AD-A131 121 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY OF NAVY PIER CONCEPTSCONCEPT I THE EXP E DIT IONARY PI ER IU)LIN IT Y)INTERNATIONAL SAN F RANCISCO CA JAN 813

UNCLASSIFIED NAVY PIER CONCEPTS-1/83 N00014-80-C-0889 FIG 13/2 NL

MENEI I~

111114 0 .0 .8 F

II IJL2 -4.

1.25 --- W11 . .

NAVY PIER CONCEPTS

REPORT No.1/83

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SUBMITTED TO:

EDEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA

0 DT"ELEC-T

SUBMITTED BY: AUG 8 1983

0 NT.Y. LIN INTERNATIONAL

D T .- ATEMENT A

Appi( ,v-4, p, jjc relgc&sei

0 JANUARY 1983 ljlll mitedL

83 08 05 044 i

EC, sITY CLASSIFICA'ION OF T-S PA3E 'When Pate Fnotred)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1 READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATCONSI BEFORE COMPLETINCG FORMRE3RT NJMBER 2 GOVT ACCESSION NO 3 PEC P EN'S -ZA'A:. 5 NMBEQ1/83 MI/l

4 TITLE '"rodS brirl, 5 _YPE Or REPORT 6 PERIOC :DvERED

Final Jan. 82 to Jan. 83The Expeditionary Pier 6 PER"ORM,NG OR REPORT NMBER

7 AjTHOR,., 8 CONTRACT

OR GRAN' N.MBER *

N0014-80-C-08S69

9 PERFORM NG ORGAN'ZAT'ON NAME AND ADDRESS 10 PROGRAM ELEMENT 'EC ASK

T Y. Lin International AREA I WORKJN .N-M ERS

315 Bay StreetSan Franciso, CA 94133

11 CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS '2 REPORT DATE

Office of Naval R search January 1983Department of the Navy 13 NLIMBER C" PAGES

Arlington, VA 22217 6014 MONtTCRING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS/If different fronm Controlling Off-. 'S SECURITY CLASS lot this report

Unclassi fied

5. DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

16 DIS' IBUTION STATEMENT lot this Report,)

Approved for public release: distribution unlimited.

17 DIS RR TION STATEMENT 'of the abstract entered in Block 20, It different from Report)

9I SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19 KEY WORDS (Coninue on reverse side t necesary and Identify by block number)

Expeditionary Pier Design Feasibility PortsPiers Floating Pier Concrete Pier

20 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse aid* If neceessry and Identify by block number)

The expeditionary pier was developed to provide Navy and Marine Corpsexpeditionary forces operating overseas with the immediate use of full-servicepiers. These piers can accommodate from four to six ships and have provisionfor all the services expected from a permanent pier, Present design problemsare limited to consideration of the hinge joint and anchoring system. Thecost of expeditionary piers would be higher than traditional waterfrontconstruction, but their ability to move with the Fleet is agreat benefit.

, ! I1U111 I ll rrrDD "' 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE

S 'N 0102-LIF014-6601PIC A I Ae$1ECZIIIry CLASIIrCATION OF

I

T041S PIAGIE (When Data 6.161r0d,

Accession For 7NTIS qRA&I -DTIC TA?

JustIfu: A+. +r. _

TABLE OF CONTENTS By

1. INTROI DU(C'ION Dist

2. TtIl EXPEDI)ITIONARY PIER CONCEPT fl2.1 Sclf-Su ffiCieney

2.2 Berthing (capacitv

2.3 Icloeat ability

2.4 Rapid I)eployability

3. 1DESIGN (ONSIDERATIONS

4. IES(CRIPTlION OF TIE PIER

5. VALIDITY OF I)ESICGN

6. ANALYTICAL AND DESIGN FEASIBILITY

7. MATERIIIAL FEASIRILITY

8. CONSTR(I'TION FEASIBILITY

9. CONSIDERATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES

10. ('ON(C'LUI)INU REMAR KS

A!PPENI)IX A - CALCULATIONS

)rawing 1. Expeditionary Pier Plan and Elevation - Scheme A

)rawing 2. Spine Pier Longitudinal Sections - Scheme A

I)rawing 3. Spine Pier (ross Sections - Scheme A

Drawing 4. Spine Pier )etails - Scheme A

)rawing 5. Expeditionry Pier Plan and Elevation - Scheme B

lrawing 6. Expeditionary Pier Plan and Elevation - Scheme C

l)rawing 7. Finger Pier Sections and Details

Drawing 8. Finger Pier Cross Section

)rawing 9. Hinge Connection-Finger to Spine Piers

Drawing 10. Stiff-Leg Anchor

I)rawing 11. Flood Basin Construction Method - I

Drawing 12. Flood Basin ('onstruction Method - 2

Drawing 13. Expeditionary Pier Plan and Elevation - Scheme D

TECh NICALI FEASIBILITlY _STUD)Y OF PlIR CONCEPTS

1. INTROD)UCTION

'IheNivvpirconicept std\coltrijet for, thre %year 1982.83 cailled for thle cont jii(,

(levelopjiIlrt of titi-c selectiol pier (cOIcepltS to the point thant tlir fea.ilhility, Vt.-I -vj ie -;It(-ol-t le-~i Irt tevItc)hnoog rmay he iis-.esse(1 murl their (Ic! iicircies aiidroll-;l :ir'e;ls idenItified. lie three concepts seleted for t li' ,tud(% iarc:

'oricept I - The Expeditionary Pier

Olwe-pl 2 - The Floating Marina Pier

onme; it I - The Mobile Underwater Submarine Btase

eal oncept will tatke- ill) about1 oneC third of the contrhct ' ;ir tliIit l)(glim illSeat cmlor I182. The resujlts of the yevar's work wilt at-o he pres;ented il aI Secondpaper to ;ill (-rlI .rmccring conferece in or- out. of tilie LUS.N.

tHis report Ir-stile teehnil feas ibility' of the fir. concept, i.e.. thei'xpi-dit eif:ry Heir. a:idl( k or1;jilizeil ti cover tire various -study airceas us ollws

* Ives i~atonof thle general validity of thle dcesirn. iind( the parameter- iiseili filie mevi loilni-nt of' tile concept. Loading cuildit iOn, pier diiiiewison,4-tl'rin ll'iIl izes. flotaiti OHiitracteristic-s. etc. t liut were Wssunmled for' tilieo-i,"ild ((ilu(o(t will 5be ver-ifici by mlore (letillbd anralysis and djesigns,

a. luv'>t~btoiiof ;i1: lticl mlld( desIgn feailiihlitv. lTme )ili i ,I tiiileter-tilinti th Ii- meiamm of the stile-of-thec-art ISoA\ tevhinoloi\, imu

ciri out tile mnt\'i--ud tile oi~gi(f (\ 1 iediliiill,%,' 1ie-.

i. Inves tigal in of eon-trimctiomvul feauiiri\ ( it cowstruct ioni methods111A o(iilul c I],(,( Ill buildirmg- tile pier will lie sinrvepycd 111imImsesd

dl. lnuv-.timtiuni ald ljib-mit lie? (11 iof probulem iurc- mumil technologicail de-fmi-ncie-.. lfb ill, %,-lihe i--~-l i rulit ion to t heir influence id imnutonl tile ilevi-lopmimunit oif th ierii.

2. Tm.lE EXPEADI'IONA RY PIER

TJO rcaf'. the e\peulitionry pier Wris del(ioped to provide the nafvall expeditionairyfore opmeriitiHg oversoa-. tile ll1:mum e(I- ic u of ;i fir! -service pier. 'Yo be effective.it 0hoild be largITe enIough to acecora '11(1111e A Ieit four, pre forably six, destroyer('lass vc(5>elS. For t hiese liarpose-'. tile pier nmiM he self-sri ffien-ut. of Sufficient Sizeto berth forir to smx slp.reliicat;,ble anud rapidly deployahtle. Hiuese feaitures, willbe disvicuse below.

2.1 Self-Sufficiency

Self-sufficiencey mnn N the pier is equippd to pro\Wid full hertl" u rv ices to ravyships and, if necessary, to ernble them to go V'old iron." Ini addlition, it wvill alsocarry sufficient quantities of supplies to replcnisti Ihe ships for long periodls of time.periorroin minor repairs, and provide recreational and training facil it ies for the ship'svrew.

2.2 Berthing Capacity

[lie bert lung capacity of the pier is determined by the size of tilie Ships. t irecoifigurat ion uiul the size of the pier. OrigialyI, the pier was de~signied for thlefuture Navy ships. which were conceived to be sin all, fast and] powverfujl vessel, thataire pr'oduiced in stiff iciently large numbers to achieve the effect of (leterrence.Since Itie present destroyer class Naivy ships are not m nii longer thlan thle a ssuin edfuture ship, the pier should provide the same number of brths for the present ships.if it is int ended to be used in tile near futuire. As.; shown. thle bert hinrg capacity oflie pier for thle various schemnes is ais follows:

Scterae A: Six big ships (destroyer class) and! a number of simaller crafts alongthe central sect ion of the spine pier.

Setiime It; Saiimi aIs Schemne A

.elerme C: Vour big ships plus srmaller crafts

,A 2.3 Reclocatability

Tie pier muist niot onul b~e sv wui'th, hint aliso canl he !nove~ over long distances atreasonable speedls. II enee, tile strea ri-li ned. airrow-simiped con figirit ion, arnd tileretriictalbil ity of' tle fingr' piers in su'hienues A\ ;1rid l".

2.4 Raipid tDcployability

To be Cetei'tive. tie pier mast be qiiiklv oper'atironial upon arrival at site. Ill pursuitof t his otijer't ye. tie st ifl-leg. sirigle-piarit airchlorinig systemn has beal developed forttle use of tilie expeditiorinir pier.

3. D)ESIGN (X)NSII)ERATIIONS

[ Ilie fol lowig Cons iderations~ hiave b~ee'r asinied for the pr'el mirniry design oif thlepier. in andditi on to Ithe four major erniteria described above.

H. MateriaS

imrpoarit. eriteria for the select ion of structurail riatcriils rmust includelightness, sti'enrtti ainii durability.. \ililtild niterials that mneet thcSCvi'rurr iiilud~e h ght eiit conicr'ete lnit steel. lither rmterial is reasiblearid aivaiilmable. I or thle purpose of this invest igat ion, lightwveight concreteof I120 pvf deiisi ty. arnd prestn'essing tectinique mire ernvismiged.

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b. Environmental Loatds

'File pier is designed for a wave height of 20 ft. iln approximaltelv wea statesix, with Wind velocity of 91) a iph. T'he wavelength taris beeln wriSiired tohe eqillril to tile leng](th of thle pier, for nriiimsaggingp nnyd hlogg:ngconditions.

C. Fendering System

iroderri i hed-po.si lion fenidering systems5 could1 he iser sine both [)et pienships move together with liittle wiriat ions. Inl the pier schemee shown inlti s report, eel!I tenders of' thle ba-ck! ing cylider tlv~ 1MV have 1 heen ad.Thiese :i'ro otinted onl the pler* iind locaited ait sowh :i level thait I hey will

twy egagle thle berthing ships at thle wider) me regioii away% froml anlyhutll prot rusion',

dI. Selft-propulsion

\l though thle Use Oh tags is k ivisagred inl moving thle pier. aI sel f-propulsions ,yste i onl hoard tilie pier- will he nleessary to nrizblo the pier to moveUnder' its own power inl case of craiergencv. [his system many welt heneeded to assist thle a nelor inrg ;ystern iii keeping stiton iluriig sev'erestorial (oildit ioiiS.

4. D)ESCRiIPTlION OF THlE PIER

The pier' is eseit iall y shaped like iii arrow to roeric res-istnrice gris witerdllring tow% or' wperalol. n. dh (i ffer'enee bet ween the thiree swhim es prreseintedherein, Schemes' A, H arid ("' is in the iiichiiiori of thle finge7r piers inl Scheme A midH,. and thle rmodifivcatiom to t)me aft section of the pier in Svcmrie. I3 and (U. Scheme.X. which is tihe originail selieie. has two ships nest ing again4~ tile hack of tile pier.i.e.. perpridienlar to tilie aixis of thre pier. Ill Sceei It. the aft -C('t ion is mlodifiedto tar ye tlit two ships be'rt i atjlngside thle pier inl order to retie e (irrenit forcesagii, the piler' dnring, operrition. Scee C is siimilmir to Scheme( IH except it (toesnot Niv I etlie linger piers. Thle re moval of tilie finger piers would hriing thle pier('lo'-r' I'N thle SO) :11. aridilald it imore relidily atvailaible for ruse im time near-teri

Ns men'utioiied( )ifore the pier misinn's 94)) ft ill overall length. The hull for ;dlthree schiivi 1, 51 f (itep. iii) when floatig with normal live loaids. takes aI drirftof aJprox Imu atel 'v 31.1 It., free) oard is, thIerefore 17 ft. The tint! is st ifferied bystrnettira wil Is thlii ;m0,f) serve :fs wa;t ertighrt htjlklea,. Refer to I raw ing, It hrongh uh

5i. VALHIITY OF )ESIGN

'lie first task in this, irye.t igaloir is to corifirnil the valirtit , of ft)e prelilirmrydtesign im .(ner;rd tor tire piir'pose( of( 5ibsV)ucit ilvs gtin. Specifically. tire

early , dei;Iwa chcked to OilsLire, titrrt its -;trrctr'l -ystcni i aideqrirctwithlstaind tire nssi in ed conriiet ionl, tow inrg anid operat ion conolit ions. id t mint its

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flotattioni andil ivl architectuiral ehalrlicteristies lire vlit i-fiiitor\ . I Wiisk(]rllleeffort has ailso Meen mawde to resolve dlesign problems posed [iv thle two majorinrioiins, ime. te higd moint for the finger piers and1( tie, 4tiff -legged 'wivellinigsuictioni anchtor.

'The restitts of UKi confirmtory investigation are eont tined in) ealeut al lol sheet.ape it~ s AppenitiiN A at t hc ba~ck of tis report.

6. ANALY'I'CAL AND) DESIGN FEASIBILITY

'H lie lss n desigil of tile expedit ionnry pier as reresented in thle (rwOiligs

c mild be carrid ouit wvithi tile, state-of-the-art techlnology. Tis- consist,, of designgiiia ric provided by tile various registrat ion societies and techic(al and profes-oril ist ittitioils. Sinmiar prior design and const4ructions inicliude the [West ressed

concret e pontoons t ht tuk idup the lbfod ('anal biridge tin thle State of 1%ashinlgtonlthe 46U-ft. lotg prestressed concrete I.PG barge that A RCO' built for services inlIndonesian waters, andt( tile 7110-ft. long prestressed conecte conitainer pie.r no0wheiilg bifit for %iasmws port or' \ddez. T]his pier is loUt) ft. wide andi is ruade upof two 100it ft. [by 350U ft. tv 3 Uft deep pontoon units. Thie un its lire towedi in fion'a (ibdrielitioli yard 1AO .40mles away, mnd joined and post-tensioned togethlen uponaril'n aIIlt tie( site. Tile pier is rioored to eight liol low concrete gra i tv II cOmrseach mllmiliii 2t0 ft. mpuli Wi plain and 1 3 ft. dvep. The (vo of tIs flanim pierpi-t c1 wais 1-'rl)i'ei to be .*48 miiilliorn.

Tlie eonsliiictioni of onr Flier- vill be simnilar. It is different frinn thle \ alile piermainuly ill size.

iwlfiewrivic" til tilt' ilteO-b(a tcchnlogy a~re preert lnillaiiilv tit relation tothe two iiiii(Vitt Oils ai!, rent hu~ied before, ixe. the linge joint for the finger piers anidthe( tifIf-fe!gced swivel) rig, singrle-point mooring involvlrnt .it oin anchor. CHi eselIre C(,llineited! furt her as, follows:

11inge Joint Between Finger aind Spine Piers

Ihlpupose of Ii hill,,( jigeoint is to eiiible thle fiiiger pier to lhe retraceted duiniiglow. For1 Clsy connect in. tie( joint is located it (leek level andi consists. its'onvol veid. of ai link ulllled on the finger pier thait is dropped into it [)ii mnititedoil tilie Spinie pier whell thle finuger pier is imiiiuvered into posit ion. The maimuimiiltension or comlpressionl at eaich of the( two connections Ills b~een worked ouit to blein thii ordvr of 5. 280 kips. Alt loiigl reversal of stress is WNl W kl, eonsiertibesiit's Wirilitin titlt mliv range 4 front 0 to the maixium of 7,8001 k-ips4 is possible,and w.ill requiire that fatigue coniditions be conlsideredh in designing the joint,,.

A 'onicpt of I ie( hinge coinnetion is szhown in Figure 9.

Trhe Stifi-legged Swivelling Suction Anchor

['lie stiff-legg"ed single point Vwiveilig ainchiorirng svsteil t hat is developed for the(

pier is coiisidered ilost l ikely to succed fron aimlong thle vairiouis pnssiliilit ic,. 'Ilte

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challenjge thlit is presenlted to tile, designer are rcpresoniled tin fthe requiiremeInt Itlit.(1) flie system~ Mu ist be capable of developingtr fle unuLsual lvN large holding forcenecessitry to keep thc pier/ship complex and onl staition and (2) the system earl bequickly operatijonal upon arrival at site.

The latter requirement als o includes the expetancv of the pier to he able to beretrieved rapidly for qiek (lepnir tuire.

These requirements, will riule oat anchoring systems that require long inst allat ion and(retriteval times. or inchoring sNystvins that would fix thle orientation of the pier thussubhjct ing it to current forces from all directions. The pier inust be made to turnaimid face thle ea aIt aill limes inl order to minim ize the holding force on the anchor.ITo s I liVes onily f ile single-point deadim n type of nchors for considerat ion.

A deadinari anchor norniallv consist,; of a large concrete box. measuring say 25 ft.by 2:5 ft. on plan, which is filled witth ballast sLIch ats sand. gravel or lean conclrete.aifter it is- love red to the sea bottom, It is unifortunately not very suitable for thepurpose of our pier because of the impractically large size involved, and thedifficulty of recovering the( deadinan upon departure of tIt(e pier from it location.Thie deadnim nmv have to be cuit loose and left behind.

'Ftile suet ion anchor will solve most of thlese liroblems bCaulse Of its rela1tivelys iiller size and veiglit, its large holding power becaus e it invokes the resistanoceprovided by at relit ively large body of soil rin ss, and the( short inst al it ion aridextrication times.

Uncertainties; and problem areas ire ats follows:

.Appl icat ion Ii m itedl onlY to soils that are pverirale by thle stiet ion ainchor.

2. Lii ittion oil anchor dtepthI of walter. The anchloring sYsteciii as shown in :ivbe aipplicable, to wAter dept hs of uip to 81) ft.

3. [lie design1 of the wivoiling joint at both ends of thle stiff-leg.

4. I he requiiromni't of' siwivelling connietionl to tile ainchor, for the sucetionlsy 51 en (or )pre sir o yt i for t lie ext rjeat ion of thle iinehor) that callr'otnt a iround I Is anf-horinr svstem together with thle stiff-legT and tilep icr.

5. [li inbiltyof beharg'joint to take large lir(1 quikroaioa

7. MATERIAL FEASIBILITY

NO hi fficuilt v i', fores~eern titsn lightweighit colercte na; tie primie si ricmetid(*onrije'i(tion ii terial for the pier. Light weight concrete carn be mnade in goodl andvoniitenit quamlity under the present 1 eohnology. It has iilso been prove sauitablerileriah1 iti n:r'ine i1ppliitiiou, \n oft-quoted examiple is the ligb wlight concreteship.- SS Selin.' w hieh wa bui during World t\ ar 1. A fter thle war it was scuttledand stink ti tidal waters inl i :ilviristuri 1ay. M~ en exim ined years latter, both the

concrete aid( thle reinforcement were found to be in excellent conditions evenlthough sorme of tile ro in forermrent was protected by a concrete cover of no morethan hltf iin inch.

The' Probleme concern inrg material mnainuly boils down to one of quali ty cont rol.

Secndiry robemsdo exist however. For example, if tilepier is stationar%, in one

ririe growth Out,,ide the lit i. 'The concrete conldl be coated, or additive Could beinclniled in thre mnix that wilt inhibit mairine growth.

tDcfiererreies In pr'eserit technology ailso includte thle development of fctrdcrirrg,rraterrtrs that carl absorb) aaih higher pressure than current priretice. to be usedin elrrsliririing tile im pact between tilie finger and tire spine piers. 'mle pier will alsoneed aI repair system that ca;n repair ill except the most severe damage to thti hull.qic(kly aid( effectively.

As anl extension of tire expedit iomiry pier concept, it Witll be useCful to deCvelopI m1oreenergv-efficierit equipment. possibly solar -powered. thatt wilt enlnee aind prolerugtile isC falness, of tie pier onl dirty overseas,

8. CONSTRUCTION FEASIBILITY

Corstr':ict ion mIethods aIre atreardy iivaiitabte to build concrete structujres archl is theexpledit ionary pier. tUnless ;r h~rge niumiber of piers ajre corist rnct ed. it cart heassarmed that thle pier. in view of its size. will be construIVcd inl segnieritaIl tilrits

Which mire subsequently tusserubted aid joined together to mike rup tim whole pier.The size of the urnit i- genrrally lirmited to 300t or 4001 ft. in both horizontalIdirect Ions. 'There are sever;d racihod, of corisi ruirtrig the segmten tat ani t,. They'couldj be conistructed1 onl a special -purpose barge, t henr i~jneled into thle water whlincornpleted to ii certain stage. Alternatively, they -ould( be b~uiilt in Ii shipyard orury'ilock type of faicility, onl sli pways. or in ai floor basin. which is thle net hod shownin lDrurwing Nos. 1t arid 12. In this mrethuod, thle constructiorn *ite atk sea front is,excavaited so that thle hase of tilie .ite is below tire sea1 level by aI depth tha I'srufficient for tire partially conipleted tower portion of tire pier section to b~e flo~rtedorut. O uring const r'rct ion tire sea; is kepJt otut by a ternporary dike. M\ ien tire lowerPortion Of tire pier Unit, wic in;1y1 -ons'ists Of buoy.Nancy- chambers, is bujilt, wateris aillowed into tire floodi b:rsin to florat tire unit. The (like, is then benched. rind tireuinit towed to deeper sheltucl w;r ers wi crc furthter constrmuction is contiued urntilcomrpletioin.

D e ficiencies InI tire stieo-h-r' echnology withI reslpeet to tire c'onstruct ion oftire pier also exist in thne area> tha haud posed dIiffrculties to design rind nanlysis,i.e.. thre firrgen'/spine pier connect ion ;rinl tire si ngl c-point srrct non ineilior. Speci -ficud1 I .'

1.Tie hinge joint att rothi ends of tire Ilink that connevts the finger pier totlie spi ne pier will provide for rotational nmovenment iii t iie vertical androri zoritnt dIirections. I owover, tilie joint wilt riot prov ide for torsionaltmovement bet weern the two piers althoughi somie of this movement could ibe

tolerated by introducing more looseness in the joint. ..\ universal or balljoint will solve this movement problem, but it has vet to be developed forthis application.

2. The problem of connecting service lines across the joint

3. The construction of a swivelling joint for the suction hose connected to theanchor. and the problem of controlling the lines to avoid them gettingentangled with the other components of the anchoring system as it swivelsabout the anchor.

4. The joining of the pier units will pose construction problems because oftheir size. The joining method shown in Figure 7 is the SOA method today.It could conceivably be improved to provide for more tolerances or allowfor grea:ter construction variations, nd shorter connection time.

5. Qualit v control. Although this is not a deficiency in the sense tintit isbeyond the state of the art, the control of the quality and the consistencyof concrete in our case will assume greater importance in view of themagnitude of the construction. A special effort will have to be made toensure proper nd stringent quality control.

9. CONSII)EIRATION OF ALTERNATIVES

As (al he expected, an innovative concept is open for at vast range of possiblhAltermatives, not onlY of the design relevant to at specific purpose, but also of ngreat variety of predictable situations for which the pier may he applied. The designas presented for the pier is therefore futr from being a finished product. In earlierdiscussion in this report, three configurations of the pier have been presented. eachincorporating modifications that have to do with reducing water resistance, and withremoving the finger pier., that may not be technologically ready if tite pier is goingto be constructed in the ne'r-term future.

In view of the considerable size of the pier, it is coneeivoble that part of it. e.g..the finger pier, could be used as runways for railitary airera fts, thus augmenting therole of the pier as m qua.i-aireraft carrier. Figure 13 shows how the finger pierswill look after their conversion into runways. By confining the runway to theforward part of the finger pier, it would still be possible to provide two berths alongthe lee side of the pier. therehy maintaining its berthing capacity to four destroyerclass vesels in spite of the corvers ion. There is ample spite below (leek for thestorage of phies and supplies to suil,nort the pier in this additional role.

10. (ONCLUI)ING REMARKS

This investigation has shown the technological feasibility of an expeditionary pierthat can be readily deployed to provide the full berthing facilities and services toNavy ships operating overseas. The cost of such a pier will be high. lowever, itsavailability will p[rovide the Navy with a new option in its operation overseas, thevalue of whicl canno'. be determined solely in terms of cost.

'The development of tie full pier, i.e., its shown in Scheme A or I. will depend onthe successful development of two major innovations. i.e. the connection betweenthe finger piers and the spine pier. and the stiff-legged swivelling suction anchoringsystem. These innovations and the problems they pose can be solved with additionalefforts and time. pa-rt of which may run parallel to the further development of thepier itself. They should not in any case hamper the development of the pier. sinceat worst, these difficulties cold be removed by supplementing them with systemsthat are already within the state of the art. For example. the incorporation of adynamic positioning system to supplement whatever conventional anchoring systemthat may be uLed. instead of the innovative stiff-legged swivelling mooring asconceived. Mhat it boils down to is whether there is a need for such a pier. Ifthere is. there is sufficient reason to believe that the pier could he developed.designed and constructed hased on the state-of-the-art technology in a matter of atfew years.

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