2017 2018
583321 337872 -66607 -157789
316200 669854 -64965 -46508
368354 536118 -149616 -63901
209203 310924 -197259 -88325
100599 114026 -191280 -272992
78620 122038 -397491 -218281
49842 125676 -361270 -265906
159892 242967 -204244 -158904
319105 262903 -127673 -193691
425785 389846 -120199 -106025
659014 232856 -29831 -163602
466746 530776 -87566 -93105
3736680 3875856 -1998003 -1829028
surplus + surplus -aggregated store/retrieve
2017 2018 2017 2018
291660 168936 -66607 -157789
158100 334927 -64965 -46508
184177 268059 -149616 -63901
104601 155462 -197259 -88325
50300 57013 -191280 -272992
39310 61019 -397491 -218281
24921 62838 -361270 -265906
79946 121483 -204244 -158904
159553 131452 -127673 -193691
212892 194923 -120199 -106025
329507 116428 -29831 -163602
233373 265388 -87566 -93105
1868340 1937928 -1998003 -1829028
store retrieve
Block Diagram
4/4/2021 21
wind farm
H2 storage
tank
H2
electrolyzer
H2
compressor
H2 fuel cell
battery
energy
consumers
electric grid
H2
super
conductorscontrol
seconds..
minuteshours..days
months
Wind farm
Wpeak WF
capacity factor
→ Ewind
Electrolyzer
Wpeak El
ηEl
Compressor
ηcomp
Fuel Cell
Wpeak FC
ηfuel cell
Battery
Ebattery
Wpeak B
Super Capacitor
ESC
Wpeak SC
consumers
Wpreak c
Econsumers
storage tank
V, p
→ Etank
H2 de-
compressor
transmission
grid
connector
Transmission
Wpeak imp, Wpeak exp
Functional Model
compress
H2
store H2 in
tank
electrolyze
into H2
convert H2
into
electricity
H2O O2
LEl
H2OO2
LFC
EEl
Ecomp
Lcomp
EWF
EFC
consume
energyLconsume
Econsume
store/retrieve
fast
(battery)
store/retrieve
very fast
(supercapacitor)
ESC outEbat outEbat in ESC in
Lcurtail
decompress
H2
LH2leak
Lbatinout Lbatleak
Ldecomp
export import
EimportEexport LSC
convert
wind into
electricity
LimpLexp
4/4/2021 22
Scenarios for Energy Flows
1
G2 C2
B
G3 C3
How to utilize the options?
direct consumption
battery storage
Hydrogen storage
over-sized generation
import, export
demand control
curtail
G4 C4
demand
control
C5G5
4/4/2021 23
Dynamics
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
4/4/2021 24
Idealized Production and Consumption
Ein
Eout
FJ M A M J J A O N D FJ M A M J J A O N DSS
4/4/2021 25
Zooming in on Days
4/4/2021
26
days
en
erg
y p
er
da
yH2 storage, no batteries H2 storage and batteries
su
rplu
s *
ηe
nd-t
o-e
nd
de
ficit
Battery
storage
H2 storage
(EFCout)
su
rplu
ssu
rplu
s
de
ficit
de
ficit
Simulation Workflow
4/4/2021 27
take initial values for EWF,
Econsume, ηH2
run the spreadsheet
model
Estore ~= Eretrieve
adapt values for EWF,
Econsume, ηH2
no
scale the model to
standard output Econsume
yes
make energy balancecalculate cost of output
Econsume
Energy Balance without and with Curtailment
8180
6200
2400H2
46*106 Kg
3420
4760
1980
usefully
consumed
lostwind
70%
6200
3490
9690
2900
4970
1500H2
35*106 Kg
70%
usefully
consumed
lost
wind
all numbers
GWh/year
144060%
1230
1820
60%
curtail
Size H2 storage
to fit demand
and supply
Size wind
to fit demand
with limited
H2 capacity
4/4/2021 28
Cost
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
4/4/2021 29
Cost Model; Guestimates, 2019 data
~ Wpeak WF
~CF * EWF
CAPEX: 1800 €/kW
OPEX: 50 €/kW/yr
C20yr ~ 2800 €/kW1
~EH2
17 €/kWh4
C20yr ~17 €/kWh
~ Wpeak El
6600 €/kW
C20yr ~13200 €/kW2
~ Wpeak FC
45 €/kW3
C20yr ~ 80 €/kW7
consume
energy
Econsume
~Wpeak inverter
50 €/kW
C20yr ~100 €/kW8
~Ebattery max
143 €/kWh5
C20yr ~420 €/kWh6
1 https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-costs-of-offshore-wind-energy-2018_3623.pdf
2 using 10 k$ for 1 KG H2 in 24 hrs, 33.33kWh/Kg H2, and 0.92 €/$, 30000 hrs ~= 10 years https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2020/03/26/
electrolyzer-overview-lowering-the-cost-of-hydrogen-and-distributing-its-productionhydrogen-industry-overview-lowering-the-cost-and-distributing-production/3 https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fact-month-april-2018-fuel-cell-cost-decreased-60-2006
4 https://energypost.eu/the-lowdown-on-hydrogen-part-1-transportation/
5 https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/12/20191204-bnef.html
6 1000 full cycles, let’s assume 7 years,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2020/12/30/teslas-new-lithium-ion-patent-brings-company-closer-to-promised-1-million-mile-battery/7 40000 hours at - 35 °C to 40 °C, ~12 years https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell
8assuming 10 years
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/72399.pdf
~ EWF
4/4/2021 30
Energy Cost; Curtailment is Lower in Cost!
wind farm
0.061
€/kWh
H2 storage
0.211 €/kWhH2 storage
~ 0.48 €/kWh
(over) sizing
wind
with curtailing
assuming 70% * 60% = 42% efficiency
Electrolyzer
0.147
€/kWh
Battery
0.058
€/kWh
wind farm
0.072
€/kWh
H2 storage
0.161
€/kWh
~ 0.35 €/kWh
Electro-
lyzer
0.053
€/kWh
Battery
0.058
€/kWh
electrolyzer Fuel Cell
4/4/2021 31
Energy Cost as Function of H2 Size
22
3
34
4
56
1
49
5
13
83
12
7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
€/k
Wh
no
cu
rta
ilme
nt
wind
electrolyzer
H2 storage
Battery
MW electrolyzer
capacity
“Optimum” for 2017, 2018
and the used data for cost etc.
This exploration provides insight
in the trade-off between
oversizing wind and
sizing Hydrogen
We do not yet know how it
behaves in other use cases. Or
what happens when we add
other options.
4/4/2021 32
Figure of Content
Conceptual Modeling Case
basic models
dynamics
cost
line of reasoning
conceptual modeling
reflection
4/4/2021 33
Case Summary
context and application design and technology
functional model
compress
H2
store H2 in
tank
electrolyze
into H2
convert H2
into
electricity
H2O O2
LEl
H2OO2
LFC
EEl
Ecomp
Lcomp
EWF
EFC
consume
energyLconsume
Econsume
store/retrieve
fast
(battery)
store/retrieve
very fast
(supercapacitor)
ESC outEbat outEbat in ESC in
Lcurtail
decompress
H2
LH2leak
Lbatinout Lbatleak
Ldecomp
export import
EimportEexport LSC
convert
wind into
electricity
LimpLexp
dynamics years
Ein
Eout
FJ M A M J J A O N D FJ M A M J J A O N DSS
flow scenarios
1
G2 C2
B
G3 C3
curtail
G4 C4
demand
control
C5G5
physical
block
diagram
wind farm
H2 storage
tank
H2
electrolyzer
H2
compressor
H2 fuel cell
battery
energy
consumers
electric grid
H2
super
conductorscontrol
seconds..
minuteshours..days
months
H2 de-
compressor
transmission
grid
connector
wind energy data
Michael 1952, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>
via Wikimedia Commons
DateTime GM
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Win
d G
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n
NI
So
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Av
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ab
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NI
So
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Ge
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IE D
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SN
SP
01-01-2020 00:00 0 805.808 736.418 268.222 267.818 0 0 2708.45 3035.95 331.08 324.1 21.3%01-01-2020 00:15 0 808.93 727.636 271.798 272.509 0 0 2757.59 3001.06 332.35 324.88 19.8%
01-01-2020 00:30 0 799.635 715.448 264.655 264.816 0 0 2765.93 2956.65 326.64 318.97 19.2%
01-01-2020 00:45 0 781.243 704.161 256.279 255.498 0 0 2741.16 2912.98 319 311.37 18.7%
01-01-2020 01:00 0 828.025 714.902 256.845 257.602 0 0 2727.65 2868.51 328.5 320.47 17.4%
01-01-2020 01:15 0 852.065 708.819 265.536 265.553 0 0 2691.3 2823.61 340.81 332.14 17.2%
01-01-2020 01:30 0 802.759 693.102 269.476 269.548 0 0 2647.64 2775.59 343.64 333.65 18.4%
01-01-2020 01:45 0 813.181 680.919 289.076 287.469 0 0 2632.3 2733.24 355.85 346.04 19.5%
01-01-2020 02:00 0 829.529 669.815 307.113 305.538 0 0 2593.98 2694.05 370.54 360.81 21.4%
01-01-2020 02:15 0 838.336 655.935 325.403 324.447 0 0 2509.58 2660.09 398.42 389.14 24.3%
01-01-2020 02:30 0 845.129 640.637 336.459 334.505 0 0 2434.57 2612.82 418.51 411.92 25.8%
01-01-2020 02:45 0 852.376 624.397 342.903 339.328 0 0 2413.78 2561.93 443.28 439.63 25.7%
01-01-2020 03:00 0 880.49 615.8 366.08 362.413 0 0 2390.8 2536.64 484.78 480.89 26.7%
01-01-2020 03:15 0 840.47 605.929 364.687 299.381 0 0 2391.66 2508.61 503.09 497.51 25.6%
https://www.eirgridgroup.com/how-the-grid-works/renewables/
NI: Northern Ireland
IE: Ireland
energy balance
6200
3490
9690
2900
4970
1500H2
35*106 Kg
70%
usefully
consumed
lost
wind
1230
1820
60%
curtail
Size wind
to fit demand
with limited
H2 capacity
cost model
~ Wpeak WF
~CF * EWF
CAPEX: 1800 €/kW
OPEX: 50 €/kW/yr
C20yr ~ 2800 €/kW1
~EH2
17 €/kWh4
C20yr ~17 €/kWh
~ Wpeak El
6600 €/kW
C20yr ~13200 €/kW2
~ Wpeak FC
45 €/kW3
C20yr ~ 80 €/kW7
consume
energy
Econsume
~Wpeak inverter
50 €/kW
C20yr ~100 €/kW8
~Ebattery max
143 €/kWh5
C20yr ~420 €/kWh6
~ EWF
cost €/kWh
(over) sizing
wind
with curtailing
wind farm
0.072
€/kWh
H2 storage
0.161
€/kWh
~ 0.35 €/kWh
Electro-
lyzer
0.053
€/kWh
Battery
0.058
€/kWh
cost(H2 size)
223
344
561
495
13
83
127
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
€/k
Wh
no
cu
rta
ilme
nt
wind
electrolyzer
H2 storage
Battery
“Optimum” for 2017, 2018
and the used data for cost etc.
surplus/deficit datawind trace data
2018 1 44214
2018 2 39969
2018 3 51687
2018 4 19293
2018 5 15842
2018 6 26849
2018 7 14014
2018 8 43098
2018 9 50887
use
- daily
use
21370
surplus
22844
18599
30317
-2077
-5528
5479
-7356
21729
29517
store/retrieve
11422
9300
15159
-2077
-5528
2740
-7356
10864
14759
convert
* ?H2
50%
700000
709300
724458
722382
716854
719593
712237
723101
737860
delta storage
aggregated
production
year dayproduc-
tion
2017 2018
jan 1179179 842549
feb 849591 1221703
mar 881203 1134683
apr 653040 863695
may 571785 503499
jun 322225 544853
jul 351038 522236
aug 618113 746528
sep 832528 710308
oct 968051 946287
nov 1270278 710351
dec 1041645 1100137
unscaled 9538677 9846828
aggregated surplus
2017 2018 2017 2018
583321 337872 -66607 -157789
316200 669854 -64965 -46508
368354 536118 -149616 -63901
209203 310924 -197259 -88325
100599 114026 -191280 -272992
78620 122038 -397491 -218281
49842 125676 -361270 -265906
159892 242967 -204244 -158904
319105 262903 -127673 -193691
425785 389846 -120199 -106025
659014 232856 -29831 -163602
466746 530776 -87566 -93105
3736680 3875856 -1998003 -1829028
surplus + surplus -aggregated store/retrieve
2017 2018 2017 2018
291660 168936 -66607 -157789
158100 334927 -64965 -46508
184177 268059 -149616 -63901
104601 155462 -197259 -88325
50300 57013 -191280 -272992
39310 61019 -397491 -218281
24921 62838 -361270 -265906
79946 121483 -204244 -158904
159553 131452 -127673 -193691
212892 194923 -120199 -106025
329507 116428 -29831 -163602
233373 265388 -87566 -93105
1868340 1937928 -1998003 -1829028
store retrieve
dynamics days
days
en
erg
y p
er
day
H2 storage, no batteries H2 storage and batteries
su
rplu
s *
?e
nd
-to
-en
d
de
ficit
Battery
storage
H2 storage
(EFCout)
su
rplu
ssu
rplu
s
de
ficit
de
ficit
4/4/2021 34
What Conceptual Modeling brings
4/4/2021 35
transforming data into insights
using visualizations to reason and to share
using a wide variety of models
grasping the dynamics and the emergent behavior and
properties
translating a problem into needs into solution concepts
transforming solution concepts into application consequences
and keep iterating until sufficient insight is achieved
Questions?
You can reach me via email:
More information:
Gaudisite.nl
https://gaudisite.nl/Sustainability.html
https://gaudisite.nl/SEMAmaterial.html
4/4/2021 36