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Transcript of Computer Networking
1
Computer Networking
Yehuda Afek (afek at cs.tau.ac.il)Adopted the slides from Yishay Mansour
Teaching Assistant: Yahav Nussbaum
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Course InformationLectures: Sunday 4 – 7 Schreiber 006Exercises: Wednesday 11 –12, 12 – 1 Orenstein 103
Web site: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nuss/comnet08/
1. An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking / Keshav
2. Computer Networks / Tanenbaum 3. Data Networks / Bertsekas and Gallager
•A Top-down Approach to Computer Networking / Kurouse-Ross Books:
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Practical Information
Homework assignment: Mandatory Both theoretical and programming
Grades:Final Exam: 60% theory exercises: 20%Programming exercises: 20%
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Motivation
Today’s economy manufacturing, distributing, and retailing goods but also creating and disseminating information
publishing banking film making….
part of the ‘information economy’ Future economy is likely to be dominated
by information!
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Information? A representation of knowledge Examples:
books bills CDs & DVDs
Can be represented in two ways analog (atoms) digital (bits)
the Digital Revolution convert information as atoms to information as bits use networks to move bits around instead of atoms
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The Challenges
represent all types of information as bits.
move the bits In large quantities, everywhere, cheaply, Securely, with quality of service, ….
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Today’s Networks are complex!
hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software
Tomorrow’s will be even more!
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Backbone ISPISP ISP
Internet Physical InfrastructureResidential access
Cable Fiber DSL Wireless
Campus access, e.g.,
Ethernet Wireless
The Internet is a network of networks
Each individually administrated network is called an Autonomous System (AS)
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This course’s Challenge To discuss this complexity in an
organized way, that will make today’s computer networks (and their limitations) more comprehensive.
identification, and understanding relationship of complex system’s pieces.
Problems that are beyond a specific technology
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Early communications systems I.e. telephone point-to-point links directly connect together the users wishing to
communicate use dedicated communication circuit if distance between users increases beyond the
length of the cable, the connection is formed by a number of sections connected end-to-end in series.
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Data Networks
set of interconnected nodes exchange information sharing of the transmission circuits= "switching". many links allow more than one path between
every 2 nodes. network must select an appropriate path for each
required connection.
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Qwest backbone
http://www.qwest.com/largebusiness/enterprisesolutions/networkMaps/preloader.swf
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Networking Issues - Telephone
Addressing - identify the end user
phone number 1-201-222-2673 = country code + city code + exchange + number
Routing - How to get from source to destination.
Telephone circuit switching: Based on the phone number.
Information Units - How is information sent
telephone Samples @ Fixed sampling rate. not self descriptive! have to know where and when a sample came
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Networking Issues - Internet
Addressing - identify the end user
IP addresses 132.66.48.37, Refer to a host interface = network number + host number
Routing- How to get from source to destination
Packet switching: move packets (chunks) of data among routers from source to destination independently.
Information Units - How is information sent.
Self-descriptive data: packet = data + metadata (header).
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Telephone networks support a single, end-to-end quality of service but is expensive to boot
Internet supports no quality of service but is flexible and cheap
Future networks will have to support a wide range of service qualities at a reasonable cost
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History 1961-1972: Early packet-switching
principles
1961: Kleinrock - queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching
1964: Baran - packet-switching in military networks1967: ARPAnet – conceived by Advanced Research
Projects Agency1969: first ARPAnet node operational
1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host
protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
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History 1972-1980: Internetworking, new and
proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for
interconnecting networkslate70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNAlate 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM
precursor)1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
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Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles:
minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks
best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
Defines today’s Internet architecture
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History 1980-1990: new protocols,
proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of TCP/IP1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address
translation1985: FTP protocol defined1988: TCP congestion control
new national networks: CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel100,000 hosts connected to confederation of
networks
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History 1990 - : commercialization and WWW
early 1990’s: ARPAnet decomissioned1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of
NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)early 1990s: WWW
hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]HTML, http: Berners-Lee1994: Mosaic, later Netscapelate 1990’s: commercialization of WWW
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Demand and Supply
Huge growth in users The introduction of the web
Faster home access Better user experience.
Infrastructure Significant portion of telecommunication.
New evolving industries Although, sometimes temporary
setbacks
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Internet: Users
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
Mil
lio
n u
sers
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
year
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Penetration around the Globe (2008)
Africa
Asia/Pacific
Europe
Middle EastUSA+Canada
Latin America
AustraliaAfrica
Asia/Pacific
Europe
Middle East
USA+Canada
Latin America
Australia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 %Population %Penetration
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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Users around the Globe (2002/5/8)
Africa
Asia/Pacific
Europe
Middle East
USA+Canada
Latin America
AustraliaAfrica
Europe Latin AmericaAustralia
MiddleEast
USACanada
AsiaPacific
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2008
2005
2002
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Technology: Modem speed
300 12002400960014400
2880033600
56000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
year
bp
s
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Today’s options
Modem: 56 K ISDN: 64K – 128K Frame Relay: 56K ++ Today High Speed Connections
Cable, ADSL, Satellite. All are available at 5Mb (2005)
OBSOLETE
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Coming soon (1999)
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Today (2005)
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Why do we need Standards
Networks (and other media) support communication between different entities
Need agreement to ensure correct, efficient and meaningful communication
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Various Organizations Issue Standards
IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronic
Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
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Protocol Layers
A way for organizing structure of network
The idea: a series of steps
… Or at least our discussion of networks
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Protocol Layering
Necessary because communication is complex
Intended primarily for protocol designers
Divides the problem into intellectually manageable pieces
Provides a conceptual framework that can help us understand protocols
Think of layering as a guideline, not a rigid specification
Understand that optimizations may violate strict layering
Should be invisible to users
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Mail system functionality
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
8/29/07 UIUC - CS/ECE 438, Fall 2007 37/60
How do we Communicate?
Send a mail from Alice to Bob Alice in Champaign, Bob in Hollywood
Example: US Postal Service
Bob
Champaign, Illinois
Hollywood, California
Alice
8/29/07 UIUC - CS/ECE 438, Fall 2007 38/60
What does Alice do?
Bob’s address (to a mailbox) Bob’s name – in case people share mailbox Postage – have to pay! Alice’s own name and address – in case Bob wants to return a
message
Bob100 Santa Monica Blvd.Hollywood, CA 90028
Alice200 Cornfield Rd.Champaign, IL 61820
8/29/07 UIUC - CS/ECE 438, Fall 2007 39/60
What does Bob do?
Install a mailbox Receive the mail Get rid of envelope Read the message
Bob100 Santa Monica Blvd.Hollywood, CA 90028
Alice200 Cornfield Rd.Champaign, IL 61820
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Layers:
Person delivery of parcel
Post office counter handling
Ground transfer: loading on trucks
Airport transfer: loading on airplane
Airplane routing from source to destination
each layer implements a service
via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
Peer entities
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Advantages of Layering
explicit structure allows identification & relationship of complex system’s pieces layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance & updating of system change of implementation of layer’s
service transparent to rest of system
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Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules and formats that govern the communication between communicating peers set of valid messages meaning of each message
Necessary for any function that requires cooperation between peers
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A protocol provides a service For example: the post office protocol for
reliable parcel transfer service
Peer entities use a protocol to provide a service to a higher-level peer entity for example, truck drivers use a protocol to
present post offices with the abstraction of an unreliable parcel transfer service
Protocols
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Protocol Layers
A network that provides many services needs many protocols
Some services are independent, But others depend on each other
A Protocol may use another protocol as a step in its execution for example, ground transfer is one step in the
execution of the example reliable parcel transfer protocol
This form of dependency is called layering Post office handling is layered above parcel
ground transfer protocol.
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Open protocols and systems
A set of protocols is open if protocol details are publicly available changes are managed by an organization whose
membership and transactions are open to the public A system that implements open protocols is
called an open system International Organization for Standards (ISO)
prescribes a standard to connect open systems open system interconnect (OSI)
Has greatly influenced thinking on protocol stacks
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The seven Layers
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
End system End systemIntermediate system
There are only 5!!
Application
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The seven Layers - protocol stack
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
data
DH+data+DT
bits
data
data
data
data
AH
PH
SH
TH
Network
Data Link
Physical
dataNH
Session and presentation layers are not so important, and are often ignoredSession and presentation layers are not so important, and are often ignored
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עיקרון השכבות
Application
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Application
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Network
Identical message
Identical message
Identical message
Source Destination בשכבהXמתקבלת הודעה זהה להודעה ששכבה
Xמסרה בצד המקור
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Postal network
Application: people using the postal system Session and presentation: chief clerk sends
some priority mail, and some by regular mail ; translator translates letters going abroad.
mail clerk sends a message, retransmits if not acked
postal system computes a route and forwards the letters
datalink layer: letters carried by planes, trains, automobiles
physical layer: the letter itself
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Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network applications ftp, smtp, http
transport: host-host data transfer tcp, udp
network: routing of datagrams from source to destination ip, routing protocols
link: data transfer between neighboring network elements ppp, ethernet
physical: bits “on the wire”
application
transport
network
link
physical
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applicationtransportnetwork
Linkphysical
applicationtransportnetwork
Linkphysical
source destination
M
M
M
M
Ht
HtHn
HtHnHl
M
M
M
M
Ht
HtHn
HtHnHl
message
segment
datagram
frame
Protocol layering and data
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Physical layer L1
Moves bits between physically connected end-systems
Standard prescribes coding scheme to represent a bit shapes and sizes of connectors bit-level synchronization
Internet technology to move bits on a wire, wireless link,
satellite channel etc.
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Datalink layer L2
(Reliable) communication over a single link. Introduces the notion of a frame
set of bits that belong together Idle markers tell us that a link is not carrying a
frame Begin and end markers delimit a frame Internet
a variety of datalink layer protocols most common is Ethernet others are FDDI, SONET, HDLC
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Datalink layer (contd.)
Datalink layer protocols are the first layer of software Very dependent on underlying physical link properties Usually bundle both physical and datalink in hardware.
Ethernet (broadcast link) end-system must receive only bits meant for itneed datalink-layer addressalso need to decide who gets to speak nextthese functions are provided by Medium ACcess sublayer (MAC)
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Network layer L3
Carries data from source to destination. Logically concatenates a set of links to form the
abstraction of an end-to-end link Allows an end-system to communicate with any other
end-system by computing a route between them Hides idiosyncrasies of datalink layer Provides unique network-wide addresses Found both in end-systems and in intermediate
systems
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Network layer types
In datagram networks provides both routing and data forwarding
In connection-oriented network separate data plane and control plane data plane only forwards and schedules
data (touches every byte) control plane responsible for routing, call-
establishment, call-teardown (doesn’t touch data bytes)
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Internet network layer is provided by Internet
Protocol (IP) found in all end-systems and intermediate
systems provides abstraction of end-to-end link segmentation and reassembly packet-forwarding, routing, scheduling unique IP addresses can be layered over anything, but only best-
effort service
Network layer (contd.)
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At intermediate systems participates in routing protocol to create
routing tables responsible for forwarding packets schedules the transmission order of packets chooses which packets to drop
Network layer (contd.)
At end-systems
primarily hides details of datalink layer segments and reassemble detects errors
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Transport layer L4
Reliable end-to-end communication. creates the abstraction of an error-controlled,
flow-controlled and multiplexed end-to-end link(Network layer provides only a ‘raw’ end-to-end service)
Some transport layers provide fewer services e.g. simple error detection, no flow control, and no retransmission
Internet TCP provides error control, flow control, multiplexing
UDP provides only multiplexing
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Transport layer (contd.)
Error control GOAL: message will reach destination despite packet loss,
corruption and duplication ACTIONS: retransmit lost packets; detect, discard, and
retransmit corrupted packets; detect and discard duplicated packets
Flow control match transmission rate to rate currently sustainable on
the path to destination, and at the destination itself Multiplexes multiple applications to the
same end-to-end connection adds an application-specific identifier (port number) so
that receiving end-system can hand in incoming packet to the correct application
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Session layer
Not common Provides full-duplex service, expedited
data delivery, and session synchronization
Internet doesn’t have a standard session layer
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Duplex if transport layer is simplex, concatenates two
transport endpoints together
Expedited data delivery allows some messages to skip ahead in end-system
queues, by using a separate low-delay transport layer endpoint
Synchronization allows users to place marks in data stream and to
roll back to a prespecified mark
Session layer (cont.)
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Presentation layer
Usually ad hoc Touches the application data (Unlike other layers which deal with headers) Hides data representation differences
between applications characters (ASCII, unicode, EBCDIC.)
Can also encrypt data Internet
no standard presentation layer only defines network byte order for 2- and 4-
byte integers
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Application layer
The set of applications that use the network Doesn’t provide services to any other layer
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עיקרון השכבות
3אפליק
UDP
Network (IPv4)
Ethernet
Application
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Network
Source Destination
2אפליק 1אפליק
TCP
WiFiModem
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עיקרון השכבות
Network
Source Destination
3אפליק
UDP
Network (IPv4)
Ethernet
2אפליק 1אפליק
TCP
WiFiModem
3אפליק
UDP
Network (IPv4)
Ethernet
2אפליק 1אפליק
TCP
WiFiModem
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Discussion
Layers break a complex problem into smaller, simpler pieces.
Why seven layers? Need a top and a bottom 2 Need to hide physical link; so need datalink
3 Need both end-to-end and hop-by-hop actions;
so need at least the network and transport layers 5
71
1Introduction and Layering
2Data Link: Multi Access
3Hubs, Bridges and Routers
4Scheduling and Buffer Management
5Switching Fabrics
6Routing
7Reliable Data Transfer
8End to End Window Based Protocols
9Flow Control
10Multimedia and QoS
11Network Security
12Distributed Algorithms
Course outline