Concept of Living

7/30/2019 Concept of Living

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Biology

Concept of Living


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Biology as a Science

Science is the study of naturalthings, phenomenon around us

Bio Life logos study

Biology is a branch of science thatdeals with the study of life.


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Applications of Biology

Medicine

Dentistry

Veterinary Medicine

Biochemistry


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Applications of Biology

Agriculture and Horticulture

Food production industries

Microbiology

Biotechnology genetic engineering


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The Scientific Method

MakeObservation

Identifyproblem

Formulatehypothesis

Design andConduct

Experiment

Analyse resultsand draw

conclusionsShare Findings

Accepthypothesis

Theory Law/Principle


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Characteristics of Living things

All matter can be divided intoliving and non-living things.

Living things are variable in size,

shape, structure and ways of life


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Nutrition

Respiration

Excretion

Movement


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Growth

Reproduction

Sensitivity/Irritability


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Classification of Living Things The study of the general principles of classification

is known as Taxonomy or Systematics

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 1778), swedish naturalist

Biologists classify all organisms into five kingdoms:

Monera;

Protista;Fungi;

Plantae and

Animalia


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Hierarchy of Living Organisms

Kingdom

Phylum or Divisions (plants)

Class

Order


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Hierarchy of Living Organisms (contd)

Family

Genus

Species


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Scientific classification of Man

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Primate

Family Hominidae

Genus Homo

Species sapiens


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Binomial Nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus (17071778), a

Swedish botanist, invented the modern

system of binomial nomenclature.

This is a formal system of naming species of living

things by giving each a name composed of two

parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms

The name include the genus name and the

species name
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus


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Binomial Nomenclature of some

common plants and animals

Common Name Binomial Nomenclature

Plants

Onion plant Allium cepa

Mango plant Magnifera indica

Pea plant Pisum sativam

Animals

Cobra Naja naja

Housefly Musca domestica

Frog Rana hexadactyla


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Exercises

What are the differences between plants and

animals?

What are the characteristics of living things?

What do you understand as Binomial

Nomenclature?


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Biology

CLASSIFICATION OF

ORGANISMS


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Biologists generally classify all organisms

into five kingdoms:

a. Monera;

b. Protista;

c. Fungi;d. Plantae and

e. Animalia


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Kingdom: Monera

Prokaryotesbefore nucleus

Single-celled, motile or non-motile

organisms

Usually microscopic

Simple cell structure with no definite nucleus


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Kingdom: Monera Bacteria

Shape - cocci, rod,

Motility - whip like structure (flagella)

Reproduction - Binary fission

Nutrition chemosynthesis, saprophytes

Blue-green algae

Examples Nostoc and Oscillatoria


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Kingdom: Protista Eukaryotes - True nucleus

Single-celled or unicellular

Motile (flagella, cilia) or non motile organisms

Two Phyla

Protophyta (e.g. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella)

Protozoa (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium)


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Euglena viridis

Posses both plant and animal like features

Plant-like feature chloroplast

Animal-like feature plasma membrane (pellicle)


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Kingdom: Fungi

Large group ofeukaryotic organisms that includesmicroorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as wellas the more familiar mushrooms.

Fungi (kingdom Fungi) are heterotrophs. Theycannot manufacture their own food asphotosynthetic organisms can.

Most species of fungi aresaprophytic; theydecompose dead organic matter. Some speciesare parasites and others are mutualistic.
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Prokaryotes/prokaryo.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Speciation/evolutio.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/shared%20files/glossary.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/shared%20files/glossary.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/shared%20files/glossary.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/shared%20files/glossary.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Speciation/evolutio.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Prokaryotes/prokaryo.htm


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Fungi

Fungi are the principal decomposers in every

ecosystem.

They spoil food

They cause diseases especially in plants

They are used in industries


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Kingdom: Plantae

The kingdom Plantae include multicellular

groups such as flowering plants, conifers, fernsand mosses etc

Plants, are also called green plants


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Plantae Divisions of plant kingdom:

Thallophyta (Algae) e.g Spirogyra simple green plants that are all aquatic without roots,

stems or leaves

Bryophyta e.g. Liverworts, Moss

first land plant, undergoes alternation of generation

Pteridophyta e.g. Ferns

land plants with roots, stems and leaves

stem (rhizome) grows horizontally

undergoes alternation of generation


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Plantae

Gymnosperms gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing

plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo,

and Gnetales.


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Plantae

Angiosperms

seed-producing flowering plants, are

the most diverse group of land

plants. e.g. grasses, beans, palmsMonocotyledons

Dicotyledons


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Kingdom: Animalia

The animal kingdom is divided into two

groups:

Invertebrates (animals without backbone)

Vertebrates (animals with backbone)


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Animalia: Invertebrates Protozoa e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium

diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms,many of which are motile.

Coelentrata Comprise of two animal phyla, the Ctenophora

and the Cnidaria.

Posses hollow body cavity e.g. Jelly fish, Hydra,sea anemone


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Animalia: Invertebrates

Platyhelminthes e.g. tapeworm, Schistosoma phylum of relatively simple bilaterian,

unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrate

animals.

Nematoda e.g. Guinea worm,Ascaris

round worms


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Invertebrates

Mollusca contains some of the most familiar invertebrates,

including snails, slugs, clams, mussels, and

octopuses

Annelida

segmented worms, with over 22,000 modernspecies including ragworms, earthworms and

leeches.


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Animalia: Invertebrates Arthropoda

invertebrate animal group having an exoskeleton(external skeleton), a segmented body, and

jointed appendages.

largest animal phylum

Subdivided into:

Crustacea e.g. prawns, crayfish

Insecta e.g. grasshopper, housefly

Arachnida e.g. scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites

Chilopoda e.g. centipedes

Diplopoda e.g. millipedes


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Animalia: Vertebrates

Pisces e.g. Fishes cold blooded covered with scales

Well developed sense of smell with lateral lines fordetecting movements and two chambered heart

external fertilization

Amphibians e.g. toads, frogs, newts

Cold blooded with naked moist skin external fertilisation

three chambered heart


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Vertebrates

Reptilia e.g. snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles

Cold blooded having skin with dry horny scales

Internal fertilization

Aves e.g. fowls, ducks, ostrich

warm blooded covered with feathers

forelimbs modified into wings for flying

toothless beak for feeding



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Animalia: Vertebrates

Mammalia e.g. goat, rabbit, man

Warm blooded with sweat and sebaceous glands

and a covering of hair.

Well developed heart, brain etc



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Levels of Organisation in Organisms

Living organisms are highly organized built from

simple structures to form complex structures.

Hierarchy of biological organisation

Macro

molecules

Organelles Cells Tissues

OrgansSystemsOrganisms


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Levels of Organisation

Cell

basic functional and structural unit of life.

membrane bound containing nucleus and

cytoplasm.

Single-celled organisms are capable of performing

all life functions e.g Amoeba, Paramecium

Other types of cells are red blood cells, whiteblood cells, nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells etc.


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Tissue

formed by group of cells similar in structure andperforming a particular function. e.g muscle

tissue, phloem tissue

in multicellular organisms, cells are differentiatedinto tissues

Some organisms exist at tissue level oforganisation e.g. Hydra


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Organ

a collection of tissues performing specific

functions e.g. heart, kidney, liver etc

System

group of organs working in a co-ordinated manner

for the benefit of the organism. For example

digestive, respiratory, nervous, skeletal systems


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Exercise

Identify the different levels of organisations of

organisms.

Concept of Living

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