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Transcript of COMPUTER GRAPHICS Hochiminh city University of Technology Faculty of Computer Science and...
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Hochiminh city University of TechnologyFaculty of Computer Science and Engineering
CHAPTER 02:
Graphics Programming
Slide 2Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OUTLINE IntroductionOpenGL LibrariesWindows-based programmingA simple programStructure of the programViewingViewportPrimitivesDraw ObjectThe Sierpinski GasketHidden-Surface RemovalMore Examples
Slide 3Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
IntroductionProgramming Environment
– Hardware: display, graphics card
– Software: OS (Windows), programming language (MS VC++), graphics library (OpenGL, DirectX)
OpenGL
– Platform-independent API
– Easy to use
– Close enough to the hardware to get excellent performance
– Treat 2D and 3D in the same way
Slide 4Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL LibrariesOpenGL core library
– OpenGL32 on Windows
– GL on most unix/linux systems (libGL.a)OpenGL Utility Library (GLU)
– Provides functionality in OpenGL core but avoids having to rewrite code
Links with window system
– GLX for X window systems
– WGL for Windows
– AGL for Macintosh
Slide 5Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL LibrariesOpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)
– Provides functionality common to all window systems
• Open a window
• Get input from mouse and keyboard
• Menus
• Event-driven
– Code is portable but GLUT lacks the functionality of a good toolkit for a specific platform
• No slide bars
Slide 6Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL Libraries
Slide 7Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL Libraries
Slide 8Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL Libraries
Slide 9Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL Libraries
Slide 10Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL Libraries
Slide 11Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
OpenGL LibrariesOpenGL Functions
– Primitives• Points• Line Segments• Polygons
– Attributes– Transformations
• Modeling• Viewing
– Control (GLUT)– Input (GLUT)– Query
Slide 12Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Windows-based programmingEvent-driven programmingEvent queueCallback functionRegister callback function
• glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay)
• glutReshapeFunc(myReshape)
• glutMouseFunc(myMouse)
• glutKeyboardFunc(myKeyboard)
Slide 13Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
A simple programGenerate a square on a solid background
Slide 14Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
A simple program#include <GL/glut.h>void mydisplay(){
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
glEnd();glFlush();
}int main(int argc, char** argv){
glutCreateWindow("simple");glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay);glutMainLoop();
}
Slide 15Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
A simple program
– Objects
– Viewer
– Light Source(s)
– Materials
Slide 16Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Structure of the program Most OpenGL programs have a similar structure that consists of the
following functions
– main():
• defines the callback functions
• opens one or more windows with the required properties
• enters event loop (last executable statement)
– init(): sets the state variables
• Viewing
• Attributes
– Callbacks
• Display function
• Input and window functions
Slide 17Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Structure of the program
Slide 18Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Structure of the programglutInit allows application to get command line
arguments and initializes systemgluInitDisplayMode requests properties for the window
(the rendering context)– RGB color– Single buffering– Properties logically ORed together
glutWindowSize in pixelsglutWindowPosition from top-left corner of displayglutCreateWindow create window with title “simple”glutDisplayFunc display callbackglutMainLoop enter infinite event loop
Slide 19Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Structure of the program
Slide 20Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Structure of the program
– Objects
– Viewer
– Light Source(s)
– Materials
Slide 21Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingOpenGL places a camera at the origin in object space
pointing in the negative z directionThe default viewing volume is a box centered at the
origin with a side of length 2
Slide 22Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingPerspective projections:
all projectors meet at the center of projection
Parallel projection: projectors are parallel, center of projection is replaced by a direction of projection
Slide 23Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewing In the default orthographic view, points are projected
forward along the z axis onto the plane z=0
z=0
z=0
Slide 24Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewing
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
glEnd();
1-1
1
-1
Slide 25Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewing
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(1.0, 1.0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 2.0);
glVertex2f(2.0, 2.0);
glVertex2f(2.0, 1.0);
glEnd();
1-1
1
-1
Slide 26Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewing
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, 1.5);
glVertex2f(1.5, 1.5);
glVertex2f(1.5, 0.5);
glEnd();
1-1
1
-1
Slide 27Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingglMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0);glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0)glOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, near, far)gluOrtho2D(left, right,bottom,top)
Slide 28Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewing
4-2
2
-4
Slide 29Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingglBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-2.0, 0.0);glVertex2f(-2.0, 2.0);glVertex2f(0.0, 2.0);glVertex2f(0.0, 0.0);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);glVertex2f( 0.0, -4.0);glVertex2f( 2.0, 0.0);glVertex2f( 4.0, -4.0);
glEnd();
Slide 30Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingHow to get the picture of triangle and square?
Slide 31Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewingHow to get the picture of triangle and square?
– glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
– glLoadIdentity();
– gluOrtho2D(-2.0, 4.0, -4.0, 2.0);How to get the picture of the square?How to get the picture of the triangle?
Slide 32Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportDo not have use the entire window for the image:
glViewport(x,y,w,h)Values in pixels (screen coordinates)
Slide 33Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportSize of the graphics window
– glutInitWindowSize(cx, cy);
glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);
Slide 34Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportglViewport(320, 240, 320, 240)
Slide 35Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportglViewport(320, 240, 240, 240)
Slide 36Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportHow to draw picture in the second quadrant?
Slide 37Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportHow to draw picture in the second quadrant?
– glViewport(0, 240, 320, 240);How to draw picture in the third quadrant?How to draw picture in the fourth quadrant?How to draw picture in all quadrant?
Slide 38Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
ViewportHow to draw picture in all quadrant?
Slide 39Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Viewport glViewport(320, 240, 320, 240);
glBegin() //draw square
………………
glEnd()
glBegin() //draw triangle
………………
glEnd() glViewport(0, 240, 320, 240);
…………………………………. glViewport(0, 0, 320, 240);
…………………………………. glViewport(320, 0, 320, 240);
………………………………….
Slide 40Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Primitives
– Objects
– Viewer
– Light Source(s)
– MaterialsPolylineTextFilled regionRaster image
Slide 41Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesPolyline
– A polyline is a connected sequence of straight lines
– A polyline can be used to approximated a smooth curve
– Functions:
• Draw Point: drawDot(x1, y1)
• Draw Line: drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2)
• Draw Polyline: drawPolyline(poly)
Slide 42Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesPolyline
– Polygon: polyline if the first and the last points are connected by an edge
– Polygon type: simple, convex
Slide 43Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesPolyline
– Attributes: Color, thickness, type (solid, dash), join points
Slide 44Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesText:
– Display mode: text mode, graphics mode– Attributes: Font, color, size, orientation, space
Slide 45Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesFilled region
– Filled region is a shape filled with some color or pattern. The boundary is often a polygon
Slide 46Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesUse filled region to shade the different faces of a three-
dimensional object
Slide 47Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
PrimitivesRaster Image
– Raster image is made up of many pixels.
– Stored as an array of numerical values
How are raster images created?
– Hand-designed, Computed Images, Scanned ImagesRaster image can be processed
Slide 48Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(parameter)
glVertex2f(…) //or glVertex3f(…)
glVertex2f(…)
………………
glEnd()Parameter
– GL_POINTS, GL_LINES, GL_TRIANGLES, v.v
Slide 49Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 50Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 51Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 52Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 53Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 54Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw ObjectglPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);glLineWidth(3.0);
Slide 55Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw ObjectglPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_POINT);glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);glPointSize(5);
Slide 56Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw ObjectglPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
Slide 57Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
Slide 58Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw ObjectglPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
……………………..glEnd();glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);glLineWidth(3);glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
……………………..glEnd();
Slide 59Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw ObjectglBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 60Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, 0.0);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -1.0);
glVertex2f( 0.5, -1.0);
glEnd();
Slide 61Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
GL_QUADSGL_QUAD_STRIPGL_TRIANGLE_FAN
Slide 62Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Object
void drawPoint(GLint x, GLint y) {
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex2i(x, y);
glEnd();
}
void drawLine(GLint x1, GLint y1, GLint x2, GLint y2){
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2i(x1, y1);
glVertex2i(x2, y2);
glEnd();
}
Slide 63Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Draw Objectclass GLintPointArray {
const int MAX_NUM = 100;
public:
int num ;
GLintPoint pt[MAX_NUM] ;
};
void drawPolyLine(GLintPointArray poly,int closed) {
glBegin(closed ? GL_LINE_LOOP : GL_LINE_STRIP);
for(int i=0;i<poly.num;i++)
glVertex2i(poly.pt[i].x, poly.pt[i].y);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
Slide 64Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasket
Slide 65Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasket
1. Pick an initial point (x, y, z) at random inside the triangle
2. Select one of the three vertices at random
3. Find the location halfway between the initial point and the randomly selected vertex
4. Display this new point by putting some sort of marker, such as a small circle at the corresponding location on the display
5. Replace the point at (x, y, z) with this new point
6. Return to step 2
Slide 66Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasket
main()
{
Initialize_the_system();
for(some_number_of_points)
{
pt = generate_a_point();
Display_the_point(pt);
}
}
Slide 67Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasket
void myinit()
{
glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); /* white background */
glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0); /* draw in red */
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0, 50.0, 0.0, 50.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
Slide 68Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketvoid display( void ){ GLfloat vertices[3][2]={{0.0,0.0},{25.0,50.0},{50.0,0.0}}; /* A triangle */ int j, k; int rand(); /* standard random number generator */ GLfloat p[2] ={7.5,5.0}; /* An arbitrary initial point inside traingle */
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); /*clear the window */ glBegin(GL_POINTS); for( k=0; k<5000; k++) { j = rand()%3; /* pick a vertex at random */
p[0] = (p[0]+vertices[j][0])/2.0; p[1] = (p[1]+vertices[j][1])/2.0;
glVertex2fv(p); }
glEnd();glFlush(); /* clear buffers */
}
Slide 69Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketStart with a triangle
Connect bisectors of sides and remove central triangle
Repeat
Slide 70Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketFive subdivisions
Slide 71Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketGLfloat v[3][2]={{-1.0, -0.58}, {1.0, -0.58}, {0.0, 1.15}};int n;
void triangle( GLfloat *a, GLfloat *b, GLfloat *c)
/* display one triangle */{ glVertex2fv(a); glVertex2fv(b); glVertex2fv(c);}
Slide 72Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketvoid divide_triangle(GLfloat *a, GLfloat *b,
GLfloat *c, int m){ point2 v0, v1, v2;
int j; if(m>0){ for(j=0; j<2; j++) v0[j]=(a[j]+b[j])/2; for(j=0; j<2; j++) v1[j]=(a[j]+c[j])/2; for(j=0; j<2; j++) v2[j]=(b[j]+c[j])/2; divide_triangle(a, v0, v1, m-1); divide_triangle(c, v1, v2, m-1); divide_triangle(b, v2, v0, m-1); } else(triangle(a,b,c));}
Slide 73Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketvoid display(){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); divide_triangle(v[0], v[1], v[2], n); glEnd(); glFlush();}
void myinit(){ glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluOrtho2D(-2.0, 2.0, -2.0, 2.0); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glClearColor (1.0, 1.0, 1.0,1.0) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);}
Slide 74Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketint main(int argc, char **argv){ n=4; glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB); glutInitWindowSize(500, 500); glutCreateWindow(“2D Gasket"); glutDisplayFunc(display); myinit();
glutMainLoop();}
Slide 75Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketWe can easily make the program three-dimensional by
using– GLfloat v[4][3]– glVertex3f– glOrtho
But that would not be very interesting Instead, we can start with a tetrahedron
Slide 76Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketWe can subdivide each of the four faces
Appears as if we remove a solid tetrahedron from the center leaving four smaller tetrahedra
Slide 77Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketvoid triangle( GLfloat *a, GLfloat *b, GLfloat *c){ glVertex3fv(a); glVertex3fv(b); glVertex3fv(c);}
void tetra(GLfloat *a, GLfloat *b, GLfloat *c, GLfloat *d){ glColor3fv(colors[0]); triangle(b, d, c); glColor3fv(colors[1]); triangle(a, b, c); glColor3fv(colors[2]); triangle(a, c, d); glColor3fv(colors[3]); triangle(a, d, b);}
Slide 78Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski Gasketvoid divide_tetra(GLfloat *a, GLfloat *b, GLfloat *c, GLfloat *d, int m){
GLfloat mid[6][3];
int j;
if(m>0) {
for(j=0; j<3; j++) mid[0][j]=(a[j]+b[j])/2;
…………………………………………….
divide_tetra(a, mid[0], mid[1], mid[2], m-1);
…………………………………………….
}
else(tetra(a,b,c,d)); /* draw tetrahedron at end of recursion */
}
Slide 79Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
The Sierpinski GasketBecause the triangles are drawn in the order they are
defined in the program, the front triangles are not always rendered in front of triangles behind them
Slide 80Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Hidden-Surface RemovalWe want to see only those surfaces in front of other
surfacesOpenGL uses a hidden-surface method called the z-
buffer algorithm that saves depth information as objects are rendered so that only the front objects appear in the image
Slide 81Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Hidden-Surface RemovalThe algorithm uses an extra buffer, the z-buffer, to
store depth information as geometry travels down the pipeline
It must be– Requested in main()
•glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH)
– Enabled •glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
– Cleared in the display callback•glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
Slide 82Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples void hardwirededHouse(){ glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);//vẽ khung ngôi nhà glVertex2i(40, 40); glVertex2i(40, 90); glVertex2i(70, 120); glVertex2i(100, 90); glVertex2i(100, 40); glEnd(); glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);//vẽ ống khói glVertex2i(50, 100); glVertex2i(50, 120); glVertex2i(60, 120); glVertex2i(60, 110); glEnd(); . . . // vẽ cửa ra vào
. . . // vẽ cửa sổ}
12040
120
40
Slide 83Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples void parameterizedHouse(GLintPoint peak,GLint width,GLint
height)// tọa độ của nóc nhà là peak, // chiều cao, chiều rộng của ngôi nhà là height và width{ glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP); glVertex2i(peak.x, peak.y); glVertex2i(peak.x + width/2,peak.y – 3*height/8); glVertex2i(peak.x + width/2,peak.y – height); glVertex2i(peak.x - width/2,peak.y – height); glVertex2i(peak.x - width/2,peak.y – 3*height/8); glEnd(); vẽ ống khói vẽ cửa ra vào vẽ cửa sổ}
Slide 84Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 85Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More ExamplesSpherical coordinate system
– x = r*sin(theta)*cos(phi);
– z = r*cos(theta)*cos(phi);
– y = r*sin(phi);
Slide 86Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 87Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 88Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examplesfor(float phi = -80; phi<=80; phi+=20){
phir = c*phi;phir20 = c*(phi+20);glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);for(float theta = -180; theta<=180; theta+=20) {
thetar = c*theta;x = sin(thetar)*cos(phir); z = cos(thetar)*cos(phir);y = sin(phir);glVertex3d(x, y, z);x = sin(thetar)*cos(phir20);z =
cos(thetar)*cos(phir20);y = sin(phir20);glVertex3d(x, y, z);
}glEnd();
}
Slide 89Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More ExamplesglBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex3d(0, 1, 0);c80 = c*80;y = sin(c80);for(float theta = 180; theta>=-180; theta-=20){
thetar = c*theta;x = sin(thetar)*cos(c80);z = cos(thetar)*cos(c80);glVertex3d(x, y, z);
}glEnd();
Slide 90Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 91Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 92Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 93Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 94Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
More Examples
Slide 95Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Polygonal meshes are simply collections of polygons, or “faces,” that together form the “skin” of an object. They have become a standard way of representing a broad class of solid shapes in graphics.
Easy to represent (by a sequence of vertices) and transform, have simple properties (a single normal vector, sequence of vertices) and transform, have simple properties (a single normal vector, a well-defined inside and outside, etc.), and are easy to draw (using a polygon-fill routine or by mapping texture onto the polygon).
Slide 96Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(-1, 1, 1);
glVertex3f( 1, 1, 1);
glVertex3f( 1, 1, -1);
glVertex3f( -1, 1, -1);
glEnd();
……………………………….
Slide 97Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
glColor3f(0, 0, 1);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(-1, 1, 1);
glVertex3f( 1, 1, 1);
glVertex3f( 1, 1, -1);
glVertex3f( -1, 1, -1);
glEnd();
……………………………….
Slide 98Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Slide 99Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Data Structureclass Mesh {
Face faceArr[];
};
class Face {
Point3 vertexArr[];
Vector3 normArr[];
}
Slide 100Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Defining a Polygonal Mesh
- A more efficient approach uses three separate lists : a vertex list, a normal list, and a face list
- The three lists work together : The vertex list contains locational or geometric information, the normal list contains orientation information, and the face list contains connectivity or topological information.
Slide 101Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Slide 102Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
class VertexID{
public:
int vertIndex; //index of this vertex in the vertex list
int normIndex; // index of this vertex's normal
};
class Face{
public:
int nVerts; // number of vertice in this face
VertexID* vert; // the list of vertex and normal index
Face() { nVerts = 0; vert = NULL; }
~Face() { delete[] vert; nVerts = 0; }
};
Slide 103Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
class Mesh { private: int numVerts; // number of vertices in the mesh Point3* pt; // array of 3D vertices int numNormals; // number of normal vectors for the mesh Vector3* norm; // array of normals int numFaces; // number of faces in the mesh Face* face; // array of face data // ... others to be added later public: Mesh(); ~Mesh();
// ... others };
Slide 104Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
void Mesh::DrawWireframe(){
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
for (int f = 0; f < numFaces; f++) {
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
for (int v = 0; v < face[f].nVerts; v++){
int iv = face[f].vert[v].vertIndex;
glVertex3f(pt[iv].x, pt[iv].y, pt[iv].z);
}
glEnd();
}
}
Slide 105Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
Slide 106Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
void Mesh::CreateTetrahedron()
{
numVerts=4;
pt = new Point3[numVerts];
pt[0].set(0, 0, 0);
pt[1].set(1, 0, 0);
pt[2].set(0, 1, 0);
pt[3].set(0, 0, 1);
Slide 107Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Modeling Shapes with Polygonal Meshes
numFaces= 4;
face = new Face[numFaces];
face[0].nVerts = 3;
face[0].vert = new VertexID[face[0].nVerts];
face[0].vert[0].vertIndex = 1;
face[0].vert[1].vertIndex = 2;
face[0].vert[2].vertIndex = 3;
face[0].vert[0].normIndex = 0;
face[0].vert[1].normIndex = 0;
face[0].vert[2].normIndex = 0;
Slide 108Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT
Further Reading “Interactive Computer Graphics: A Topdown
Approach Using OpenGL”, Edward Angel
– Chapter 2: Graphics Programming “Đồ họa máy tính trong không gian hai chiều”, Trần
Giang Sơn
– Chương 2: Bước đầu tạo hình ảnh “Đồ họa máy tính trong không gian ba chiều”, Trần Giang
Sơn
– Chương 1: Mô hình hóa đối tượng ba chiều bằng lưới đa giác