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Transcript of Computer storage
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What is Computer Storage
Refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data.
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Tertiary storage or tertiary memory,
• Off-line storage
Categories of Computer Storage:
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COMPUTER STORAGE
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Primary Storage Four Main Types of Primary Storage
Processor registers are located inside the processor.
Processor cache is an intermediate stage between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)- a volatile primary storage and the main memory of a computer that is directly connected to the cpu.
ROM (Read Only Memory) non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer,
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Processor registers
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RAM SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic
Random Access Memory. DDR is short for "DDR SDRAM" and
stands for Double Data Rate.
Nowadays to avoid misunderstandings SDRAM is often specified as SDR SDRAM and SDR stands for Single Data Rate by analogy with DDR. Therefore, the main difference between SDR and DDR memory the doubled speed:
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SDR SDRAM
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RAM
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DDR1
• DDR1 RAM, also known as simply DDR SDRAM, has 184 pins that fit into the slot intended for it inside your computer on your motherboard.
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RAM
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DDR2
•DDR2 SDRAM has 240 pins, and a notch at the bottom that is in a different location than the notch on DDR RAM.
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RAM
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DDR3
DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate Three Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) is the third generation of DDR SDRAM
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RAM
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Difference between SDR, DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3
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RAMDesktop and Laptop DDR RAM
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ROM Read-only memory (ROM): Type of primary storage where certain critical
instructions are safeguarded; the storage is nonvolatile and retains the
instructions when the power to the computer is turned off.
13
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Secondary StorageWhat is Secondary Storage? Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage medium is physical material used for storage
Also called secondary storage
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Secondary StorageWhat is capacity?
Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion
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Storage Medium(floppy disks, Zip disks,
hard disks, CDs)
Secondary StorageHow does volatility compare?
No
nvo
lati
le
Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained when power is off
Contents retained
Contents available to
user
Memory(most RAM)
(chips on motherboard)
Screen Display
ON OFF
Vo
lati
le Display disappears
Data andinstructions available to
user
Display appears
Data and instructions
erased
Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions temporarily
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Writing
Process of transferring items from memory
to storage media
Writing
Process of transferring items from memory
to storage media
Secondary StorageWhat is a storage device?
Reading
Process of transferring items from storage media to memory
Reading
Process of transferring items from storage media to memory
Hardware that records and
retrieves items to and from
storage media
Functions as source of input
Creates output
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Floppy Disk Small files to be transported
Secondary Storage
Primary Storage
Hard Disk
CDs and DVDs
Miniature Storage Media
Tape
Items waiting to be interpretedand executed by the processor
Operating system, applicationsoftware, user data and information
Software, backups, movies, music
Digital pictures or small files tobe transported
Backups
Memory (most RAM)
Stores …
Secondary StorageWhat is access time? Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage medium Time required to deliver item from memory to processor
fastertransfer
rates
slowertransfer
rates
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Floppy DisksWhat is a floppy disk?
Portable, inexpensive storage medium (also called diskette)
Thin, circular, flexible film enclosedin 3.5” wide plastic shell
shutter
shell
liner
magneticcoating
flexible thin film
metal hub
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Floppy DisksWhat is a floppy disk drive?
Floppy disk drive built intoa desktop computer
External floppy disk drive attaches toa computer with a cable
Also called secondary storage
One floppy drive, named drive A If two floppy drives, second
designated as drive B
Device that reads from andwrites to floppy disk
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ExternalZip drive
Zip® DisksWhat is a Zip disk? Magnetic medium that stores 100 MB or 250 MB of
data
Zip disks require a Zip drivec—chigh capacity drive that reads from and writes on a Zip disk
Used to back up and to transfer files
Backup is duplicate of file, program, or disk in case original is lost
c
Zip disk
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Hard DisksWhat is a hard disk?
hard disk installedin system unit
High-capacity storage Consists of several inflexible,
circular platters that store items electronically
Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection
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Hard DisksWhat are external hard disks and removable hard disks?
External hard disk—freestandinghard disk that connects to system unit
Removable hard disk—hard diskthat you insert and removefrom hard disk drive
Used to back up or transfer files
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Push the same buttonto close the tray.
CDs and DVDsWhat are CDs and DVDs?
Most PCs include CD or DVD drive, most play audio CDs
Flat, round, portable metal discs with protective plastic coating
Can be read only or read/write Insert the disc,label side up.
Push the button toslide out the tray.
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CDs and DVDsWhat is a CD-ROM? Compact disc read-
only memory Cannot erase or
modify contents Typically holds
650 MB to 1 GB Commonly used
to distributemultimedia and complexsoftware
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CDs and DVDsWhat are CD-Rs and CD-RWs? Must have
CD recorderor CD-R drive
Cannot erasedisc’s contents
CD-R (compact disc-readable)—cdisc you can write on once
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)—ceerasable disc you can write on
multiple times
Must haveCD-RW softwareand CD-RW drive
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CDs and DVDsWhat is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-ROM or digital video disc-ROM)?
DVD
DVD drive
High capacity disc capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB
Must have DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read DVD-ROM
Stores databases, music, complex software, and movies
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TapeWhat is tape? Magnetically coated plastic ribbon
capable of storing large amountsof data at low cost
Primarily used for backup
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Miniature Mobile Storage MediaWhat is miniature mobile storage media? Storage for small mobile devices
Miniaturemobile storage
media
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Miniature Mobile Storage MediaWhat are common types of miniature mobile storage media?
Smart Media Secure Digital
Microdrive ™ USBDrive™Memory Stick ®
CompactFlash
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Miniature Mobile Storage MediaWhat is a card reader? Reads information stored on miniature mobile storage media Type of card determines type of card reader needed
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Microfilm and MicroficheWhat are microfilm and microfiche?
Images recorded using computer output microfilm recorder
Store microscopic images of documents on roll or sheet of film
Microfilm — 100- to215-foot roll of film
Microfiche — small sheet of film, usually 4” 6”
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Microfilm and MicroficheHow do life expectancies of various media compare?
Media Life Expectancies
Magnetic disks 3 to 5 years 20 to 30 years
CDs and DVDs discs 5 to 10 years 50 to 100 years
Microfilm 100 years 500 years
Media Type Guaranteed Life Potential LifeExpectancy Expectancy
Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media
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Tertiary StorageA third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism
which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands.
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Offline Storage
is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit.