Concepts in Biology (Lecture from Mapua Institute of Technology)

8/13/2019 Concepts in Biology (Lecture from Mapua Institute of Technology)

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Concepts in Biology


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What is Biology?

the study of living

organism


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Characteristics Common to All

Living Organisms Composed of cells

Organized

Require nutrients and energy Respond to the environment

Contain DNA

Ability to reproduceAbility to adapt


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Organized

atoms

molecules

macromolecules

organelles

cells The smallest unit of life is the cell. tissues

organs

organ systems

individual organism

population

community Ecosystem

biosphere


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Atoms

The smallest particle ofa chemical element

that can exist alone

or in combination.


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Molecules

A small unit of matter


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Cell

The fundamental unit of living things.


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Tissue

A group of cells with similar function. For ex. Areolar tissue (the shown fig.)


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Organ

A group of tissues

with overall function

for example: heart


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Organ System

A group of cell,

tissues and organs

that perform a

specific major

function


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Individual/ Complex Organism

The total interaction of the organ systems


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Population

Group of similar

individual who

tend to mate witheach other in a

limited

georgraphic area


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Community

the relationships

of smaller

groups oforganisms with

each other and

their

environment.


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Ecosystem The relationship of smaller groups of

organisms with each other and their

environment


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Biosphere


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Require nutrients and energy

Nothing Lives without Energy

Cells require:

Energy = Capacity to do work

Metabolism = Reactions by which

cells acquire and use energy to

grow, survive, and reproduce


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Response to the environment

Organisms sense changes in their

environment and make responses to

them

Receptors detect specific forms of

energy (stimuli)

Allows maintenance of homeostasis


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Contain DNA

The genetic instructions of all living

organisms is contained in molecules of

deoxyribonucleic acid. Only cells can build/make the

biomolecules

Capacity for lifeDNA molecules

Non-living thingsno DNA molecules


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Ability to reproduce

Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction

- Mechanism by which an organism

produces offspring

- Governed by instructions in DNA


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Ability to adapt

Evolution

Evolution refers to changes in the genetic composition ofa population.

Genetic changes may result in changes in the physicalor behavioral characteristics of the individuals.

Mutation

Evolutionary change has led to diversity amongorganisms. To date, approximately 1.8 million different

species of organisms have been identified. Biologistsestimate that there are between 10 and 200 millionspecies on earth.


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Venus flytrap


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Natural Selection

operates to produce individuals that are

better adapted to their environment.


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Evolution

Genetically based change in a line of

descent over time

The relative frequency of many sharedtraits typically change through successive

generation

Population changes, not individuals


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Adaptation


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Natural selection occurs because

Individuals within a population vary; they are not all identical.

Some variants are better than others.

The traits that vary are heritable.

The better individuals will have more success reproducing;

they will have more offspring.

In successive generations, more offspring will have the bettertraits.


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Antibiotic Resistance

Powerful agent agent for selection

Mutations for antibiotic resistance exist or

arise - mutation

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and

reproduce better than nonresistant

Over time, proportion of antibiotic-resistant

bacteria increases


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Process of Science

Scientific Methodway of gaining

information about the world by

forming possible solutions toquestions followed by rigorous

testing to determine if the

proposed solutions are valid.


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Scientific Methodology involves:

Observing and asking questions

Forming hypotheses Conducting controlled experiments

Collecting and analyzing data Drawing conclusions


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Role of Experiments

Used to study a phenomenon underknown conditions

Allows you to predict what will happen if ahypothesis is not wrong

Can never prove a hypothesis 100%correct


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Experimental Design

Control group

A standard for comparison

Identical to experimental group except for

variable being studied

Sampling errorNonrepresentative sample skews results

Minimize by using large samples


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Scientific Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested for its

predictive power many times and has not

yet been found incorrect

Has wide-ranging explanatory power

Darwins theory of evolution by naturalselection


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Fields of Biology

2 Major Divisions

1. Botanythe scientific study of plants

2. Zoologydeals with the study of all

aspects of animal life.


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Branches of Zoology

1.Anatomy -the study of body parts

and their location

2. Ecology- study of interrelationshipsof organisms in the habitat.

3. Embryology -it is the study of the

formation and development of anindividual from gametes to an

organism


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Branches of Zoology

4. Evolutionthe study of changeundergone by species through the

ages.

5. Geneticsthe study of genes,heredity and variation.

6. Morphologystudy on form and

structure of organism

7. Cytologystudy of cells

8. Histologystudy of tissues.


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Branches of Zoology

9. Gross Anatomyit is a study of

microscopic structure of tissues and

organs. (mix anatomy and histology)

10. Paleozoologythe study of animal

fossils

11. Physiologythe study of howbody parts function and how they

work.


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Other specialized sciences

A. Taxonomynaming, describing,

classifying living organism.

Some variations: a.1. Apiculturestudy of bees

a.2. Anthropologystudy of man

a.3. Carcinologystudy of crabs

a.4. Conchologystudy of shells


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Limits of Science

Scientific approach cannot provide

answers to subjective questions

Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, orphilosophical standards

Conflict with supernatural beliefs


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Review: Diversity of Life

Millions of living species

Millions more now extinct

Classification schemes attempt to

organize diversity


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Scientific Names

Devised by Carolus Linnaeus

Classification scheme

Two-part name

First name is genus (plural, genera)

Homo sapiens- genus is Homo

Second name is species within genus


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Eubacteria(Bacteria)

Archaebacteria(Archaea)

Eukaryota(Eukaryotes)

3 Domains

Biologist group species that are related

by descent from a common ancestor

Domain - Highest taxonomic

rank of organisms


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Origin of life

EubacteriaArchaebacteria

Eukaryotes

Protistans Plants Fungi Animals

6 Kingdoms


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Single cells

No nucleus ororganelles

Smaller, less

complex

Prokaryotic

Organisms

Eukaryotic

Organisms Single- or multi-

celled Nucleus and other

organelles

Larger, more

complex


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The Living Kingdoms

Kingdoms are divisions of living nature

categorizing living things to express their

line or phylogeny When these kingdoms of life established?


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In 1674, Antonie Van

Leeuwenhoek The father of microscopy Invented the simple microscope and

observed the single celled organisms.

......1866... Richard Owen, John Hogg and

Ernst Haeckel proposed the 3rd

kingdom

Life

Kingdom protista

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae


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1938.....Herbert Copeland Proposed the fourth kingdom, after the

invention of the electron microscope.

Life

Life

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)

1960as proposed byEdouard Chatton


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1970 onwards...

- increasing emphasis on molecular levelcomparisons of genes.

Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes

(Kingdom Monera) into two groups, calledEubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing

that there was as much genetic difference

between these two groups as between

either of them and all eukaryotes.


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6 kingdoms


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The six-kingdom system is still recognizably

an expansion of the original two-kingdom

system: Animalia remains; the originalcategory of plants has been split into

Plantae and Fungi; and single-celled

organisms have been introduced and split

into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.


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In 2004, a review article by Simpson and

Roger noted that the Protista were "a grab-

bag for all eukaryotes that are not animals,plants or fungi". They argued that only

monophyletic groupsan ancestor and all

of its descendentsshould be accepted as

formal ranks in a classification.


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As of April 2010, there appears to be a

consensus that the six supergroup modeldoes not reflect the true phylogeny of the

eukaryotes, although there is no agreement

as to the model which should replace it


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Summary

Concepts in Biology (Lecture from Mapua Institute of Technology)

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