Chap 2 Globalization Strategies- Some Facts, Examples and Cases

By: Salim ShirzaiMBAOB Chap 2 A Conceptual Model for Organizational Behavior1Introduction

Outline The field of OB is interested in understanding human behavior in organization. The major goal of behavioral scientists is to understand behavior. The study of organizational behavior follows the lead of behavioral science. According to Nadlar, Hackman and Lawler a conceptual framework is perhaps best defined as a device that provides categories or labels which help us to collect and organize data; a model goes one step further by providing representation of he real world and how it functions.

IntroductionThe theories or frameworks that we discuss in this chapter provide background information important in developing a specific conceptual model for organizational behviour as below: Freudian Psychoanalytic Framework Psychometric Framework Social Cognitive FrameworkThe Humanistic Psychology Framework The Conceptual Models of OBSigmund Freud conceived that the hysterical disorders were rooted in forbid childhood wishes and fears. He found that these feelings were related to aggression or to sexuality and the childhood experiences connected with them had been forgotten free association brought back the memories. In Freuds view the contents of the conscious mind are only a small part of personality. The mind is like iceberg without conscious thoughts resembling the icebergs small tep beneth the surface-out of awareness lies the massive unconscious. Freudian Psychoanalytic Framework

syBasic Structure ConceptThe personality structure can be explained within the unconscious framework, by three inter-related but often conflicting psychoanalytic concepts: the id, the ego and the super ego. Id Concept: This aspect of personality follows no rules or logic; harbors no doubt; knows no time, and has no moral code. The id constantly struggling for gratification and pleasure is manifested mainly through the libido (sexual urges) or aggression, and looks for comfort. Freud says dreams which break rules of space, time and logic and often contain irrational images, are manifestation of the id concept. Ego Concept: It is the real us. In contrast to ID the ego operates on the reality principle; it tries to mediate between the demands of the id and the realities of the environment. Super Ego; The ego is concerned with consequences with reward and punishment: if I hit my little brother, mother will be angry with and punish me. the super ego is concerned with social rules, that is with doing thing : it is wrong to hit my little brother.

Stage of Psychosexual Development: Frud says a person to have a healthy personality, the need is to grow through the different stages, a failure to do so leads into an unhealthy personality. The stages are as:Oral stage(from birth to 1.5 years) Child gets pleasure from mouth y sucking. If during this stage there is little gratification or under gratification, it will result in oral fixation or oral personality. Such individuals become dependent upon others and have a tendency to get gratification from month by smoking drinking alcohol, overeating even biting nails and may develop an aggression personality. Anal (1-3 years of age): children begin to experiment with urine. They learn to control their anus . Improper resolution of this stage, such as parents toilet training their children too early, can result in a child who is pressured and overly obsessed with order.Phallic (3-6 years of age): During this stage, preschoolers take pleasure in their genitals and, according to Freud, begin to struggle with sexual desires toward the opposite sex parent (boys to mothers and girls to fathers). a boy desires for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mothers attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences castration anxiety. a girl desires for her father's attention and wish to take her mothers place.Latency (6-12 years of age): During this stage, sexual instincts subside, and children begin to further develop the superego, or conscience. Children begin to behave in morally acceptable ways and adopt the values of their parents and other important adults.Genital (12+ years of age): During this stage, sexual impulses reemerge. If other stages have been successfully met, adolescents engage in appropriate sexual behavior, which may lead to marriage and childbirth.Impact of Psychoanalytic Approach on Organizational Behavior:Organization Development Technique: OD technique such as transactional analysis(examples: attempt to improve interpersonal communication skills and eliminates game playing) Leadership and Power: the attention given to authority and dominance in psychoanalytic approaches is reflected in the study of leadership and power in OB. Employee Dissatisfaction: employee behavior such as daydreaming, forgetting, apathy, rationalization and even absenteeism, tardiness, sabotage and alcoholism/drug abuse can be analyzed in psychoanalytic term. Creative Behaviour: bringing out the creative talent in employees to some degree is based on psychoanalytic thought. For example, certain stages of the creative process are unconscious in nature.

Psychometric FrameworkPsychometric theories are based on the characteristic of an individual the way he perceives, feels, believes or acts. Hans Eysench was the firs psychologist to attempt standardization of traits. Hans Eysenck studies identified three basic traits:

Our behavior is indeed partly determined by events in the environment but also by cognitive events that are unique for each person. We perceive each situation in the light of our own memories, competencies, expectations, rules and values. We can alter the situation to suit our desire. Instead of reacting passively we actively transform the environment. According to Walter there 5 concepts that can be drawn from social cognitive approach: Competencies Encoding Expectancies Value plans

Social Cognitive Frameworkhumanistic psychologists emphasize the potential of human beings for growth, creativity and spontaneity. The most influential humanistic psychology have been Abraham Maslow (self actualization) and Carl Rogers. Humanistic Psychology Framework

Self Theory of Rogers: According to Carl Rogers, human nature is basically good. People have a natural drive towards self-actualization which means the achievement of their full potential. The drive for self-actualization is the basic drive behind the development of personality. The goal of presenting the frameworks, so far discussed, is to better understand, not evaluate, the complex phenomena collectively called human behavior. The field of OB serves as the basis for modern human resource management. Thus, the goals of a model of OB are to understand and control human behavior in organization. The Goal of an OB Model

P G Aquinas (2013), Organizational Bhaviour- concepts realities, applications and challenges, New DelhiReference Thank You