COMPUTER SYSTEM

COMPUTER SYSTEM• A system of interconnected computers that share a

central storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners, or routers.

• Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices and computers

History of Computer Development

• The history of computer development s often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices.

• Each of the five generation of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computer operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing device.

• Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

Why a Computer is a Powerful tool?

• A computer is a powerful tool because it is a technologically advance piece of equipment that provides a more efficient way of doing many things.

• A computer can type a report, communicate around the world, browse anything you want, and even do complex calculation.

What is a computer and what does it do??• A computer is an electronic machine, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results for future use.

• Data entered into a computer is called (input). The processed results are called (output).

The Input Devices.

• An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer. Four commonly used input devices are the keyboard, the mouse, a microphone, and a PC camera

The Output Devices.

• An output device is used to convey the information generated by a computer to a user. Three commonly used output devices are a printers a monitor, and a speaker

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

• The first computer used vacuum tubes for circuitry an magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunction.

• First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)VACUUM TUBES

SECOND GENERATION(1956-1963) TRANSISTORS

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistors was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread in computers until the late 1950’s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT) MICROPROCESSORS

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.

• Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND) ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial

intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input are capable of learning and self-organization.