CONCEPTS IN

PLANNING

Maria Lourdes T. Munárriz, PhD, EnP UP-School of Urban and Regional Planning

Institute of Environmental Planners

What is Environmental Planning?

The science of ordering the use of land, … where buildings and communication routes are located in order to secure an optimum economy, convenience and beauty.

providing the right site at the right time, in the right place for the right people.

What is Environmental Planning?

The art of anticipating changes and making a balance among economic, social and physical forces, determine the

location,

form and

effect of development.

What is Environmental Planning?

A reconciliation of social and economic objectives of public and private institutions

… in the allocation of resources, e.g., land,

to obtain maximum efficiency while considering the nature of the built environment and the welfare of the community.

What is Urban Space?

A social creation … the product of creative activity.

• Once spatial relations are formed, there is a seeming fixity … a life of their own.

Urban space is a consequence of • the activities carried on within it, • the characteristics of the people who occupy it, • the form given to it by its physical structures, • the perceptions with which people regard it.

Foundations of Planning

Factors that contributed to growth of industrial towns:

Population change – decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate

Economic change (1760-1830) – impacts on urban and rural communities

Birth of new transportation – locomotive

Expanding commercial activity

Foundations of Planning continued

Some Determinants of Urban & Regional Form:

Contemporary Economic Re-structuring –

decentralize production and population, while economic control has become increasingly concentrated in multinational firms and financial institutions.

Declining industrial centers – industries move to suburbs due to cheaper labor and land, less burdensome regulation, weak labor unions … competition from other advanced industries, e.g., Japan displaced many industries of USA and Britain.

Foundations of Planning continued

Global cities – control of world financial system, where financial and business services have resisted decentralization. Ex. London, New York and Tokyo are premier global cities.

Expanding and contracting regions – simultaneous growth and decline with a nation, a region or a metropolitan area … within an area, some regions are expanding while others suffer from disinvestment.

Military-industrial centers – high-tech expansion was closely tied to military investment due to cold war between USA and USSR in the 20th century. Thus, there is changing patterns in national government investment.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING PROCESS (Alden & Morgan)

Technical Exercise

Comprehensiveness

Allocative Mechanism

Technical exercise

•Involves elaboration of means and prediction of consequences.

•Provides technical base for decision-maker.

Because in addition to explicit aims, there are

ends which should not be violated.

Comprehensiveness

•Consider all alternatives and each of their consequences;

•Consider implications of each alternative.

Allocative mechanism

•Resources should be allocated in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework.

Types of Planning

National, regional, local levels

Economic, social, physical, environmental

Short, medium and long terms,

Allocative and innovative

Types of Planning

National, regional, local levels

National level is multi-objective and tends to be

economic in content.

Regional level straddles the national and local

gap; economic factors are of major importance; deals with fundamental physical problems of the region.

Local level deals with problems of communities

within its area.

Types of Planning

Allocative and innovative Planning

Allocative or regulatory planning

concerned with coordination,

resolves conflicts,

ensures that the existing system is ticking over efficiently through time in accordance with evolving policies.

Innovative or development planning

planning for efficient functioning of existing systems,

improving/developing the system as a whole.

Agricultural Tourism Commercial

Industrial Residential Mixed Use

Government Center

Academic Campus

Military

REAL ESTATE PLANNING

Concept Operationalization

Concept: Value of education

- ask students how long they study daily after school - willing to go through floods in order to get to school?

Translate

ideas,

opinions into

attributes/

variables

Goals, Objectives, Targets

Goals: 1. General and highly abstract

2. Broad categories: social, economic and

physical

3. Arranged in hierarchy, according to importance

Goals, Objectives, Targets continued

Example Of Goals Earlier times (20th century): Health (physical), education, income

and its distribution, mobility Current times (21th century): Health (physical) public safety,

circulation, provision of services and facilities, fiscal health, economic goals, environmental protection and redistributive goals.

Goals, Objectives, Targets continued

Objectives 1. More specific than goals, 2. Actual programmes being carried into

action, 3. Require the spending of resources …

implies an element of competition for scarce resources.

Ex. If mobility is the general goal, then the objectives could be reduction of travel time (O-D), improvement in quality of public transportation.

Goals, Objectives, Targets continued

Targets 1. More detailed than objectives,

2. A further stage of refinement,

3. Performance are set against target dates.

Ex. Construction of an underground railway within

10 years … to reduce travel time from origin to destination.

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Land use plan – describes how land shall be put to use in the next 5 years.

Commercial zone – the central business district … areas designated for trade, services and business purposes.

Ecozone – special economic zone … selected areas with highly developed or which have the potential to be developed into agro-industrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers.

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Environmental planning – activities concerned with the management and development of land, as well as the preservation, conservation and rehabilitation of the human environment.

Buffer zones – identified areas outside the boundaries of and immediately adjacent to designated protected areas pursuant to Section 8 of RA 7586 that need special development control to avoid or minimize harm to the protected area.

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Base map – a map that serves as the working map and provides the standard configuration of the planning unit for the preparation of the thematic maps. The base map shows the political boundaries, main river system, main road system and other important topographic features.

Basic needs approach to development – the identification, production and marketing of wage goods and services for consumption of rural communities.

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Sustainable development –

a pattern of resource use that

aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment … so that these

needs for the present and in the future.

(Wikipedia)

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

(Bruntland Commission)

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Sustainable rural development –

incorporating the concept of sustainable development in rural communities,

considering the drastic shifts in weather that have altered habitats and ecosystems and affecting all sectors and industries

formulating strategies in building better homes and industries to create a new earth …a legacy for our children and future generations.

(Source: Developing Sustainable and Resilient Rural Communities in the Midst of Climate

Change: A Challenge to Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Strategies, 2015 International

Conference of the UP-SURP, Asia Center Japan Foundation and the DENR)

Some EnP Terminologies

in the Philippines

Rural – Urban Linkages

rural communities, while continuing to be self-contained should be integrated with urban communities

urban communities, while continuing to be dependent with other urban communities, should be integrated with rural communities

• it is from rural areas that urban communities rely on for sources of food, clothing and shelter.

• it is from urban areas that rural communities rely on for logistics, advanced researches in communication, medical technology, quality education.

Source: Achieving Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation in an Integrated Rural – Urban Community Development, 2016 International Conference of the UP-SURP, Asia Center Japan Foundation and the PIEP.

END