COMPUTER SYSTEM The Introduction 1. Objectives To describe the meaning of computer system. To...

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COMPUTER SYSTEM

The Introduction

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Objectives• To describe the meaning of computer

system.• To describe the structure and function of

computer.• To classify the computer• To state the evolution and history of

computer development

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COMPUTERLatin word Computare which means “calculate”.

Computer is a machine that only can execute instructions that given by the user and operate the data base on the related instruction. The computer will process the data to produce information.

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Structure & Function

Structure is the way how each component/unit of computer communicates to each other.

Function is refers to the operation of each component which include in a structure.

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Computer Structure

Computer

Main Memory

InputOutput

SystemsInterconnection

Peripherals (peranti persisian)

CommunicationLines ( talian komunikasi)

CentralProcessing Unit

Computer

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The main components / units of computer

Input/Output (I/O) To move data and information between computer and external environement.

Main Memory To keep data during process.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) To process data and control the computer operations.

System Interconnection (Control Unit) The mechanism which is use to communicate between CPU, main memory and I/O.

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CPUs: the heart of computing systems

1980It took 10 of these boards to

make a Central Processing Unit

2000You can see why they called this CPU a microprocessor!

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Data - raw fact - 5 data types :

1. Text : alphabetic, numeric, special symbol2. Graphics : picture3. Audio : any kind of sound4. Video : a series of photographed frame which record the

real movement.5. Animation : a series of image which is displayed one by

one to produce a movement illusion.

Information - data that has been processed and contains

meaning.

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Computer Function

4 main functions of computer : Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

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Computer Function

DataMovementApparatus

ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility

DataProcessingFacility

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Data Movement

Ex : keyboard to monitor


ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility


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Data Storage

Ex : download from internet to disk


ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility


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Data ProcessingEx : mengemaskini penyata bank melibatkan pemprosesan dari/ke storan.


ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility


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Data Processing

Ex : mencetak penyata bank melibatkan pemprosean dari storan ke I/O.


ControlMechanism

DataStorageFacility


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COMPUTER SYSTEM ?

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Computer System

Basically it is divided into :

1. Computer Architecture2. Computer Organization

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Architecture & Organization

Architecture

The computer attribute which can be recognized by programmer.

This attribute has a direct effect to the program execution such as instruction set, data representation, addressing and I/O.

Organization

The connection of the sources of computer hardware.

Including the integration between systems.

The communication flow control between the physical component.

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Ex : Architecture & Organisation

All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture .

Similarly, the family of systems IBM / 370 share the same basic architecture .

Same family provides compatibility code .

However, different organizations from one family version to another computer.

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Computer Classification

Based on :• CPU speed• The number of register inside the CPU• The word size• Main memory size (RAM)• Complexity Sistem Pengendalian• Physical size• Cost • Cyber Memory Space• Secondary memory size• The multiple-programming degree

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Computer Classification

• microcomputer system (PC)• minicomputer system• mainframe system• supercomputer system

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Microcomputer

Introduced on 1970.

Based on microprocessor technology.

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Minicomputer

Able to execute arithmetic function and basic logic and supports the number of programming language for enormous computer.

The size is smaller than a main frame. Suitable for the processing task which

doesn’t need the huge date access.

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Main frame Bigger then minicomputer. The processing capability is

higher than minicomputer. Very suitable to operate the

gigantic database which needs a central management.

Always used by big company and government. Ex. : KWSP & bank.

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Supercomputer The highest processing

capability. Able to execute million of

instructions per second (MIPS). Suitable for huge calculation

which includes the big value and needs precision.

Ex: Aerospace & nuclear

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Two pillars of Computing

1. Universal Computing Devices Given enough time and memory, all computers

are capable of computing exactly the same things (irrespective of speed, size or cost).Turing’s Thesis: every computation can be performed by some “Turing Machine” - a theoretical universal computing device

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Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device

= =PDA

WorkstationSupercomputer

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Turing Machine Mathematical model of a device that can perform

any computation – Alan Turing (1937) ability to read/write symbols on an infinite “tape” state transitions, based on current state and

symbol Every computation can be performed by some

Turing machine. (Turing’s thesis)

Tadda,b a+b

Turing machine that adds

Tmula,b ab

Turing machine that multiplies

For more info about Turing machines, seehttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine/

For more about Alan Turing, seehttp://www.turing.org.uk/turing/

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Universal Turing Machine

A machine that can implement all Turing machines-- this is also a Turing machine! inputs: data, plus a description of computation

(other TMs)

Ua,b,c c(a+b)

Universal Turing Machine

Tadd, Tmul

U is programmable – so is a computer!• instructions are part of the input data• a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine

A computer is a universal computing device.

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From Theory to Practice

In theory, computer can compute anything that’s possible to compute given enough memory and time

In practice, solving problems involves computing under constraints. Time - weather forecast, next frame of

animation, ... Cost - cell phone, automotive engine controller,

... Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...

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Two pillars of Computing (cont)

2. Problem Transformation The ultimate objective is to transform a

problem expressed in natural language into electrons running around a circuit! That’s what Computer Science and

Computer Engineering are all about: a continuum that embraces software & hardware.

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Big Idea #2: Transformations Between Layers

Problems

Language

Instruction Set Architecture

Microarchitecture

Circuits

Devices

Algorithms

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Problem Transformation - levels of abstraction

Natural Language

Algorithm

Program

Machine Architecture

Devices

Micro-architecture

Logic Circuits

The desired behavior:the application

The building blocks: electronic devices

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How do we solve a problem using a computer?

A systematic sequence of transformations between layers of abstraction.

ProblemProblem

AlgorithmAlgorithm

ProgramProgram

Software Design:choose algorithms and data structures

Programming:use language to express design

Instr SetArchitecture


Compiling/Interpreting:convert language to machine instructions

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Deeper and Deeper…



MicroarchMicroarch

CircuitsCircuits

Processor Design:choose structures to implement ISA

Logic/Circuit Design:gates and low-level circuits toimplement components

DevicesDevices

Process Engineering & Fabrication:develop and manufacturelowest-level components

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Descriptions of Each Level Problem Statement

stated using "natural language" may be ambiguous, imprecise

Algorithm step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish definiteness, effective computability, finiteness

Program express the algorithm using a computer language high-level language, low-level language

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1) specifies the set of instructions the computer can

perform data types, addressing mode

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Descriptions of Each Level (cont.) Microarchitecture (Machine Level 1)

detailed organization of a processor implementation

different implementations of a single ISA Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)

combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture

many different ways to implement a single function (e.g., addition)

Devices (Machine Level 2) properties of materials, manufacturability

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Many Choices at Each Level

Solve a system of equations

Gaussian elimination

Jacobiiteration

Red-black SOR Multigrid

FORTRAN C C++ Java

Intel x86PowerPC Atmel AVR

Centrino Pentium 4 Xeon

Ripple-carry adder Carry-lookahead adder

CMOS Bipolar GaAs

Tradeoffs:costperformancepower(etc.)

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The Program Level

Most computers run a management program called the operating system (OS).

Application programs interface to the machine architecture via the OS.

Application Program

Operating System

Program (Software)

This lecture

PowerPoint

Windows XP

Data

Application Program

Operating System

An example:

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Course Outline Bits and Bytes

How do we represent information using electrical signals? Digital Logic

How do we build circuits to process information? Processor and Instruction Set

How do we build a processor out of logic elements? What operations (instructions) will we implement?

Assembly Language Programming How do we use processor instructions to implement

algorithms? How do we write modular, reusable code? (subroutines)

I/O, Traps, and Interrupts How does processor communicate with outside world?

C Programming How do we write programs in C? How do we implement high-level programming constructs?

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THE HISTORY & EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

Basically, the history of computer development is divided into 2 parts : before 1940 & after 1940.

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A long time ago, human are using their fingers, stones etc to do calculation. At the same time, they are trying to create an apparatus that could facilitate the calculation process. After a few trial, finally the complex and advance calculation system has been produced and it is known as a computer.

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Before

1940

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o Created on 3000 B.D. at Babylonia.

o Was the first mechanical counting device in the world.

o Able to execute addition and substraction operation.

Abakus Counting Device

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Abacus

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John Napier's Boneo Created on 1614 by John

Napier.

o Facilitate multiplication and division processes – faster & easier.

o The first logarithm table has been created.

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Napier’s Bone

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Pascaline Machineo Created on 1642 by

Braise Pascal.

o Was the first mechanical machine or calculator in the world.

o Able to execute addition and substraction processes.

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Pascaline Machine

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Babbage Differentiation Machine

o Created by Charles Babbage on 1821.

o Was the first mechanical machine which is used the steam power.

o Able to do a calculation and printing the output automatically.

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Babbage Analytical Engine

o Created on 1842 by Charles Babbage.

o It has 5 main parts :o Input unito Output unito Processing Unito Control unito Memory unit

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o His invention has became a theory model for today's computer technology. Because of that, Charles Babbage has been known as The Ancestor of A Modern Computer.

Babbage Analytical Engine

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Babbage’s Machine

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After

1940

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o This part indicates the starting point of computer generation.

o The computer which used electrical power has been introduced.

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Mark 1

o Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard Aikern in conjunction with IBM.

o Was the first electro-mechanical computer.

o Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height and connected with 800 km of wire.

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Mark 1

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ENIACo Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computero Was the first electronic computer. o Created on 1946 by J. Presper Eckert & John W.

Munchly from the University of Pennsylvania. Was used until 1955.

o Contained of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capasitors and 15,000 sq feet of space is needed. Needs 150 kW power and the weight is 30 ton.

o Used decimal number and 20 accumulators of 10 digits. digit.

o Able to execute 5,000 addiotion process per second.o 1,000 times faster than Mark 1.

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ENIAC

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Von Neumann/Turing

Apply the concept of embedded code. Main memory keeps the program and

data. ALU uses binary data. CU interpret the instruction from memory

during the execution. CU also controls I/O operation. Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies

IAS Completed 1952

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Structure of Von Nuemann machine

MainMemory

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Program Control Unit

InputOutputEquipment

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Computer Generation• Vacuum tube : 1946-1957

• Transistor : 1958-1963

• Litar Bersepadu / Cip (Small scale integration) : 1963 – 1970 Up to 100 components inside one chip.

• Medium scale integration (MSI) ) 1971

100-3,000 components inside one chip.

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• Large scale integration (LSI) : 1971-19773,000 - 100,000 components inside one chip.

• Very large scale integration (VLSI) ) : 1978 – now100,000 - 100,000,000 components inside one chip.

• Ultra large scale integration Over 100,000,000 components inside one chip.

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Extra references

http://www.softlord.com/comp/ http://www.studyweb.com/Com

puterScience/

http://www.studyweb.com/Computer_Science/

http://www.softlord.com/comp/



http://www.studyweb.com/Computer_Science/

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REFLECTION

You have to know the importance of learning this subject.

You have to know the main component of a computer.

You have to know the computer function. You have to know the computer

classification and separate the usage. You have to know the computer evolution.

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Assignment Huraikah apakah yang boleh dilakukan

oleh sesebuah komputer. Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah

mendorong manusia untuk mencipta komputer.

Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah mendorong kepada evolusi komputer.

Bincangkan apakah faktor yang telah mendorong kepada perubahan generasi komputer

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Think!!

One of the most feared expressions in modern times is 'The Internet is down.‘

Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all.

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