Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 23 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as...

Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 23

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of a mineral?

A. It is naturally occurring.

B. It is a solid.

C. It has a definite color.

D. It has a definite chemical composition.



Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of a mineral?

A. It is naturally occurring.

B. It is a solid.

C. It has a definite color.

D. It has a definite chemical composition.

Explanation:

Color is not a useful property for identifying minerals. Many minerals, quartz for example, occur in many different colors.



Which of the following elements is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A. Carbon.

B. Oxygen.

C. Silicon.

D. Iron.



The difference between cleavage and fracture is

A. cleavage occurs at planes of weakness, and fractures are random breaks.

B. cleavage relates to the arrangement of atoms, and fractures are random breaks.

C. cleavage relates to the arrangement of atoms, and fractures occur at planes of weakness.

D. cleavage is a random break, and fractures occur at planes of weakness.



The difference between cleavage and fracture is

A. cleavage occurs at planes of weakness, and fractures are random breaks.

B. cleavage relates to the arrangement of atoms, and fractures are random breaks.

C. cleavage relates to the arrangement of atoms, and fractures occur at planes of weakness.

D. cleavage is a random break, and fractures occur at planes of weakness.

Explanation:

Both cleavage and fracture become visible when a mineral breaks. Planes of weakness depend on crystal structure.



The difference between cleavage and crystal form is

A. cleavage represents how a mineral grows, and crystal form represents how a mineral breaks.

B. cleavage and crystal form describe the same thing.

C. cleavage represents how a mineral breaks, and crystal form represents how a mineral grows.

D. cleavage is a random break, and crystal form occurs at planes of weakness.



A mineral’s hardness describes

A. resistance to breakage along a plane of weakness.

B. resistance to breakage along a crystal face.

C. its tenacity.

D. resistance to scratching.



What most strongly influences a mineral’s hardness?

A. The geometry of a mineral’s atomic structure.

B. The strength of a mineral’s chemical bonds.

C. The color imparted by smaller atomic radii.

D. The number of planes of weakness.



What most strongly influences a mineral’s hardness?

A. The geometry of a mineral’s atomic structure.

B. The strength of a mineral’s chemical bonds.

C. The color imparted by smaller atomic radii.

D. The number of planes of weakness.

Explanation:

The stronger a mineral’s chemical bonds, the harder the mineral. The factors that influence bond strength are ionic charge, atom (or ion) size, and atomic/ionic packing.



The mineral that crystallizes first from a cooling magma is the one with the

A. highest solubility.

B. lowest solubility.

C. highest melting point.

D. lowest melting point.



The mineral that crystallizes first from a cooling magma is the one with the

A. highest solubility.

B. lowest solubility.

C. highest melting point.

D. lowest melting point.

Explanation:

Minerals with higher melting point crystallize first and melt last. Solubility has to do with crystallizing from and dissolving in water.



Earth’s crust is mostly comprised of minerals from which group?

A. Silicates.

B. Carbonates.

C. Sulfates.

D. Oxides.



Earth’s crust is mostly comprised of minerals from which group?

A. Silicates.

B. Carbonates.

C. Sulfates.

D. Oxides.

Explanation:

Silicates are the most common mineral group, constituting 92% of the Earth’s crust.



What is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust?

A. Quartz.

B. Calcite.

C. Mica.

D. Feldspar.



What is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust?

A. Quartz.

B. Calcite.

C. Mica.

D. Feldspar.

Explanation:

Feldspars come in many varieties, but taken as group, they make up about 50% of Earth’s crust.



Which of the following best describes the difference between rocks and chemical compounds?

A. Rocks are chemical mixtures.

B. Rocks are solid, chemical mixtures.

C. Rocks are physical mixtures.

D. Rocks are solid, physical mixtures.



Which of the following best describes the difference between rocks and chemical compounds?

A. Rocks are chemical mixtures.

B. Rocks are solid, chemical mixtures.

C. Rocks are physical mixtures.

D. Rocks are solid, physical mixtures.

Explanation:

Because rocks are aggregates of minerals, they must be solid.



Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in melting rock (i.e., generating magma)?

A. Decreased pressure.

B. Addition of water.

C. Increased depth in Earth’s interior.

D. Increased temperature.



Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in melting rock (i.e., generating magma)?

A. Decreased pressure.

B. Addition of water.

C. Increased depth in Earth’s interior.

D. Increased temperature.

Explanation:

It is true that temperature increases with depth, but so does pressure. Increased pressure raises the melting point of rock, preventing rock at depth from melting.



Which of the following is NOT considered igneous intrusive?

A. Dike.

B. Lava.

C. Batholith.

D. Pluton.



Which of the following is NOT considered igneous intrusive?

A. Dike.

B. Lava.

C. Batholith.

D. Pluton.

Explanation:

Lava is magma that erupted at Earth’s surface. It is also used to describe the rock that forms from molten lava. Therefore, lava is extrusive.



Coarse-grained igneous rocks occur because

A. lava intruded deep in Earth’s interior.

B. minerals cooled and grew quickly.

C. minerals cooled and grew over long periods of time.

D. some minerals are bigger than others.



Coarse-grained igneous rocks occur because

A. lava intruded deep in Earth’s interior.

B. minerals cooled and grew quickly.

C. minerals cooled and grew over long periods of time.

D. some minerals are bigger than others.

Explanation:

The more time available for crystal growth, the bigger the crystals.



Sedimentary rocks cover what percentage of the continental crust?

A. 75%

B. 5%

C. 67%

D. 33%



Sedimentary rocks cover what percentage of the continental crust?

A. 75%

B. 5%

C. 67%

D. 33%

Explanation:

Although sedimentary rocks make up only 5% of Earth’s crust, the continental crust is 75% covered with them.



The most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is that they

A. are observed in great thicknesses.

B. are formed in layered sequences—strata.

C. contain fossils.

D. are made from unconsolidated sediments.



The most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is that they

A. are observed in great thicknesses.

B. are formed in layered sequences—strata.

C. contain fossils.

D. are made from unconsolidated sediments.

Explanation:

Sediments—rock fragments, chemical sediments, or otherwise—are always deposited layer upon layer, eventually forming layered sequences.



Rock breaks down to form sediment via

A. erosion.

B. transportation.

C. sedimentation.

D. weathering.



The main producer of sediment is

A. biological weathering.

B. ice wedging.

C. chemical weathering.

D. physical weathering.



The main producer of sediment is

A. biological weathering.

B. ice wedging.

C. chemical weathering.

D. physical weathering.

Explanation:

Most rock is rendered to sediment by chemical reactions that cause the rock to decompose. Chemical weathering is a rotting process, just like the rotting of meat. The main difference is that chemical weathering occurs via inorganic reactions, whereas the rotting of meat is an organic process.



How is erosion different from weathering?

A. Erosion is the process of removing sediment from weathered rock.

B. Erosion produces more sediment than weathering.

C. Erosion produces less sediment than weathering.

D. Erosion and weathering are different ways of saying the same thing.



How is erosion different from weathering?

A. Erosion is the process of removing sediment from weathered rock.

B. Erosion produces more sediment than weathering.

C. Erosion produces less sediment than weathering.

D. Erosion and weathering are different ways of saying the same thing.

Explanation:

Erosion is a removal process and involves transportation. Weathering occurs in situ (in place).



Which of the following is NOT part of the lithification process?

A. Compaction.

B. Cementation.

C. Sedimentation.

D. Deposition.



All of the following occur during metamorphism EXCEPT

A. melting.

B. recrystallization.

C. interaction with chemical fluids.

D. Changes in composition.



All of the following occur during metamorphism EXCEPT

A. melting.

B. recrystallization.

C. interaction with chemical fluids.

D. changes in composition.

Explanation:

Once melting takes place, igneous rocks form, not metamorphic.



Metamorphic foliation is

A. the same as sedimentary layering.

B. the perpendicular orientation of recrystallized minerals.

C. caused by the interaction with chemical fluids.

D. a layered appearance caused by minerals that grew in a preferred orientation.



Metamorphic foliation is

A. the same as sedimentary layering.

B. the perpendicular orientation of recrystallized minerals.

C. caused by the interaction with chemical fluids.

D. a layered appearance caused by minerals that grew in a preferred orientation.

Explanation:

The preferred orientation occurs perpendicular to the prevailing direction of applied pressure and can cut across or obliterate sedimentary layering.



Which sequence of metamorphic rocks is listed in the order of increasing metamorphism?

A. Slate, schist, gneiss, marble.

B. Shale, slate, schist, gneiss.

C. Slate, schist, gneiss, migmatite.

D. Marble, shale, gneiss, schist.



The rock cycle describes

A. the natural recycling of rock from one rock type to another.

B. the change from rock by weathering, erosion, and deposition.

C. the crystallization of minerals from magma to an igneous rock.

D. the movement of rock and sediment through the hydrologic cycle.



The rock cycle describes

A. the natural recycling of rock from one rock type to another.

B. the change from rock by weathering, erosion, and deposition.

C. the crystallization of minerals from magma to an igneous rock.

D. the movement of rock and sediment through the hydrologic cycle.

Explanation:

B and C describe individual aspects of the rock cycle. The only part of the hydrologic cycle capable of moving sediment (only one part of the rock cycle) is surface flow in liquid water or ice.

Conceptual Integrated Science—Chapter 23 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as...

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