Computer Organization:Introduction

Spring 2006Jen-Chang Liu

(http://staffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/jcliu/course/cod2006.html)

Teaching materials

Textbook "Computer Organization and Design: The H

ardware/Software Interface", David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy , 3rd Edition, 2005, Morgan Kaufmann

Web pages Most of the slides are adapted from U.C.

Berkeley course for machine structures http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/

Grading Policy

Grading policy Midterm Exam: 20% Final Exam: 25% Homework, Quiz, Project 45% TA Bonus 15%

Scores will be posted on course homepage email request for correction of grades

Class Schedule

10:10~12:00 Tuesday Regular class

13:10~14:00 Monday Quiz: 上週課程，作業的內容 Laboratory in computer room

Monday morning TA assignment

Course Problems

Can’t attend midterm, final exam. Tell us early and we will schedule

alternate time before exam 期末考未到以零分計算

No delay for homework Problem with homework score must

email me or TA within one week

Course Problems

What is cheating? Studying together in groups is

encouraged Work must be your own Common examples of cheating: running

out of time on a assignment and then pick up output, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, ...

Better off to skip assignment (how much can one assignment mean?)

Penalties for cheating

Cheat for Homework or Quiz: 0 for any cheating More than 2 cheats, you will fail in this

course Cheat in Exam:

0 for the course

What is “Computer Organization”?

I/O systemProcessor

Compiler

Operating

System(Windows, etc)

Application (programs)

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Datapath & Control

transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler

Highlevel

Lowlevel

Levels of Representation

High Level Language Program (e.g., C)

Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)

Machine Language Program (MIPS)

Control Signal Specification

Compiler

Assembler

Machine Interpretation

temp = v[k]; /* swap v[k] and v[k+1] */

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)

0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111

wire w0;

XOR (w0, a, b);

AND (s, w0, a);

Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer

Personal Computer

Processor (active)

Computer

Control(“brain”)

Datapath(“brawn”)

Memory(passive)

(where programs, data live whenrunning)

Devices

Input

Output

Keyboard, Mouse

Display, Printer

Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)

Five components of computer

Input, output, memory, datapath, control

Textbook Outline

Chap. 2: Machine Instructions, 100 pages! We will use a simulator to learn the machine

language Chap. 3: Arithmetic for computers Chap. 4: Performance Chap. 5: Datapath and control Chap. 6: Processors Chap. 7: Memory Chap. 8: I/O

Aim of this course

“Show the relationship between hardware and software and focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers”

計組是研究所考試必考科目 Advanced classes

Operating system Advance computer architecture ( 杜老師 )

So what's in it for me?

Computer Organization Study from a programmer's view

What the programmer writes

How it is converted to something the computer understands

How the computer interprets the program

What makes programs go slow/fast

Chapter 1: Computer abstractions and technology

Hierarchical view of hardware and software

Hardware

Technology Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM)

size

Year

Bit

s

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1000000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

year size(Megabit)

1980 0.0625

1983 0.25

1986 1

1989 4

1992 16

1996 64

2000 256

2004 1G

Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years

4000X since 1980

Technology Trends: Microprocessor Capacity

2 X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years

“Moore’s Law”

2 X transistors/ChipEvery 2 years

Technology Trends: Processor Performance

Computer Technology => Dramatic Change

Processor 2X in speed every 1.5 years;

100X performance in last decade Memory

DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size in last decade

Disk capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years 120X size in last decade

Computer Technology => Dramatic Change

State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: Processor clock speed: 5000

MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz) Memory capacity: 4000

MegaByte (4.0 GigaBytes) Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes

(2.0 TeraBytes) New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera

Summary

Continued rapid improvement in computing2X every 2.0 years in memory size;

every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;

Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~2 yrs)

5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output

Processor

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