Computer Kannada Surana Book Final Issuu

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    FREEBOOKCULTURE

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    AUg - 560018 Pgt : 99643 51655

    COMPUTER & KANNADAAn introductory textbook for graduate students and those interested in using Kannada in Computers.

    AUTHORSDr. A. SathyanarayanaBeluru SudarshanaT.G.Srinidhi Om ShivaprakashDr. U.B.Pavanaja

    PUBLISHED BY

    MITRAMAADHYAMA # 917/A, [1044], KRISHNA, Upstairs1st F Main Road Girinagara II StageBangalore [email protected]

    ANDKANNADA DEPARTMENT Surana College No. 16, Nittur Srinivasa Rao RoadBangalore 560004

    First Edition: September 2014

    Size: 1/8 Demy

    Copies: 1000

    Pages: 80+4

    Purchasable Price: Rs. 20/-

    Printed at Regal Print ServiceBangalore-560018 Mobile: 99643 51655

    F P `vizsz `Gav P Aw CAiiz sUV Pnz, wU Pzg www.freebookculture.com mg AQ GavV qAiz.

    This book is published as part of `Mitramaadhyama Trusts campaign FREE BOOK CULTURE; people who wish to have their own copy can contact the address given in www.freebookculture.com and get their free copy.

    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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  • 40 PAlg v Pq

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  • PAlg v Pq 41

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  • 42 PAlg v Pq

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  • 46 PAlg v Pq

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  • PAlg v Pq 49

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  • 50 PAlg v Pq

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  • 52 PAlg v Pq

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  • PAlg v Pq 55

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    QrAi (www.wikipedia.org)- CAvgez MAz vAv PVz, z PAvg A AiAPg zAiAz MnU j Pg sAz AzVz. QrAi sAq JA sgv AAi AAz PAiiZguAig QrAiz dUw 287 sU 30 Ai RU. Czg 20P Z sgwAi sU j. EAlm APg Aiig Pzg z Aiiz Az Aiiz sAi QrAiz, Aiiz Aiz RU AzU vqVP E CPz. Pz wAiAz AiP DPg (Reference) a EAlm Cw zq v z vtV QrAi JjU agjav U Cw Z NzUg qg z 6 R evt.

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  • 58 PAlg v Pq

    sU v MqjPAq, CU Ew, AwAi A dAUPV Gwz.

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    CAvgez D JPrAi vgP JAz Aiazg zUgz jP Um 1993g AidAiAz zrzg. Pz AzAi Aiiz AAi rvzggz J Gzz D vAv P rAg 2000z vAv vAvAz jPg jZq wzg.

    q PAUi 1995g Crz Sv Q vAve v rAiz z f v j AUg, CAvgez DUwz zuU v g jPU U, v rz RU Pw GFDL(GNU Free Documentation License) U 2001g zzg. Ez j AUg `QrAi JAz jlg. rAiU AiUAv AzPg RU ZZU P Ez z gAzg, CAvgez Aiiz Az AzU vqUzg evU Evggq Aiizjv ZZ EvUU CvAv PVz QrAi A U rAi AQv. 2003g rAi v Cv PzP Aiz P 24 RU PVzg, QrAi Ez Aiz 20,000 RU zAi PgAz Av.

    RU Aiig Pzg Az J CA Az zAiP wQz f rAi

  • PAlg v Pq 59

    AtV a QrAiP a A q zsjzg. Ez Mz j AUg, QrAi AidAz gqzg. CAAz EAgU izs EvU P CP vP U Jzjv, v PAiwU CP zuU Ptv P, vAv U D P CAvggAi lz zAiAzg P Pl QrAi C irPnv. Jgq wAU d Avg sAZ, a, qZ, , EmAi, gAi sU QrAi gAsv.

    DgAsz sgwAi sU QrAiz Ptzg, d 2002g Ae, C U MjAii sU P sgwAijU zgAiAvz. Pq QrAiP (http://kn.wikipedia.org) d 12, 2003g qAiiVz, EzgU g RU MUArz.

    zAi

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    z CP sUU dg Ai Q zAiU PnPAq QrAiz U Cj r PAiiUgU Pwzg. v sAi QrAi Pl g CtU Pz evU P U vAv vAvAz CAi DQ vjjU Pv(Hackathon)U, Ai AzU Jrlx(Editathon) DAifvg. zAiP PqU qzg evU, vAve C v CzsAiP Ez a CPU PAqPArg CPg QrAi zAizzg. Ez PgtPV EAz CP Pt AU, zAiU QrAi v Pt Ai Az Az, v zyU QrAiz AzAi vqU PAiPU Pw.

  • 60 PAlg v Pq

    QrAi sAq

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    QrAiz Aiiz RP AiU jU, iwAi zrPj P GRU jz R.

  • PAlg v Pq 61

    j GRU QrAiz PAiwAiiz Pv zP Jw rAizg evU, RU v Azjv DUAv iqv.

    QrAiz Eg Aiiz AiU U zAz, AAi, U Ez AiigPzg D Rz ZZ lz ZZAiAz gAzg P, zAiz AiAz Rz vMU MnU j wzzVz.

    QrAi Uz Evg AidU

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    QrAi P PV Pzz AiiAvg avU, z, iwU MUArz, QrAiz R AidAiiVz.

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    v v PAPt QrAiU g

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  • 62 PAlg v Pq

    QrAi

    Pq QrAi R Nzz. CzPAz Eg QrAi CP C UU DAqAii g qq irPz. L.MJ EzP AAzsl vAvAU. Cz EzAi QrAi irz, Czg Dw s gzAi vgzPAv Ez. CPU FUU CP sU QrAiU Cz sAi Nz CP irPn.

    J.JA.J, f..Dg.J P

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  • PAlg v Pq 63

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    PdU gAv rzg EA Ai UU AiVPV v PAi, v Cr CPU. P U vAv vAvAU tUU UzU idP Pz vAvA EvU Cr AiP AiwAig AzV, FUU sg iwU EAlgm P qz, P vAvA zAiUv Rir ig evUr P iqzVz. EzjAz A zgAizz, z vAvAU CrPAq id rz zUvz. UU PA w `UU g Ds Pq JA AidAi P vAwP jtw Az, Aa CPjU P v vAv vAvAU Piq CP irPqvz. RV zyU GzVnPArg EAv AidAi U Pd zyU wAiz Mv.

    P vAvAU P PAz gzg, Avg AiUl t zrAi AU lP gz. CPjU GzUPU PPl.

    evU `Free Culture Cx P AwAi jz F DAz EAz v U Qg e Aqg Az Enz. Free Culture U Z wAi g U gz F P N. Ez PV U sz.

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  • 64 PAlg v Pq

    PlPz P U vAv vAvAz Cj a, P, C, EvU U Cj AaP P ZQz. gPgz lz P U vAv vAvAz CAAi U PAiRUQz. Pq mz, Nzz ivz Evg vAvAU v Pj PUU v CrPv, GzUPU az, Pj EvU P vAvA vjzz, Cz Qg Pv, ivsAi CzP Qg DPg o, EvU z PPjU PgUv U, Cg gV Avg PU Czg Cj qAv iqQz. Pd oz P U vAv vAvAU zsAi ev Cz AiVP PPAi Pv zyU idP PqUU v zy fzAi U gAz JAz Mw Qz. Ez CvAv Ppt PVz, Ai dAU Ezg v PqUAi qz.

    P U vAv vAvAz CPAiz vqVPz JAzg Pqz J vAvAU EgP JAz iv. PrUjU Qg J vgz vAvAU, CAzg zA ZlnP, PP, C, Cu, Dg EvUU Pz vU PrUg sz U, vU vAvAU Cr AUUv qAiz. PAlg, E Cz , Pd, CAUr, Dv, AP U v g U zrAi, PAi PrUU Pq vAvAU Pgv Eggz, Ezg Cz gAiiUzAv PV, vAvV zgAiAvUP.

    U wz U wAiz AiU U ZgAi iq - gm PmAi PPAi PmAiV Aw ( jAi wU Pq v Pl F P iqwzz Pz)Ai Qz. Ezg S dAUP eP, vAwP PvAi PAqAi zs. P vAvAz zAiz tUU EAv PU R, PU Ezg s Csg C?

    av: QrAiz QrAi PAz QAin P rAi qz.

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  • PAlg v Pq 65

    AiPq : KP? U?

    q|| Ai..d

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    D v E

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  • 66 PAlg v Pq

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  • PAlg v Pq 67

    v PVz. Pq v AAi v MAz DVgPV. GzguU EAig CPg AUqu -`Ai, g , , , , , , . Pqz Ez Ai, g, , , , , , , DUP.

    AiPq

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    E zU AUP MAz APv, vjPU EAz APv PUvz.

  • 68 PAlg v Pq

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    EAi EAV ev Aiizzg MAz sgwAi sAi ivjPz.AiPqAZzJsUMnU z

  • PAlg v Pq 69

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    AiPq PAz E MAz R zsPz. Pqz iwAi (o, zvAZAi, Ev) AiPq zsz MAz UtPz vAiijzg Cz AZz Evg Aii UtPz z. AiPq Cz zsz (r, g, DPw, , Ev) iw vAiijzg Cz EAz UtPz vgAiPzg Cz vAvA D UtPz Eg CUvz. AiPq iw vAiijzg MAz PAiiZgt Ai UtPAz EAz PAiiZgt Ai UtPP Uz. CAzg Aq UtPz vAiijz iwAi P Cx iP UtPz U

  • 70 PAlg v Pq

    msU vgAiz. AiPq Cz zsz Ez zs.

    U:AiPqJzUtPUiwAUuAiMAzvAi Cz MAz vAvA.

    Nm sAm

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    AiPqzsz AUz iwAi gzAi z z Nm sAmU. F Nm sAmU CPgsUU (Vs) v gAqjAU v Egvz. g g sAmU MAz iwAi g g gz z s F jwAi qzPz. Pqz F jwAi GzguU vA Pr. MAz GzguAiAzg J. Ez Gvg PlPz gz gAivg. AUz Jgq MAz DVgv. g g Nm sAmU Ez Jgq jwAi zz. sAm z P vU Pz zg qzPz. AUz Cgq MAz DVgzjAz iwAi qPU, AUrU, zv AguAi J Pq Jgq MAz DV jUtqv.

    Nm sAmU zz Ml CPgsUUU w. J Pzg z. CAzg J Ai MvU AzsUUAz CPgsUU vAiijz. DzzjAz Pq v Evg sgwAi sUU AiPq v Nm sAm PVz.

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  • PAlg v Pq 71

    Ez. CAzg F zvAZAi vAvA Pqz AiPq zvAZAi vAiijz v Cz UAU P iqz. Pq AiPq A Eg P R zvAZAi vAvAU Ps JPJ g, MgP, JPJ, U, LJA r2, Ev. zvAZAiz ev jPzg Dz q UAU sU JPJ Jvg. F sAi AiPqU A Ez. PlPz J zgt Pzgg gU zvAZAiz Rj CU Pqz CPgAiiV AUr q JAz JPJ sAi Dz rzg Cz UAi ir iw qvz. EzjAzV Pqz iwAi Pq Ai qP zsUvz. Pqz dsAgu iqzg Pqz zU AiPq Av zvAZAiz RjAi AzgAiP. zAUqu ir PzV AUz zU AZAiP oPtd JUvz. dsAguAi Ez DgAsz Av. Ezg Pqz zU v CU zAUquAi AUqUvz. GzguU zAi-

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  • 72 PAlg v Pq

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    UAUAiPq

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    s lAi gz MAz P P gz PVz. s lU P vU. w U EAw ivU, Jgq CPg Ev. EU Utv

    rvg an vAvAz MAz l

  • PAlg v Pq 73

    vU Az. z Pq AiPq Hr Cz s bAz EzAi E JAz wAi Ui gAiz. E MAzgq GzguU iv. zsg PU gj.

    Pq AiPq Av P UAU sU Ps VB.NET, C#.NET, e, , ++, x, , JZ, Ev.

    CAzs

    E PP

  • 74 PAlg v Pq

    PqAiPq7.0PP

  • PAlg v Pq 75

    jsPzP

    CAvge Internet

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    PAiiZgt Operating System

    ezsP Search engine

    vAvA Software

    zvAZAi Database

    zv Agu Dataprocessing

    oPtd Text corpus

    zAUqu Part-of-speech tagging

    m Bit

    VUg Bloggers

    Avgt Transliteration

    AUqu Sorting

    APwPgt Encoding

    d s Agu Natural Language Processing

    GAiP evtU z www.unicode.org z www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode z http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/AiPq z http://bit.ly/KannadaTyping z http://www.microsoft.com/typography/WhatIsOpenType.mspx

    10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010

  • 76 PAlg v Pq

    1. PAlg v Pq

    (q|| J vgAit, zg, qDs r, zgPtiwvAveri,Pq,A;AUjQzDvAiSPj;iwvAvePjvoPURPg)

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    QAivU jZAizUz gZ PU v Cs

    PAlg v PqvgUwU oP

    g Pd vizs

  • PAlg v Pq 77

    2. rn v Pq

    ( g z, izs Ugg, CszAi vPvgviwvAvePjvgoPURPg)

    zzs rn vAvAU jZAi (RjU v P vAvAU): AiizP Aii vAvA?

    zEr Pqz P v Er Qg jZAizPq rnAi U (Ai Mv, AiPq, sAm

    jv v qP Ev)z J, JPsmv EAm AUwU

    (Ee, oU EAm) zPqz s jrAUzPq Z v jzzs Pq sAmU CPPg v CPPg

    CAU (JArAU, eU PP Ev)zPq rnAi CPU (g, Pq Ev)

    3. EAlm v Pq

    (n.f.,sgvAvdvPqziwvAvevPv;iwvAvePjvoPURPg;FAzGzAitAi`eCAPtPgg)

    zCAvge U E Pq: qz Az zjzg U evtz Pq [Gz: Pq sgsP,

    UU/sP Pq EAlgs Ev]zPq evtU jZAizVAUzD sU: WAlU, mlgm, mm,

    AiPq jv Ev U mmU Pq

  • 78 PAlg v Pq

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  • 80 PAlg v Pq

    www.freebookculture.com

    FREEBOOKCULTUREyou sponsor. we publish. they read.

    A SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVE BY MITRAMAADHYAMA

    Sponsor a book for educational purposesBe the part of FIRST ever SPONSORED FREE BOOK

    CULTURE PROJECT in INDIA

    It gives us immense pleasure to announce that MITRAMAADHYAMA has planned a unique Free Book Culture. This novel and pioneering concept would usher in a new beginning and define a responsible publishing, distribution and marketing process. The publishing industry in the background of the depleting forest wealth would have to make way for a change which would see only responsible publishing and selling as per the demand and would eliminate the unnecessary stockings of huge inventories. Free Book Culture would be fostering a demand based publishing and also encourage target oriented responsible readership audience. It also encourages the concept of free-flow of information to all the needy ones.What is a Free Book?

    z Free book is a print / online book, which will be available for free of cost to the students who are specifically in need of the same book. The book carries a tag: FREE BOOK in the place of a price tag.

  • PAlg v Pq 81

    Who will bear the cost of Free Book? z Sponsors like you will be bearing the cost of production. This

    cost will be at actuals, and based on a transparent quotation process.

    Why give a Free Book? z Well, MITRAMAADHYAMA strongly feels that in this

    information era, when many information and data are provided freely, there is a need to provide specific knowledge based books written by experienced writers, in a Freely Distributable Format.

    z Free Book Culture is not just a matter of costs and affordability, but a matter of philosophy. This will naturally open up a new movement of Free Book Culture in localised formats.

    Can the Free Books be purchased also? z Yes. Those who can afford to purchase it can definitely

    purchase a copy / multiple copies. The money thus collected will again go to the production of more and more such Free copies. The money will just revolve around this movement.

    What is the benefit for institutions sponsoring the culture?

    z Sponsoring institutions can always take pride in being a contemporary Open Culture movement. This will greatly enhance their social brand value.

    z The sponsoring institutions can always put an advertisement conveying a social message. This will popularise the institutions brand.

    Why MITRAMAADHYAMA is into this? z Well, MITRAMAADHYAMA being a non-profit organisation

    has always thought of participating in the societal activities with an aggressive attitude towards free information outflow without any resistances or barriers to one and all around us, in this changing world. With social activism, media-content creation, pre-production, free information inflow as its core competence, it has decided to launch the Free Book Culture Project in order to push the idea forward. Any other

  • 82 PAlg v Pq

    institutions wishing to join us are also welcome to foster the movement.

    Are Free Books given away to whomsoever? z The books would be distributed to target audience only, with

    every beneficiary willing to provide his primary personal details in a prescribed format which is given along with the Free Book.

    What is the content of the First Free Book? z The content of the First Free Book Culture Series is: Kannada

    & IT (The book in your hand now). This is targeted to the Graduate Students of Bangalore University, who have particular curriculum, which of course was obsolete. This content was first generated at the instance of Surana First Grade College, South End, Jayanagar, Bangalore, and six experts in Kannada IT issues delivered daylong classes in theory as well as practicals. More than 350 students attended these classes. The same lessons are now written as a textbook content.

    Okay. What next? z With your continued support, we will bring more and more

    such creative, educational Titles, targeting both young and adult, based on societal needs. We will take advice from the experts and plan for a time bound publication and distribution of Free Books.

    Books are a cost to the ecology. How will you fight it? z We at MITRAMAADHYAMA fully understand the need to

    preserve the Ecological Balance. All the books will be printed on eco-friendly paper, and there will be a clear list of target audience before printing hundreds of books. Each book will be accounted for. Print on Demand will be the approach. If we print it on normal paper, we will ensure that two trees are grown with the printing of a set of 1000 copies of a title.

    Are these books available online? z Yes. All these books will be freely available online @ www.

    mitramaadhyama.co.in and www.freebookculture.com

  • PAlg v Pq 83

    How will you distribute the books? z For the first Title (Kannada & IT) we will approach the colleges.

    Then we will reach out to all NGOs, public fora, like minded bookshops and other sources, based on our Titles.

    This novel concept requires a healthy patronage in the form of good demand based sponsorship from the leading Corporate bodies and also other brand conscious and societal conscious entities. We hope you are keen to participate in this project. Please contact

    z Shri Ramanath GP Maiya on 9986088100 [email protected] OR

    z Shri Beluru Sudarshana on 9741976789 [email protected] for more details.

    HOW TO SPONSORPlease draw cheque / DD in favour of Mitramaadhyama, Bangalore. visit mitramaadhyama.co.in to know more about us

    MITRAMAADHYAMA 917A (1044), Krishna, Upstairs, 1F Main, 2ND Phase

    Girinagara BANGALORE 560085email: [email protected]

    mobile: 9741976789website: mitramaadhyama.co.in

    Please note: We are in the process of applying for tax exemption under section 80G.

    10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010

  • 84 PAlg v Pq

    www.freebookculture.com

    FREEBOOKCULTURE

    you sponsor. we publish. they re

    ad.

    A project by MITRAMAADHYAMA

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