Concept Check• Answer the following questions to hand-in

(do this now)1. What is a virus?

2. What is a bacteria?

3. What is a protist?

4. What are the defining features of fungi?

How are there so many different organisms on earth?

• Create your own organism by picking a number out of pile

• Use the organism characteristic table as your guide

• Draw a quick picture and give your organism a scientific name and common name

• Compare your organism and answer the 2 questions on the hand-out

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae

Imagine taking a thin piece of algae floating in a pond and moving it to the

land. What changes would have to happen in order for it to survive on land?

Early Plants were non-vascular• Lack conductive tissues (i.e., lack specialized

tissues for transporting water and nutrients)

• Non-vascular plants today belong to the Bryophyte phyla

• Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Early Plants were non-vascular• From the photos below, can you find a common

characteristic between all three?

• That’s right – they are low-growing and found in moist environments

Liverwort Hornwort Moss

Why? A consequence of being non-vascular

• Since these plants have no vascular tissue, they cannot retain water or deliver it to other parts of the plant body

• How do you think they obtain nutrients and water?– Right – by the process of diffusion and

osmosis. This limits the size that they can grow. Just like it limits cell size.

• Also,

Why? A consequence of being non-vascular

• In addition, bryophytes do not posses true roots, stems or leaves, although the plant body is differentiated into leaf-like and stem-like parts

• What do they have?– Some species have

root-like structures called rhizoids

What is a Rhizoid?

• Hair-like structures that function like tiny roots

• Help anchor the plant and absorbs water and minerals

• Found on the lower surfaces of certain parts of mosses, ferns, and other small organisms

Time out

• Please read pg. 374 – 377 (just to the first paragraphof 377)

• It is not necessary to takenotes (unless you want to)

• The important thing is thatyou understand

Plant evolution

• For plants to grow upwards required the development of a vascular system

= Water and nutrient transport system

• Vascular tissue consists of xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)

How did Plants Adapt to Water Loss?• The development of the

cuticle• A waxy layer secreted

by epidermal cells on the outer surface of plants

• Minimizes water loss and....

• Prevents pathogens from entering plant cells

Further Evolution• Stomata – a small opening found in the

epidermal layer of plants

• Allows for exchangeof gases between theplant and the atmosphere

• Helps control water loss; opening size controlled by guard cells

Transpiration• Transpiration is the

evapouration of water from plants

• It occurs at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2

• CO2 needed for photosynthesis

Your Turn• Finish reading pg. 377

• Try questions 1-10 on pg. 378

Classification of Plantae

• Although there are a vast variety of plants in the world, they can all be placed in one of four main groups (divisions).

• Each large group contains several Phyla.

1) Bryophytes

• Three phyla (mosses, hornworts and liverworts).

• No vascular tissue, therefore depend on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients.

• Have no roots, instead have root-like rhizomes.

1) Bryophytes

• Usually grow in dense mats of low tangled vegetation that can hold water like a sponge, allowing them to survive cold or dry periods.

• Sexual reproduction.

Non-vascular PlantsMosses (Bryophytes)• Very successful and

widespread as they thrive in such diverse habitats as bogs, tundra, on bare exposed rocks, and in deep shade.

• Twice as many species of mosses as there are mammals!

Non-vascular PlantsLiverworts (Hepatophytes)• Grow flat, low to the

ground and are rarely more than 30 cells thick

• 80% are leafy and live in tropical forests and in humid climates.

• Thallose liverworts make-up the other 20%.

• Many small chloroplasts per cell.

Non-vascular Plants

Hornworts (Anthocerophytes)

• Broad, flat and are commonly blue-green in colour.

• One large chloroplast per cell

2) Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns and their relatives)

• came about 300 million years ago• developed the vascular tissue that allowed them

to grow tall

Seedless Vascular PlantsWhisk Ferns (Psilotophytes)• Look like small green whisk

brooms• No leaves or roots• Short rhizomes, which are

horizontal, underground stems.• Produce spores.

Club Mosses (Lycopodophytes)• Small evergreen-looking plants

that grow in dense mats in moist temperate or tropical forests.

• Not related to true mosses!• Have true roots and stems.

Seedless Vascular PlantsHorsetails (Sphenophytes)• Once included tree-sized members, but

now just smaller plants (1 m).• Often found in damp areas or along

roadsides.• Can be used to scour pots.• Have silica in their cells, which accounts

for the roughness.• Can be made into a shampoo to combat

head lice.

Ferns (Pteridophytes)• Dominated the forests during the

Carboniferous period (315-280 mya).• Most familiar and successful of the

seedless vascular plants.• Have roots, stems, a waxy epidermis that

reduces water loss by evaporation and stomata in their leaves for gas exchange.

• Ferns produce millions or even billions of spores in their lifetime.

• Have fronds, which are seed leaves that grow up from rhizomes.

3) Gymnosperms (Conifers and their relatives)

• disperse by means of seeds• reproduce sexually without

needing water• have seeds that are exposed

on the surface of cone scales• gymnosperm means ‘naked

seed’• includes cone-bearing trees:

pines, firs, spruce, yew, cedars, redwood and many other large trees.

• Also includes the cycadophytes, gnetophytes and ginkgophytes.

3) GymnospermsConifers• Form vast forests in the colder

regions of the world• As well as reproducing without

water, they have bark to prevent water loss.

• The pyramidal shape of many conifers helps snow and ice slide off the tree reducing branch breakings.

• The needle like leaves have a thick, waxy cuticle and sunken stomata, which reduce the rate of evaporation.

• These are evergreens, which are continually losing and replacing needles all year round.

Gnetophyta• Very rare, found in southern Africa

GymnospermsCycadophyta• 100 species in the tropics,

once dominated the earth.• Short, palm-like trees with

scaly trunks.

Ginkgophyta• The only living species is

Ginko biloba, which was common during the Jurassic period (200 mya).

• Cultivated in Asian temples for hundreds of years, which helped protect against extinction.

4) Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) • Plants that protect their seeds

within the body of a fruit are called angiosperms or flowering plants.

• Appeared on earth more than 150 mya.

• Include vines, grasses, shrubs, trees and water plants.

• Grow everywhere on land from tundra to tropics.

• Divided into monocots (1 seed leaf) and dicots (2 seed leaves)

• Sexual reproduction by pollination. Use wind, water, animals, bats, birds and insects as pollen carriers.