Computer Management & Support: 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0Technology Education (9-12): 3.0, 3.1, 3.2,11.0, 15.0

Courses of Study and Strands

The Essential Question

How is technology used in today’s society?

Unit Questions

• What is the difference between hardware and software?

• Why do we need operating systems?

Content Questions • What are some of the terminology used with operating systems?

• What are some major characteristics of operating systems used today?

• Which operating system works best for our school? Why?

• What is the trend of future operating systems?

Purpose and Objectives

• Identify various computer operating systems.• Discuss the evolution of computer operating systems.• Explain minimum requirements of an operating system.• Describe the three core DOS files.• Explain the differences between various versions of the Windows operating system• Describe the boot process.• Describe the relationship of application software, operating systems, BIOS, and system hardware components• Describe the common characteristics of different operating systems.

What is an Operating System?

• The operating system (OS) provides the user with a file system structure and with the means of communicating with the computer hardware.• The OS communicates with disk storage units, monitors, printers, memory, and other computer components.• It makes sure that programs do not interfere with each other.

User

Application Software

Operating System Software

BIOS

Computer Hardware

The relationship of computerHardware and softwareComponents.

Operating Systems Characteristics

• Operating Systems characteristics is the way the operating system handles activities such as storing data, user interface, data presentation, or retrieving data.

• Multitasking – the ability of the operating system and hardware to support two or more programs running simultaneously. (i.e. playing a computer game and surfing on the internet at the same time.) • Preemptive multitasking – sometimes called time slicing allows different programs to share the CPU of the computer system. This is pseudo-multitasking . If two programs try to use the same area of RAM at the same time the system freezes up. Common in Windows 95 , Me, XP, Vista, NT, 2000, OS/2, MAC OS X these all use preemptive multitasking. Windows 7 also uses this type of multitasking.• Cooperative multitasking – one program will dominate the operating system but will allow another program to run while it is idle. Common for MAC-OS 9 and earlier and Windows 3.x

User InterfaceText line command (Command line Prompt) –

interface is accomplished by the user typing the commands for the computer in a text format. Used by DOS , PCDOS, Linux, and Unix operating systems.

Root Directory

Sub Directories (folders)

DOS command

Examples of DOS CommandsCommand Example Definition

copy C:\>copy c:memo1 a: Copies memo1 file from C drive to drive A

dir C:\>dir Displays files and directories (folders) in root directory C

md C:\>md C:\games Makes a directory (folder) games in the root directory C

rd C:\>rd C:\games Removes (deletes) directory (folder) games in the root directory C

ping C:\>ping 168.16.68.5 Sends a signal to IP address 168.16.68.5

chkdsk C:\>chkdsk c: Checks a disk for errors and displays findings on the monitor

Command Line Examples

Windows 2000, Me, XP, Vista and Windows 7 utilize a DOS emulator in troubleshooting and advanced network administration.pingtracertcreating script filesdisablefixmbr chkdsk ren

Command Line Commands (continued)

Apple’s Macintosh Computers developed in the 1980s first to use Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Windows followed suite with its 3.1 and Workgroup 3.1.1

Xwindows designed in the mid 80’s was Unix version of windows. Used on Unix and Linux machines.

XFree86 version 4.0 is now the new GUI used for Unix and Linux

Graphic User InterfaceGraphic User Interface is an user-friendly operating system interface that provides the user the ability to perform functions by clicking on icons rather than typing in the commands in a command line prompt.

File System Structure

• The basic structure is fairly common between operating systems. Directories, sub-directories, and files.

C:\

School

Games Pinball

Hearts

Solitaire

Modern Warfare 2

Math

English

Science

Technology Project.doc

RootDirectory

Subdirectory

Directory

File

DOS (Disk Operating System)• DOS was an early operating system that was widely used throughout the world.• Core files:

• io.sys• msdos.sys• command.com – Compact program that allows the user to interact with the computer. Contains internal commands.

Command System Response

ver Displays software version.

dir Displays the list of files, directories and subdirectories.

time Displays the time.

date Displays the date.

copy Copies a file or group of files from one location to another location.

del Deletes a file.

rename Changes the name of a file.

Command System Response

edit Starts a new editor program similar to a word processor.

format Prepares the disk for storing data.

chkdsk Checks the condition of the disk and displays a report.

print Prints a text file to a printer.

• External commands – individual executable files that extends the DOS capabilities beyond that of the internal commands.

DOS (Continued)

• Kernel – the core of an operating system• Msdos.sys – is the kernel of the Disk Operating System. It enables the communication between the user and the hardware.• io.sys – the file contains generic drivers necessary to communicate with the hardware (printer, floppy drives, hard drive and keyboard).•DOS System Boot Disk – is a floppy disk that contains the files needed to run a computer with DOS.

• Format a: /s formats the floppy disk and copies the necessary files (system and operating files) required to run a computer with DOS.

• Naming DOS Files – it is divided into two parts.•1st part is called name – consists of 1-8 characters•2nd part is called the extension – consists of 3 characters•Not all characters are used in DOS names.

| + = * < > ? : [ ]

DOS (Continued)

DOS (Continued)

API - Application Program Interface.AVI - Audio/Video Interleaved used for Windows based movies.BAK - Backup Files. BAS - BASIC programming language sourcecode.BAT - MS-DOS batch file.BIN - Binary File.BMP - Bitmap format.CGI - Common Gateway Interface. Web based programs and scripts.COM - Command File.DAT - Data file DLL - Dynamic Linked Library. Microsoft application file.DOC - Document format for Word Perfect and Microsoft Word.EXE - DOS based executable file which is also known as a program.HLP - Standard help file.PIF - Program Information FileZIP - Compressed Zip archive.

File Extension Examples

Microsoft Windows

Usage share of web client operating systems. (Source: Median values from Usage share of operating systems for May 2010.)      

Windows XP 50.50%Vista 21.42%Windows 7 14.22%Mac OS X 5.80%Linux 1.24%iOS (IPhone) 0.87%Other 2.38%

Microsoft Windows (Continued)

• Desktop – from Windows 95 to present they are very similar. It has become the most common aspect of operating systems used today.

• Start or Windows button at the bottom left• Help• Find• Settings• Documents • Programs• Shut Down

• Starting with Windows 95 and Windows NT, file names are no longer limited to 8 characters but can be up to 255 characters long. As long as certain characters are not used. i.e. | + = * < > ? : [ ]• Older Operating Systems Windows 95 and 98 required a startup disk to recover lost files in the Operating System. Windows Vista requires that the Vista DVD be used to start the recovery process.

Operating System Boot SequenceBoot sequence is the step-by-step process of bringing a

computer to an operational state.It involves a combination of hardware and software

control to initialize hardware and load the operating system.Warm and cold booting – Warm boot is to restart a

computer that is already running. Cold boot is the starting of a computers by using the electrical power switch.

Post – Conducted by the running of the bootstrap program which does a quick systems check to ensure that all hardware components such as: Keyboard Mouse Video system RAM And storage devices are working properly.

Windows Operating System Boot Sequence Comparison Chart

Windows 95, 98, and Me

Windows 2000 and XP

Windows Vista

Windows 7

Post Post Post Postio.sys Initial startup

phaseInitial startup phase

Initial startup phase

msdos.sys Boot loader phase Windows Boot Manager phase

Windows Boot Manager phase

config.sys Detect and configure hardware phase

Windows Boot Loader phase

Windows Boot Loader phase

command.com Kernel loading phase

Kernel loading phase

Kernel 7 is loaded

autoexec.bat Logon phase Logon phase Logon phase

Windows 95, 98 and Me Boot Sequence

BIOS performs the POSTBIOS locates the MBR and loads it into memoryBIOS loads the io.sys file into memoryThe io.sys file loads the file allocation table (FAT)

into memory and then processes the msdos.sys file.The io.sys file processes the config.sys,

command.com, autoexec.bat, and win.com files.Win.com loads the windows kernel, the graphic

device interface (GDI), the explorer shell program, various files, and network support.

Windows NT-Based Boot Sequence

Name of Site: Common File Extensions

URL: http://www.csgnetwork.com/commonfileexts.html

What I found at this site: File extension information

Name of Site: Usage Share of Operating Systems

URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems

What I found at this site: % of operating systems usage world wide

Works Cited