RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1328-3 - Satellite system characteristics
Computerized Measurement Systems (EEMN10) 2015bme.lth.se/.../EEMN10_2015_Lect1_Introduction.pdf ·...
Transcript of Computerized Measurement Systems (EEMN10) 2015bme.lth.se/.../EEMN10_2015_Lect1_Introduction.pdf ·...
-
1
Computerized Measurement Systems (EEMN10) 2015CHRISTIAN ANTFOLK & JOSEFIN STARKHAMMAR
Course information 2015• Course administrators:
Christian Antfolk ([email protected])Josefin Starkhammar ([email protected])
• Course webpage : http://bme.lth.se/course-pages/datorbaserade-maetsystem/
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
2
Course information 2015
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Course information 2015• Goal: to give an overview of systems and methods to collect
measurement data with the help of a computer in test and industrial environments. To program such a system in eg.LabVIEW or Matlab in a logical and structured way in order to solve a measurement task.
• Lectures: Lectures in this room (E:1328), Mondays & Fridays• Course litterature: Will be made available on the course
webpage• Grades: Passed assignments (handed in on time!), laboratory
exercises and project = grade 3. Higher grades require taking the exam.
• If you decide NOT to follow the course please let us know
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
3
Course information 2014
• 3 Assignments– Assgn 1: LabVIEW (Hand-in deadline Sunday 15.11.2015)
– Assgn 2: DAQ Boards (Hand-in deadline Sunday 22.11.2015)
– Assgn 3: Home Lab (Hand-in deadline Sunday 13.12.2015)
• 2 Labs– Lab 1: GPIB (Academic week 3, room E:1309b)
» Wednesday 18.11.2015 8-12 or 13-17
– Lab 2: DAQ-PAD (Academic week 4, room E:1309b)» Wednesday 25.11.2015 8-12 or 13-17
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Course information 2015• Project:
– Build a measurement system (room E:1309B)– Choose project week 3 of the course– Short project description and suggested approach to
solution Monday 29.11.2015– Short oral presentation Monday 14.12.2015 + written
report– Report hand-in Friday 18.12.2015
• Gear : PC with LabVIEW and Matlab
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
4
Example projects (last year)
• FPGA/CompactRIO-based measurements (industry)• Automated Voltage vs. Frequency measurement for an
acoustophoresis setup (BME)• Control of pneumatic actuators for stimulation in an fMRI
environment. (Radiation Physics / BME)
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Schedule (subject to change)
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Preliminary schedule for EEMN10 2015Academic week Day Date Time Place
Lect no: Topic Lecturer Assignments
Labs (E:1309b) Project
1 Monday 02.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 1Introduction to the course CA
Friday 06.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 2 LabVIEW I (introduction, variables, structures etc) JS
2 Monday 09.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 3LabVIEW II (subVI's, error wires, data flow control) :: Assgn 1 info JS Assgn 1: LabVIEW(Deadline
Sunday 15.11.2015)Friday 13.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 4 Databuses and communications : Project suggestion list CA
3
Monday 16.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 5 Instrument control :: Lab1 and Assgn 2 info & prep JS Assgn 2: DAQ board (Deadline
Sunday 22.11.2015)
Lab1 : GPIB
Friday 20.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328
6 LabVIEW in industry / Design patterns DVEL
Choose project
4Monday 23.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 7
Data acquisition boards and USB‐DAQ :: Lab 2 info & prep
CALab2: DAQ‐
PAD
Project plan (Deadline Sunday
29.11.2015)
Friday 27.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 8Data acquisition using Matlab :: Assgn 3 info & prep + LabVIEW @ Elmät JS
Project execution
5 Monday 30.11.2015 13‐15 E:1328 9Signal conditioning CA
Assgn 3: Home Lab assignment (Deadline
13.12.2015)
Friday 04.12.2015 13‐15 E:1145 10 Signal processing data presentation, questions and check‐up CA
6 Monday 07.12.2015 13‐15 E:1328 11Software for measurement systems (LabCVI, Measurement Studio, HP‐VEE, Dasylab) CA/GUEST
Friday 11.12.2015 13‐15 E:1328 NO LECTURE
7Monday 14.12.2015 08‐17 E:1328 12 Project presensation / demonstrations CA/JS
Friday 18.12.2015 13‐15 E:1328 NO LECTUREReport hand‐in
8 Wednesday 13.01.2015 8‐12 E:1328 EXAMINATION
-
5
Overview of the course content
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Computerized measurement system example
Physical quantity Measurement system
Signal processing
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Sensor
Physicalquantity, eg. soundwave
Signal conditioning, eg. filters & amplifiers
Instrument withdata bus
interface, eg. USB or PXI
Personal computer
-
6
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical programming• LabVIEW• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Textual programming• LabWindows CVI• Measurement Studio• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical programming• LabVIEW• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Textual programming• LabWindows CVI• Measurement Studio• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
-
7
Signal conditioning
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• How does the sensor/transducer work?• Change in resistance (strain gauge, Pt100) -> Wheatstone bridge• Voltage (thermocouple, piezo transducer)• Current (semi-conductors) -> generate known voltage drop over
known R
• Filterering (50 Hz), isolation (opto), amplification?• A/D conversion
• Adapt the signal to the working range of the A/D converter• Dynamic range (Difference between the smallest and biggest
measurable values)• How many bits (resolution) does the measurement system has to
have to meet the need for measurement accuracy? (8 bits = 2^8=256 signal levels across the measurement range)(+ 10 V => 78 mV per level. 16 bit => 0.3 mV per level)
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical programming• LabVIEW• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Textual programming• LabWindows CVI• Measurement Studio• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
-
8
Example of a DAQ card
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• Programmable range• 2 x 12-bit Analog Outputs• Internal or external trigger
• 16 Analog inputs• 12-bit A/D converter• 1 multiplexed A/D converter• 110 kHz sampling frequency
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical programming• LabVIEW• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Textual programming• LabWindows CVI• Measurement Studio• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
-
9
General Purpose Interface Bus
• Introduced by HP 1965• 1 MB/s• Requires special cables and och plug-in cards• Max 20 m total cable length and 15 instruments• Still very much used for instrument control in both industry
and research environments, probably due to the rugged connectors
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
General Purpose Interface Bus
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
10
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical programming• LabVIEW• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Textual programming• LabWindows CVI• Measurement Studio• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
Serial communications• RS-232
– Unbalanced (one ground wire + one active wire)
– Point-to-point
– Up to 19,2 kbit/s at 15 m cable
• RS-422– Balanced (both wires are active but in opposite phase)
– Point-to-point
– Up to 2 Mbit/s
• RS-485– Balanced (both wires are active but in opposite phase)
– Multiple units are connected in parallel, however the communication is serial (Multidrop)
– Up to 10 Mbit/s
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
11
Comparison RS232 – RS422
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Tx
GNDRS232
Tx-
Tx+
RS422/RS485
0
1
Serial communication
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• USB, FireWire, Ethernet– 5 m cable for USB, – 5 Gbit/s (USB 3),
• FireWire– 72 m cable– 3.2 Gbit/s
• Ethernet– 72 m cable– 10 Gbit/s
• SATA 3– 8 m cable– Up to 6 Gbit/s – Designed to send data quickly to harddrives
-
12
Example of USB based system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalquantity
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical• LabVIEW• LabCVI• Measurement Studio• Agilent VEE• (DASYlab)
• Command• LabWindows• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
-
13
What is a computer bus?
• A collection of wires which transfer digital data according to a specific protocol between separate units.
• There are several standards to allow seamless connectivity of instruments from a number of different vendors.
– Example : PCI, USB, GPIB, Firewire, SATA, Ethernet, etc
• Example of entire systems with specific computer buses incorporated in each unit are fieldbuses, VXI-systems, PXI-systems, real-time controllers etc.
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
The PCI bus in a PC
• The PCI-bus, 32 bits, 133 MB/s, 33 MHz• ”Peripheral Component Interconnect”• The PCI-e bus, ”PCI-express”, 64 bits, 256 MB/s per line
(total of 20 lines), 2 GHZ• Full duplex = to send and receive data at the same
time => 512 MB/s
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
14
VXI – VMEbus eXtensions for Instrumentation• Faster and more compact than
GPIB (40 MB/s with a 32 bit bus)
• Produced by 250 vendors• Can be connected through
MXI (Multisystem eXtensionInterface), or GPIB if there are other more traditional instruments in the system
• FireWire (IEEE-1394), USB, LAN etc…
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
PXI – PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation
• Like VXI but with PCI bus• More compact, ”cheaper”• Also PXIe for the faster PCI
express bus
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
15
Real time controllers• Basic idea: combine measurement
tasks and signal generation with dedicated hardware
• Advantages: fast, robust• Car industry, power industry,
automation• Plug in cards• Stand alone module• Industrial systems
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Fieldbuses
• Used to interconnect automation devices in a network• Heavily used in industry
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
16
Fieldbuses
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Fieldbuses - example
• Cars (CAN-bus)• More and more gadgets and driver aid systems has
increased the total weight of the wiring in cars. (Engine control systems, ACC, ABS, ESP...)
• Gambro’s AK100• Elevators• Photo copy machines• Toys
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
17
Why use fieldbuses
• Distributed intelligence gives:• Less cabling, especially over long distances• Measurement cells can be made self calibrating or be
calibrated remotely through the bus• Self diagnostic systems• Flexible system when transducer units are exchanged
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Structure of a measurement system
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
• pressure• temperature• speed• angular velocity• luminosity• force
Physicalentety
Measurementsystem
Presentation(and control)
• Signal conditioning• DAQ-cards• Bus control of
instruments• GPIB (parallel)• RS232 (serial)
• Bus systems with integrated and standardized instruments• VXI/PXI• Real time controllers• Field buses
• Graphical• LabVIEW• LabCVI• Measurement Studio• Agilent VEE• DASYlab
• Command• LabWindows• Visual Basic• Visual C/C++• Matlab
-
18
LabVIEW
• National Instruments• Graphical Programming Language• ”G”• Current version LabView 2014• Virtual Instruments
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Virtual instruments
• Three mail building blocks:• Data collection (software for communication with
measurement device, e. g. ordinary instrument, DAQ-card or through VXI/PXI)
• Analysis (statistics, filtering, spectral analysis...)• Presenation (all settings can be handled through the
program window which is designed for the specific measurement task, data presentation etc. Hence, the name Virtual Instrument)
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
19
Example of a LabVIEW program• Front panel
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Example of a LabVIEW program• Block diagram
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
20
Dataflow programming
• Execution determined by the structure of the program
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
A poor example of a LabVIEW program
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
-
21
A better example of a LabVIEWprogram
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Download LabVIEW & Matlab
• LabVIEW– Go to http://www.ni.com/academic/download.htm– Download LabVIEW– Student serial number : M79X96296
• Matlab– Go to http://program.ddg.lth.se/– Log in– Follow the instructions
Lund University | Faculty of Engineering | Dept. of Biomedical Engineering