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Concepts and rationale for social protection
Gabriele KoehlerDevelopment economist
Visiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS Sussex
EC Social Protection Training Course Asia and Pacific Region
Bangkok 12-15 June 2012
Session 2 Day 1
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Overview: Concepts and rationale for
social protection
I. Social protection as a necessityII. Economic growth, inequality and the potential role of
social protectionIII. Social protection as a rightIV. Definitions of social protection and classification systemsV. Direct and indirect effects of SP interventionsVI. Reflection: the “quiet revolution” and what's emerging
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I.) Social protection as a necessity
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Income poverty
• Absolute number and share of extremely poor people has declined since 1990 globally
• But: number of extremely poor in Africa and South Asia increased– using $1.25 per personday income poverty measure
• Number of poor and vulnerable people:– 2.5 billion persons– using $2 per personday income poverty
measure
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Food inequalities
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Employment inequalities
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Employment inequalities
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Child labour
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Disasters and conflict
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Armed conflicts
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• Income/economic class• Ethnicity• Religion• Language• Caste/clan• Health condition/communicable/visible diseases• Ability/disability• Geographic location/”distance”/urban vs rural• Citizenship and migration status• Condition of menstruation • Sexual orientation• Recurrent emergency situations• Conflict situation • Age
Social exclusions –manifest in every society
GEN
DER
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II. Economic growth, inequalityand the potential role of
social protection
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The Great Recession
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Income inequality and poverty (OECD)
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III. Social protection as a right
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QUICK QUIZ: What is this text?
When was it written?Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Right to Social ProtectionUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):Article 22: • Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966):
Article 9:
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989): Article 26:States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social
security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.
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Normative frameworks: recent UN trendsRight to food, FAO 2004, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive
Realization of the Right to Adequate Food, and Committee on World Food Security, May 2012 adopted Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security
World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata vision of primary health care for all
Global Social Floor Initiative since 2009 –striving for an ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all (ILC June 2012)
MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights
OHCHR Special rapporteurs on human rights – including right to food and right to highest attainable standards of health
Rio + 20: …
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OHCHR Special Rapporteurs/Independent Experts on human rights
right to education; human rights and extreme poverty; right to food; right to adequate housing; access to safe drinking water and sanitation; against violence against women; physical and mental health; economic policies and debt; TNCs; and other substantive normative areas.
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Rights – 3 Principles
1. Inclusion, equality - universality• Every human being is equally entitled to social protection• Advocates universal not targeted programmes
2. Citizenship and participation• Involves negotiating specific entitlements that all citizens can claim such
as free education• ‘Social contract’ between the states and its citizens
3. Obligation and accountability • Ability and willingness of the state to deliver SP under its human rights
obligations• Requires transparency and accountability – good governance and
administrative capacity
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IV. Definitions of social protection and
classification systems
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Social protection: EU
• Europea of the European Social Model
Long history: Treaty of Rome (1958): • social protection as one of the social objectives• universal and equal access to social protection for the big social risks
Update: Treaty of Lisabon (2009): • combat social exclusion and discrimination• promote social justice and protection, gender
equality,solidarity between generations, child rights Europe 2020: smart, sustainable and inclusive growth (2010):• five 'ambitious targets' – employment, innovation,
education,social inclusion and climate/energy
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Social protection: EU 2012 • a human right• social justice and equity, rather than growth• target the poor - obligation of authorities towards their citizens• investment in present citizenry and future generations• reduce the vulnerability and poverty of those excluded or
marginalised from economic activity; serve as an important instrument of investment in human capital
• a multidimensional concept that should be integrated with political, economic and social goals
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Social protection: ILO “…a set of public initiatives that
– provide income or consumption transfers to the poor,
– protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks,
– enhance the social status and – promote the rights of the marginalised,
with the overall objective of reducing their economic and social vulnerability.” (ILO)
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Social Protection Floor(s)
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Social protection: ADB• a basic human right and a social necessity to combat poverty and
inequality. • promotes human well-being, inclusive growth, political stability, and
social cohesion• can reduce inequality, including that between the sexes. • is critical for achieving the MDGs. • is a key pillar of inclusive growth• is affordable. • is an investment to lift and keep people out of poverty. • contributes to gender equity
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Social protection: UNICEF • the set of public and private policies and programmes
aimed at preventing, reducing and eliminating economic and social vulnerabilities to poverty and deprivation.
Principles of child-sensitive social protection • Avoid adverse impacts on children, and reduce or mitigate social and economic
risks that directly affect children's lives. • Intervene as early as possible where children are at risk• Consider the age- and gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities of children
throughout the life- cycle. • Mitigate the effects of shocks, exclusion and poverty on families• Make special provision to reach children who are particularly vulnerable and
excluded• Consider the mechanisms and intra-household dynamics• Include the voices and opinions of children, their caregivers and youth
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UNICEF: social protection
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Social protection: DFID • Cash transfers as direct, regular and
predictable non-contributory payments that raise and smooth incomes with the objective of reducing poverty and vulnerability.
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Social protection: World Bank • Social protection and labor systems, policies, and
programs help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty and destitution—through instruments that improve resilience, equity, and opportunity.
• Social protection and labor practice will help countries move from fragmented approaches toward more coherent systems for social protection and labor, and help to make these more responsive, productive and inclusive.
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DistinctionsDistinctions
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A typology of social protection
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Another typology of social protection
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ProtectiveProtectiveSocial Social assistanceassistance
PreventivePreventiveInsuranceInsurance mechanisms mechanisms
PromotivePromotiveEconomicEconomic
opportunitiesopportunities
TransformativTransformativee
SocialSocial transformation transformation
A Framework for Social Protection
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler/Stephen Devereux
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V. Direct and indirect effects of social protection
interventions
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VI. Reflections: the “quiet revolution”
Paradigm shifted:• Surge in social protection over past 15 years,
acknowledging inequities• Rights-based agenda advancing
Emerging shifts:• Combining employment and decent work with social
protection • Connecting social services with income guarantees – the
social protection floors initiative
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Reading list: rationale and concepts social protectionMichelle Bachelet, 2011, Social Protection Floor for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle
Bachelet convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO. ILO. www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media- centre/news/WCMS_166292/lang--en/index.htm
Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler 2004. Transformative Social Protection, IDS Working Paper 232. Brighton: IDS. www.ids.ac.uk
Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, 2007. Debating Social Protection. Editorial Introduction. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 1-7. www.ids.ac.uk
DFID, 2011, Cash Transfers. Evidence Paper. DFID Policy Division. Londonhttp://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Articles/cash-transfers-evidence-paper.pdf
EU, 2012. Social protection in EU development cooperation. Report prepared for the EU by Simon Commander, Mark Davies, and Constantine Zaman. Brussels 2012. page 5. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/public-consultations/documents/stk_final_consultation_report_en.pdf
Margaret Grosh et al. 2008, For protection and promotion: the design and implementation of effective safety nets. World Bank, Washington DC
Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press
Sri Wening Handayani, 2010.Enhancing Social Protection in Asia and the Pacific. The Proceedings of the Regional Workshop. Asian Development Bank. Manila.. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2011/proceedings-enhancing-social-protection.pdf .
Naila Kabeer, 2010, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. www.ids.ac.uk
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ILO, 2011, World Social Security Report. Providing Coverage in times of crisis and beyond. 2010-2011. www.ilo.org
ILO, 2011, Social protection floors for social justice and a fair globalization. International Labour Conference, 101st Session, 2012. Report IV (1) . ILC.101/IV/1http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_160210.pdf
Gabriele Koehler, 2009, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy: 9. pp. 24-29, http://gsp.sagepub.com/content/9/1/24.full.pdf
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel and Stephen Devereux, 2007, Social Protection for Transformation. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 23-27. www.ids.ac.uk
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2010. Rethinking Poverty. Report on the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2010.html
UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (1948)
UNDP 2010. Human Development Report 2010. www.undp.org
UNRISD, 2010. Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440AA7?OpenDocument
UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs
World Bank 2012. RESILIENCE, EQUITY, AND OPPORTUNITY. The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012–2022. Washington April 2012. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1274453001167/7089867-1279223745454/7253917-1291314603217/SPL_Strategy_2012-22_FINAL.pdf