SI311/History329.003/RCSSCI360,Winter2016

ComputersandtheInternet:AGlobalHistory

Syllabusv3.0(revised3-29–16)

TuTh4-5:30,1255NorthQuadProf.PaulN.Edwards

Whywerecomputersinvented?Whowantedthem,andforwhat?HowhavecomputersandtheInternetchangedsocietiesandcultures

—andhowhavesocietiesandculturesshapedthem?

Thisnontechnicalseminarexploresthesocial,political,andculturalhistoryofcomputersandcomputernetworksaroundtheworld,fromthe19thcenturytothepresent.WewillcoverCharlesBabbage’sdesignsforsteam-powered,mechanicalcomputersinVictorianEngland;pre-1950human“computers”inbusiness,science,andwar;howearlydigitalcomputerscrackedtheNaziEnigmacipherduringWorldWarII;howtheColdWarchangedcomputers,andhowcomputerschangedtheColdWarintheUnitedStates,theSovietUnion,France,andGermany.We’lllookatthe1970scomputer-basedexperimentwithsocialisteconomicmanagementinAllende’sChile,thewaysthatcharacterencodingstandardsdelayedInternetadoptionbyspeakersofAsianlanguages,andtheroleofcomputersinapartheidSouthAfrica.Finally,we’llstudythestorybehindtheInternetandtheWorldWideWeb.

Requirements:readinglogs,classparticipation,twoin-classmidtermexams,take-homefinalexamORfinalpaper/project.

Opento:juniorsandseniors,sophomoresbypermission.CountstowardSocialSciencedistributionrequirementandScience,Technology&Society(STS)minor.PreferencetoBSIstudents,Historyconcentrators,andSTSminors.

Format:readings,videos,lectures,discussion.

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Requiredbook:MartinCampbell-Kelly,WilliamAspray,NathanEnsmenger,andJeffreyYost,Computer:AHistoryoftheInformationMachine(BasicBooks,2014).Pleasepurchasethethirdedition(2014).Thepreviouseditionsareoutdated.

Instructor:

Prof.PaulN.Edwards,SchoolofInformation,4437NorthQuad Email:pne@umich.edu Officehours:Tuesday2:30-3:30andThursday1:00–2:00PM,orbyappointment

Assignments

NB:topasstheclass,youmustcompletealloftheassignments,missnomorethan3classesintotal,andachieveapassinggradeinclassparticipation.

(1)Readinglog(15percentofgrade).Foreachsession,youwillwriteashortreadinglogfollowingtheformatprovided.YourlogentrymustconnectthemainReadingswithoneoftheothercategories(Context,Computing,PrimarySources).Duebeforeclass.Logsturnedinafterclasswillnotbeaccepted.Youmustcompleteatleast18logs(ontime)inordertopassthecourse.

(2)Classparticipation(15percentofgrade).Mostclasssessionswillinvolvebothsmall-groupandall-groupdiscussions.Youshouldplantocontributeatleasttwicetoeverydiscussion.Ifyouattendbutdonotparticipate,youwilllosepoints.

Coldcalls:sometimesI’llcallonpeoplewithoutwarning(coldcall).AlwaysbepreparedtorecountoneortwoofthemainargumentsorpointsoftheContext,Computing,orPrimarySourcesreadingsyoudidforthesession.It’sOKtorepeatwhatyousaidinyourreadinglog.

(3)Twoin-classmidtermexams(20percenteach).Midtermscoveronlythematerialfromthatsectionofthecourse.

(4)Chooseone:

Take-homefinalexam(2500-3500words,30percentofgrade),dueApril27.Cumulative(coversallmaterialsfromtheentirecourse).

Termresearchproject(2500-3500words,30percentofgrade).Thiscanbeatraditionalpaper,orthesameamountofwritingpresentedinanothermedium,suchasawebsiteoraniPhoneapp.Uptothreestudentsmaycollaborateonasingleproject(3000-4000wordsfor2students,3500-4500wordsfor3students).Theassignmenthasfourparts.

(a)A300-500wordprospectus,clearlydescribingyourtopic,isdueinclassonMarch8.Youmustturnthisinwhenitisdue,butyoucanchangeyourtopiclaterbyturninginanotherprospectusnolaterthanMarch22.

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(b)Anannotatedsourcelist(minimum750words)describingthematerialsyouwilluseforyourtermresearchproject.Thelistmustincludeatleast15high-qualitysourcesdirectlyrelatedtoyourtopic.Discussionsofeachreferenceshouldbeatleast2-4sentencesforshortpiecessuchasarticlesorwebsites,andatleast6-8sentencesforlongpiecessuchasbooks.Eachdescriptionshouldindicatehowyouwillusethesourcetodeveloporsupportyourmainargument(s).DueinclassMarch29.

(c)Afull-length,high-qualitydraft(NOTa“rough”draft)isdueinclassApril12.Itwillbereturnedwithin7days,withcommentsandsuggestionsforrevisions.

(d)Thefinalversion,edited,revised,andproofread,isduenolaterthanApril27.Finalversionsmustrespondtocommentsonthedraftandincorporateextensiverevisions.

CourseSchedule

Eachweek’sassignmentincludesfourelements:Reading,Context,Computing,andPrimarySources.EveryoneshoulddotheReadingforeverysession.Alsochooseatleastoneoftheotherthreeelementstoread.

EachreadinglogmustcovertheReadingplusatleastoneofthethreeotherelements.

January7—Introduction:AutomaticComputationinthe19thCentury

Reading:Computer,Chapter1.AlsoreadthesectionofChapter3ontheAnalyticalEngine.

Johnstone,“Babbage'sLanguageofThought”(blogpost)

Context:BBCTimeline,VictorianBritain

Computing:demoofBabbage’sDifferenceEngine(video) ManyotherresourcesattheFourmilabAnalyticalEnginewebsite,includingan

emulatoroftheAnalyticalEngine Primarysources:Cayleyetal.,ReportoftheCommitteeappointedtoconsiderthe

advisabilityandtoestimatetheexpenseofconstructingMr.Babbage'sAnalyticalMachine,andofprintingTablesbyitsmeans(1878)

MajorGeneralH.P.Babbage(CharlesBabbage’sson),“TheAnalyticalEngine”(1888)

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January12—AnalogComputing,part1

Reading:Computer,Chapter3(partsyoudidn’treadforWeek1) NewScientist,“2000-year-oldcomputerrecreated”(video,2min) Freethetal.,“DecodingtheancientGreekastronomicalcalculatorknownasthe

AntikytheraMechanism”(2006) CharlesPetzold,“ComputeroftheTides”(videooflecturefromCodeonthe

Beach2014—1hr).Who’sthatonhist-shirt?

Context:vandenEnde,“TidalCalculationsinTheNetherlands,1920-1960”(1992) “ModelsavesSFBayfromEcologicalDisaster”(video,4min)

Computing:Ulmann(2013SIGINTlecture),AnalogComputing(video,38min,goodforthosewhoknowsomehighermathand/orelectronics)

Primarysources:browsetheAnalogMuseum—includesexamplesofrealanalog

computers,andalibraryofmanualsandarticlesaboutanalogcomputation.

January14—AnalogComputing,part2

Reading:Gallagher,“GearsofWar:Whenmechanicalanalogcomputersruledthewaves”Watchtheembeddedvideos(about15mintotal).

Williams,“DifferentialAnalyzers”(2013) TheVannevarBushDifferentialAnalyzerandUCLADifferentialAnalyzer

(videos)

Context:Gallagher,“BeforeSiliconValleygotnasty,thePiratesofAnalogAlleyfoughtitout”(acompanionpiecetothemainreading).Exploresomeoftheembeddedlinks.

Computing:solutionofÿ=-ybyadifferentialanalyzer(simulation) Howe,“Analogcomputersinacademiaandindustry:ahistoryofanalog

computingattheUniversityofMichiganandthefoundingofAppliedDynamicsInternational”(2005)

Primarysources:MechanicalComputer:a6-partUSNavytrainingfilm(1953,41minutes).Explainsfirecontrolfromshipboardusingmechanicalanalogcomputers.Ithelpstoknowalittlecalculusand/orbasicphysics,butmostofthemathdiscussedhereisnotverycomplicated.(Partsofthesevideosappearinthemainreading.)

January19—FromHollerithtoIBM

Reading:Computer,Chapter2 FDRPresidentialLibrary,“TheGreatDepression:FactsandFigures”

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history.com,TheNewDeal.Watchthevideo,readthetext,andvisitatleastthreeofthetopicandphotopages.

FDRPresidentialLibrary,““OurPlainDuty”:FDRandAmerica’sSocialSecurity”andthisvideoofFDR’sspeechesaboutit

Context: Puckett,“AdministeringSocialSecurity:ChallengesYesterdayandToday”

Computing:“TheMechanicalWorkoftheTwelfthCensus”(1908) “UncleSamCountsNoses”(1940) “The1950USCensus”(1950)

Primarysources:OASISNews,“TheBureau:AProfile”(1952) Staruch,“FilingLittleWoodenSticks”(1978)

January21—ComputersandWorldWarII,part1

Reading:Computer,Chapter4 ENIAC(1946video,9min)andJeanBartikandtheENIACWomen(video,7min) Black,"FinalSolutions" EdwinBlack,IBMandtheHolocaust(video,4min)

Context:HistoryofWWII

Computing:Goldstine,“vonNeumannandtheComputer”and“BeyondtheENIAC”(bookchapters,1972).SkimChapter6(aboutvonNeumann);readchapter7,“BeyondtheENIAC,”morecarefully.

Primarysources:Bush,“AsWeMayThink”(1945)

January26—ComputersandWorldWarII,part2

Reading:ComputerHistoryMuseum,“BreakingtheCode”(video,5min) “HistoryoftheEnigma,”“Bombe,”and“Colossus,”Cryptomuseum.com.

Exploresidelinks. “BreakingtheCode,”MasterpieceTheater(90min).Anexcellentfilmstarring

thegreatBritishactor,SirDerekJacobi.Watchitwithfriends. Context:TopSecretRosies(PBSvideo,56min)—rentfor$1.99(highquality),orwatch

free(lowerquality)

Computing:Haigh,“Actually,Turingdidnotinventthecomputer” Numberphile,“158,962,555,217,826,360,000(EnigmaMachine)”

Primarysources:Turing,“ComputingMachineryandIntelligence”(1950).Oneofthemostfamousarticlesinthehistoryofcomputing,andsourceofthetitleofTheImitationGame(film,2014).

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January28—ComputersandtheColdWar,part1

Reading:Computer,Chapter5 History.com,The1950s.Readthetextandview/listentothevideo/audio

materials.

Context:Wikipediaentryon“ColdWar”anditssubentries.IfyouareunfamiliarwithColdWarhistory,spendawhileonthissite.

Haigh,“ComputingtheAmericanWay:ContextualizingtheEarlyUSComputerIndustry”(2010)

Computing:EDSACProject–mercurydelaylines(video,4min) Wikipedia,Williamstube

Primarysources:Valley,“HowtheSAGEDevelopmentBegan”(1985)

February2—ComputersandtheColdWar,part2

Reading:Computer,Chapter7 USAirForce,“InYourDefense”(video,1960s,23min)

Context:CBCDigitalArchiveson“ColdWarCulture:TheNuclearFearofthe1950sand1960s.”Watchseveralvideoclipsandlistentoseveralradioepisodes(yourchoice)

Computing:MagneticCoreMemorySystemsWikipedia,Magnetic-corememory“GenesisoftheTransistor,”1965documentarybyAT&T“TheFirstChipWarandCaliforniaStartupCulture”(video,10min)

Primarysources:Everettetal.,“SAGE:AData-ProcessingSystemforAirDefense”(1957)

February4—FromMainframetoMini

Reading:Computer,Chapters6,8

Context: Ensmenger,“TheBlackArtofProgramming”(2010)

Computing:Hoare,“Programming:SorceryorScience?”(1984)

Primarysources:Brooks,TheMythicalMan-Month(1974).Thisisa220-pagebook,soIdon’texpectyoutoreadthewholething—butit’swritteninaveryengaging,oftenfunnystyle,andit’sstillfullofgoodlessons.Readtheintroandchapters1-4,ataminimum.

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February9—CyberneticsandComputingintheSovietUnion

Reading:Pangaro,“’GettingStarted’GuidetoCybernetics”.Readthemainpageandwatchtheintrovideo.Exploresomeofthelinks.

Wikipedia,“HistoryoftheSovietUnion.”Thisisthegeneralpage;usethelinkstoreadall5“mainarticles”(notverylong),covering1917-1991

Gerovitch,“‘MathematicalMachines’oftheColdWar:SovietComputing,AmericanCyberneticsandIdeologicalDisputesintheEarly1950s”(2001)

Context:McHenryandGoodman,“MISinSovietIndustrialEnterprises:TheLimitsofReformfromAbove”(1986)

Computing:Prokhorov,“ComputersinRussia:Science,Education,andIndustry”(1999)

Primarysources:Gerovitch,“InterNyet:WhytheSovietUnionDidNotBuildaNationwideComputerNetwork”(2008)

February11—TheArpanet

Reading:Lukasik,“WhytheArpanetwasBuilt”(2011) Computer,Chapter11 “Packetswitching,”Wikipedia Context: Ornstein,ComputingintheMiddleAges,Ch.14(2002) Licklider,“MemorandumForMembersandAffiliatesoftheIntergalactic

ComputerNetwork,”1963

Computing:“ComputerNetworks:TheHeraldsofResourceSharing”(1972video,30min)

VintCerfonthehistoryofpacketswitching(video,15min) LenKleinrock:theFirstTwoPacketsontheInternet(video,13min)

Primarysources:ARPAComputerNetwork–RequestForProposals(pp.20-42,usingpaginationinthelowerleftcorner;skimtherest)

RequestForComments#3(2pp)

February16—FIRSTMIDTERMEXAM

February18—Chile:ProjectCybersyn

Reading:Medina,“DesigningFreedom,RegulatingaNation:SocialistCyberneticsinAllende’sChile”(2006)

Morozov,“ThePlanningMachine:ProjectCybersynandtheoriginsoftheBigDatanation,”TheNewYorker(October2014)

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Vinsel,“AnUnresolvedIssue:EvgenyMorozov,TheNewYorker,andthePerilsof"HighbrowJournalism"

Optional:browsethedebateaboutMorozov’sarticlevs.Medina’sbook:

SocietyfortheHistoryofTechnologySIGonComputers,Information&Society(SIGCIS),emaillistarchive.Starthere(notethatthisposttakesasatiricalapproach).Thenclick“nextmessage”intheheaderstoseefollowups.

Context:Wikipedia,“Chile”and“PresidencyofSalvadorAllende”.Exploresomeofthelinksandthesourcematerials(notesatendofeachpage),focusingontheperiodbetween1960and1980.

USDept.ofState,MemorandumforHenryKissingeronChile,December4,1970.Thisisalongdocument-readatleastonefullsection,e.g.pp.3-11,togetthegeneralidea.“OAS”istheOrganizationofAmericanStates,i.e.thediplomaticorganizationofSouthAmericangovernments.

GarciaMarquez,“WhyAllendeHadtoDie”(1974,republished2013) Computing:Beer,“TheIntelligentOrganization”Part1(video,about1h15min) EspejoandGill,“TheViableSystemModelasaFrameworkforUnderstanding

Organizations”.Ifthisistoohardtofollow,checkouttheWikipediaentryfortheViableSystemModel.

Primarysources:Hanlon,“ChileLeapsintoCyberneticFuture” Grosch,“Chileaneconomiccontrols”(lettertoeditor) Beer,Cyberstride(handwrittenreport) Beer,DesigningFreedom(textof6radiotalks,withnotes,1973)

February23—FromMinitoMicro

Reading:Computer,Chapter9

Context:Levy,Hackers,Chapters1-2(1984) BillGates,“OpenLettertoHobbyists”(1976)

Computing:Garland,“DesignInnovationsinPersonalComputers”(1977)

Primarysources:TriumphoftheNerds(PBSvideoseries),Part1,ImpressingtheirFriends.

February25—AppleandtheGraphicalUserInterface(GUI,pronounced“gooey”)

Reading:Computer,Chapter10

Context:TriumphoftheNerds(PBSvideoseries).Part2,RidingtheBear

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Computing:Reimer,HistoryoftheGraphicalUserInterface,atArsTechnica(notentirelyreliable)

Primarysources:TriumphoftheNerds(PBSvideoseries).Part3,GreatArtistsSteal.

March1andMarch3—NOCLASS(Winterbreak)

March8—Movieday

DUE:prospectusforfinalpaper(ifyou’redoingthat)

March10—FromARPAnettoNSFnet

Reading: Computer,Chapter12

Context: Edwards,“SomeSaytheInternetShouldNeverHaveHappened”(2010)

Computing:Cats-BarilandJelassi,“TheFrenchVideotexSystemMinitel:ASuccessfulImplementationofaNationalInformationTechnologyInfrastructure”(1994)

Primarysources:MERIT,“NSFNET:APartnershipforHigh-SpeedNetworking—FinalReport,1987-1995”

March15—Japan

Reading:Wikipedia,“Post-occupationJapan”and“MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustry”

Cortada,“ComputingComestoJapan”(2012) Context:Flamm,“GovernmentandComputersinJapanandEurope”(readonlythe

sectiononJapan,andtheSummaryattheend)(1987) NewYorkTimes,1992.“‘FifthGeneration'BecameJapan'sLostGeneration” Nielsen,1988.“FifthGeneration1988tripreport.” Wikipedia,“FifthGenerationComputer.” Hendler,2008.“AvoidingAnotherAIWinter.”

Optional:pokearoundintheFifthGenerationComputerSystemsMuseum(mostlytechnicaldocuments,somepictures)

Computing:Shapard,“Islandsinthe(Data)Stream:Language,CharacterCodes,and

ElectronicIsolationinJapan”(1993) Primarysources:FergusonandMorris,“ColoringtheWorldBlue”

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March17—SouthAfrica

Reading:BriefhistoryofSouthAfrica(readonlythehistorysectiononthispage) Briefhistoryofapartheid(moredetailedhistoriesarelinkedfromhere) EdwardsandHecht,“HistoryandtheTechnopoliticsofIdentity:TheCaseof

ApartheidSouthAfrica”(2010) Context:Itano,2002.“ShouldIBMandotherspayapartheidbill?” Cohen,Milstein,Hausfeld&Toll,PLLC,“ApartheidLitigation:Plaintiffs’Personal

Stories.”StoriesofsomeoftheplaintiffsinthelawsuitsdiscussedintheItanoarticle.(2004)

Computing:LeveyandYoung,Rowingupstream:snapshotsofpioneersofthe

informationageinAfrica.I’veselectedafewpieces:ICTtimeline,Chapter4,andChapter7.(2002)

Primarysources:Slob,“ComputerizingApartheid”(1990)

March22—Web1.0:FromCERNtotheDot-comBubble Reading:CERN(EuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics),BirthoftheWeb.Visitall

thelinkshere.Seeareproductionofthefirstwebsite(ever)andanemulatorofthefirstwebbrowser.

Berners-Lee,“HowItAllStarted”(slideshowwithworkinglinks;visitthelinks) DiscoveryScience,2008.TheTrueStoryoftheInternet:BrowserWarsandDot-

ComBubble(video,eachepisodeabout45minutes).

Context:McCracken,“AHistoryofAOL,asToldinItsOwnOldPressReleases”(2010)and“20YearsofAOLAnnoyancesandFoul-Ups”(2009)

Barlow,“Isthereathereincyberspace?” Computing:Brain,HowWebServersWork Frana,”BeforetheWebtherewasGopher”(2004)

Primarysources:RFC1192(CommercializationoftheInternet) Berners-Lee,1989.“InformationManagement:AProposal”(originalproposal

fortheWWW)

March24—SECONDMIDTERMEXAM

March29—TheDarkSide:Hackers,Spam,andBlackMarkets Reading:Brunton,“AShortHistoryofSpam”(2014) Brunton,“ConstitutiveInterference:SpamandOnlineCommunities”(2012) Context: Froomkin,“TheInternetasaSourceofRegulatoryArbitrage”(1997)

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Brunton,2013.“Spam,Porn,andBodilyComputation”(video,24min) Computing:GeigerandRibes,“TheWorkofSustainingOrderinWikipedia:The

BanningofaVandal”(2010)

Primarysources:Templeton,“Originoftheterm‘spam'tomeannetabuse”.Visitsomeofthelinkstotheoriginalspammessages.

March31—Ghana

Reading: BriefhistoryofGhana;CIAWorldFactbookonGhana Burrell,“UserAgencyintheMiddleRange:RumorsandtheReinventionofthe

InternetinAccra,Ghana”(2011) Wiens,“AnInfamousE-WasteSlumNeededUs.ItGotRazedInstead.” Context: Burrell,“TheImportofSecondhandComputersandtheDilemmaof

ElectronicWaste”(2012)

Computing:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,2011.WhereAreWEeeinAfrica?FindingsFromtheBaselConventionE-WasteAfricaProgramme(Basel:SecretariatoftheBaselConvention)

Primarysources:Aljazeera,“E-WasteRepublic” Hakkens,“AFreeTrip”(video,4min)

April5—Web2.0:FromGoogletoWikipedia,Facebook,andTwitter

Reading:DiscoveryScience,2008.TheTrueStoryoftheInternet:Search(video,45min)

Wales,2005.TEDtalk,“TheBirthofWikipedia”(video,20min) Wales,2014.“TheFutureofWikipedia”(video,16min) BloombergGameChangers,2013.“MarkZuckerberg:BuildingtheFacebook

Empire”(video,45min) Lotanetal.,2011.“TheRevolutionsWereTweeted:InformationFlowsDuring

the2011TunisianandEgyptianRevolutions”

Context:Wikipedia,“HistoryoftheEncyclopediaBritannica”.Skimsections2and3;readtherestcarefully,especiallyfromsection4.5totheend.

Computing:Brinetal.,1998.“ThePageRankCitationRanking:BringingOrdertothe

Web”.Someofthisishighlytechnical,butmostofthepapercanbeunderstoodbyanyone.

Primarysources:Petersen,“IntheWorldofFacebook”(2010)

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April7—China(guestlecturer:SilviaLindtner)

Reading: KaiserKuo,2014.SinicaPodcastontheHistoryoftheInternetinChina(56minutes).KuoisaheavymetalguitaristwhoalsorunstheSinicapodcast.Listentothisatthewebsiteabove,ordownloadithereasanMP3file.

Lindtner,2015.“HackingwithChineseCharacteristics:ThePromisesoftheMakerMovementagainstChina’sManufacturingCulture”

Context:"ContinentalShift:HowChinaischangingAfrica"(podcast,33min-listenonthewebsite,ordownload)

Computing:DavidRowan,2016,"Xiaomi's$45bnformulaforsuccess(and,noit'snot'copyApple'),Wired

AnnaGreenspan,SilviaLindtner,DavidLi,2015,"Shanzhai:China'sCollaborativeElectronics-DesignEcosystem",TheAtlantic

Primarysources:Wikipedia,“GoldenShieldProject”Wiredmagazine,2007.“TheGreatFirewall:China'sMisguided—andFutile—

AttempttoControlWhatHappensOnline.” Buckley,2013.CrackdownonbloggersismountedbyChina.

April12—Conclusion(noreading)

April14—NOCLASS

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Coursepoliciesandexpectations

Workloadaverages9hrs/weekoutsideofclass.AswithallUniversityofMichigancourses,3hoursofout-of-classworkareexpectedforeachcoursecredit.Thisisa3-creditclass,soout-of-classworkloadshouldaverage9hours/weekoverthesemester,includingexamweek.(Someweekswilltakemoretime,othersless.)Ifyouhavetroublecompletingthereadinginatimelyway,pleaseseemypamphletHowtoReadaBook.

Attendanceisrequired.Lecturesandin-classactivityaremajorelementsofthiscourse;ifyoudon’tcome,youaren’tdoingthework.Youcanmissupto3classsessions—morethan10percentofthecourse—withoutpenalty.Afterthat,eachmissedclasswillresultinatwo-thirdslettergradereductioninyourfinalcoursegrade.Forexample,ifyourgradeshouldbeaB+butyoumissedatotalof4classes,youwouldreceiveaB-instead.Ifyoumissmorethan5classes,youcannotpassthecourse.

Inthepast,somestudentshavetriedtogetaroundthispolicybycreatinganimaginaryemergency.Therefore,withapologiesfortheinconvenience,Irequiredocumentationforallabsences,includingdeaths,familyemergencies,illness,etc.,uptoandincludingnuclearwar.

Istronglysuggestthatyounotmissanyclassesearlyinthesemester.Saveyour"skip"daysforlateinthesemester,whenyou'llneedthemmore.

Lecturesarepartofthecoursematerial.Pleasetakenotesonlectures.You’llbeexpectedtocitethemintelligentlyonyourexams.ManyofmyPowerpointsdonotcontainalotofwords,sotheywillnotsubstituteforyourownnotes.Studiesshowthathandwrittennotesproducebetterlearningthannotestypedonacomputer.

Laptops,smartphones,etc.:onlywhenauthorized,onlyforcoursepurposes.Justasyouwouldnotspreadoutanewspaperandreaditinclass,pleaserespectyourinstructorandyourfellowstudentsbyrefrainingfromallnon-course-relateduseofelectronicdevicesduringclass.Thismeansnoweb-surfing,texting,tweeting,etc.Activescreens,aswellasthediversionofyourattention,aredistractingforeveryoneelseanddetrimentaltoyourownlearning.Studentsseenviolatingthispolicywillbemarked“absent”forthatsession.

Laptopquadrant:studentswhowanttouselaptopsduringclassmustsitinthefirsttworowsontheleft-handside.Nolaptopuseispermittedintherestoftheclassroom.

Intellectualhonesty:AttheUniversityofMichiganandinprofessionalsettingsgenerally,plagiarismisanextremelyseriousmatter.Pleaseparaphrasewhereverpossible,sincethishelpsyouprocessandunderstandwhatyouhaveread.Iftrulynecessary,youcanquotepublishedwork,butquotationsmustbeclearlymarkedandproperlyattributed.Youmayobtaincopyeditingassistance,andyoumaydiscussyourideaswithothers,butallsubstantivewritingandideasmustbeyourownorelsebeexplicitlyattributedtoanother,usingacitationsufficientlydetailedforsomeoneelsetoeasilylocateyoursource.

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Allcasesofplagiarismwillbereportedimmediately.Therewillbenowarnings,nosecondchances,noopportunitytorewrite.Consequencescanrangefromfailingtheassignment(agradeofzero)orfailingthecoursetoexpulsionfromtheUniversity.Foradditionalinformationaboutplagiarism,seeAcademicIntegrityandPlagiarism:WhatItisandHowtoRecognizeandAvoidIt.Ifyouhaveeventheslightestdoubtaboutwhetheryouareusingthewordsorideasofothersappropriately,pleaseask.

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