Computer Fundamantal

8/18/2019 Computer Fundamantal

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gV+Zl esa #kik tkrk gSA% A#tomatic' dEI;wVj i#s dk;Z dks i#s ki djrk gSA bls ,d ckj

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4% Acc#rac" 53k(6nrk78' dEI;wVj i#s dk;Z dks $99: 3k(7rk ds lk/k djrkgSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ek#o ds

}kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa *"rh gks ldrh gSA dEI;wVj ds ifj%kke esa ;fndksbZ *"fr gksrh .kh gS rks og ek#o }kjk fn;s *;sa f#nsZ-k esagksrh gSA bls I1 5arbage In arbage 1#t7 /kkZr d&jk nkss*s d&jk

fe"s*k ds % Mamor"' dEI;wVj dh ;kn j?k#s dh @kerk cg(r ;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh

eseksjh dks ko-;drk ds #(lkj de ;k ;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ek#o dheseksjh esa ;g foBks-krk #gha gSA ek#o dso" egCoiw%kZ ckrksadks gh ;kn j?krk gSA

Weakness (dfe;kW) :-$% N1 ID' dEI;wVj ds nj lkss le=#s dh @kerk #gh gksrh gSA tksfdek#o ds nj gksrh gSA% No /eeling'' dEI;wVj ds nj .kko#k;sa #gh gksrh gSA tksfd ek#o dsnj gksrh gSA

laf{kIr fodkl de-• dEI;wVj dk fodkl d)e 4999 oBkZ i(jk#k gSA &h# esa ig"s *%k#k ;aF

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*%k#k ;aF l#0 $L> esa fod


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kSls ekSle foJk# [ d+fBk foJk# [ ;(} ,oa arfj@k kfn foJk# esa bldki);ks* gksrk gSA

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$% Micro omter% Rork Station omter4% Mini omter% Mainframe omter>% S#&er omter

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Ka&to& omter 8'Ka&to& omter os gksrs gSA ft#dks *ksnh esa j?kdj &"k;k tkrkgSA ;g lkbZt esa cg(r NksVs gksrs gSA b# dEI;wVjl dks ,d K/kk# ls

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Xalmto& omter8' ;g dEI;wVj Ka&to& omter ls NksVs gksrs gSA ft#dks g/ks"h esa

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Notebook omter 8'Notebook omter Ka&to& omter ds lek# gh gksrs gSA ft#dks *ksnhesa j?kdj &"k;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cg(r NksVs gksrs gSA b#dEI;wVjl dks ,d K/kk# ls nwljs K/kk# ij klk#h ls "s tk ldrs gSA ;geag*s dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w [dhoksMZ [ ekml ,d lk/kgksrs gSA b#esa ikoj ds f";s cSVjh dk i);ks* gksrk gSA

ablet omter 8'


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kdkj esa ekbZd)ks dEI;wVj ls cMs gksrs gSA4% Mini omter 8' ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIk#h;ksa ,oa ljdkjh

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omter S"stem dh dk;Zfof6k8'

2ata' bls dX&k ek" 5Caw /act7 dgkR tkrk gSAInformation' Xrocessing ds ckn 2ata dk 8i lwk ds 8i esa i)nf-kZr fd;k tkrkgSAInt nit' os .kk* ;k ;aF ft#dh lgk;rk ls 2ata dks i)nk# fd;k tkrk gS Int

nit dg"krs gSA Je"board, Mo#se, Kight Xen, Scanner, o"stic, kfn Intnit ds r*Zr krs gSA

1#tt nit' Xrocessed 2ata ;k Information dks i)nf-kZr dj#s ds f";s i);ks* fd;stk#s ok"s ;aFks dks 1#tt ds #ke ls tk#k tkrk gSA Monitor,Xrinter, Xlotter kfn 1#tt ;aFks ds r*Zr 3kkfe" fd;s tkrs gSA

X' X dk iwjk #ke entral Xrocessing nit gSA bls omter dk fnek*dgk tkrk gSA lhih;w f#E# ;wf#V ls fe"dj c#k gksrk gSW ontrolnit, Airthmatic and Kogical nit, Storage%

$% ' bldk iwjk #ke ontrol nit gSA blds }kjk iwjs dEI;wVj , erlon

i);ks* fd;s tk#s ok"s fof.k# Xrocessors gSA• Xrocesor dh *fr dks .)s 5.er)s7 esa ekik tkrk gSA *fr ds #(lkj ;g Mega

.)s, ia .)s gks ldrh gSA• X dh *fr dks dbZ fo}k# clock S&eed ls .kh ekirs gS bl 8i esa *fr dks

MIXS 5Million Instr#ctions &er Scond7 ls .kh ekik tk ldrk gSA

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&(Ecdh; K;kgh }kjk dSjs2Vj Nkis tkrs gSA MIC jhMj &Sd ij Nkis dSjs2Vjdks &(Ecdh; dkR;" ds laosn# ls iYOrk gSA b#esa i)dk-kh; fof6k ls dksbZi)dk-k dSjs2VlZ ij #gha Mk"k tkrk gSAOMR(Optical Mark Reader)-

bldk iwjk #ke 1&tical Mark Ceader gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks 1MC Sheet ij

isfl" ;k is# ds f&g dh mifK/kfr kSj #(mifK/kfr dks tkR&rh gSA ktd"bldk i);ks* om&etitie e*amination dh answer book dks heck fd;k tkrk gSAblds i);ks* ls de le; esa lgh ifj%kke k tkrs gSAOCR (Optical Character Reader)-

bldk iwjk #ke 1&tical haracter Cecognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ig"s ls NisdSjs2VjlZ ds ijKij DdZ ns?kdj 1C ek#d dSjs2VjlZ ls ig&k# dh tkrh gSA1C ds DkRV dEI;wVj esa KVksj jgrs gSA ftgsa kslhkj KVS%MMZ dgrsgSA blesa letter , N#mber and s&ecial s"mbol gksrs gSA b#dk i);ks* Xostal 1rderdbZ cSad i#s he(#e kfn esa djrh gSABCR (Bar Code Reader)-

arcode e-kh# }kjk iYf#; og ode gksrk gS tks Kines ds ro#& ds 8i esa fn;ktkrk gS ft#dh eksVkbZ m#ds e6; ds fj2rK/kk# kfn ds ek6;e ls ml mCikndh tk#dkjh i)kIr gksrh gSA b# arcodes dks iY#s ds f";s .andhold Scanner dki);ks* fd;k tkrk gS ftls arcode Ceader dgk tkrk gSA

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D)sM"h gksrh gSA bldks &"k#k klk# gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk dk;ZkR*("hdjrh gSA ftl kRI-k# dks


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1#tt 2eice nks i)dkj ds gksrs gSW5A7 .ardco&" 2eice'b#ds r*Zr ifj%kke dks Xrinted form esa i)nk# fd;k tkrk

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#gh tk ldrkAMonitor

Monitor ,d kmVi(V fMokbl gSA bldks fot(" fMKI"s ;wf#V .khdgk tkrk gSA ;g ns?k#s esa Vhoh dh rjg gksrk gSA EkkR#hVj ,dlcls egCoiw%kZ kmVi(V fMokbl gSA blds fc#k dEI;wVj 6kwjkgksrk gSA ;g kmVi(V dks i#h Kd)h# ij Soft o&" ds 8Ik esai)nf-kZr djrk gSA ekRf#Vj }kjk i)fn-kZr ja*ksa ds k6kkj ij ;g rh#i)dkj ds gksrs gSA$ Monochrome Monitor ra"4% olor Monitor8' bl i)dkj ds ekR#hVj C 5Ced, reen, l#e7 ja*ksa lskmVi(V i)nf-kZr djrs gSA

C 5athode Ca" #be7Monitor' ;g rd#hdh lKrh ,oa ja*h# kmVi(V ns#s esal@ke gSA blesa Q2&j V;wc ,"hesaV gksrk gSA tks iwjk#s Vhch lsV ds rjggksrk gSA / 5hin /ilm ransistor7' ;g #bZ rd#hdh ds ekR#hVj gSaA bls kosf-kr jlk;#ksa kSj *Slksa dks dkR& dh I"sVksa ds e6; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;sir"h fMKI"s fMokblst /lat Xanel 2is&la" dg"krh gSA orZek# esa "sIkVkRi K25Ki(#id r"stal 2is&la" 7echnolog" dk i);ks* gksrk gSA kt dh #bZ rd#hdh KE2gSA ftldk iwjk #ke =ih e6iin diode 4haracteristics of a Monitor5ekR#hVj ds e(?; "@k%k78'$% Cesol#tion 5 jstks"w-k#78' bldk lEc6k f&F dh KiBVrk gksrk gSA

ekR#hVj esa f&F dk f#ek%kZ NksVs NksVsfcn(ksa ls fe"dj gksrk gS ftls Q2ls" dgk tkrkgSA jstks"w-k# f6kd gks*k rks f&F dh KiBVrkf6kd gks*hA

% Cefresh Cate8' ekR#hVj "*krkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gS ekR#hVj ij Image dscn"#s dh nj dks Ceferesh Cate dgkR tkrk gSA ekR#hVjesa fjD)s-k jsV dks gVZt esa #kik tkrk gSA

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11/28

VA edio Standard 8' bldk iwjk #ke Video ra&hics Arra" blds }kjk >L d"j dksi)fnZ-kr fd;k tkrk /kkA bldk jstks"w-k# L949 /kkA .igh olor ok"s*se[fDPe[fofM;ks kfn fMKkI"s #gh fd;k tkrk /kkAA edio Standard 8 bldk iwjk #ke E*tended ra&hics Arra" blds }kjk $L fef";#d"j dks i)fnZ-kr fd;k tkrk /kk A bldk jstks"w-k# 99L99 and $9GL

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Printer

Xrinter ,d kR# "kbZ# kmVi(V fMokbl gSA blls kmVi(V dks dk*t ijNki dj i)Kr(r fd;k tkrk gSA dk*t ij f";s *;s kmVi(V dks hard co&" dgktkrk gSA blds }kjk dEI;wVj ds ladsrksa dks i)kd+frd .kkBkk 5English ,.indi7 esa ifjofCkZr djds gkMZ dkRih ds 8Ik esa Nirs gSaA Xrintering

echnolog" ds k6kkj ij Q)aVlZ nks i)dkj ds gksrs gSA(a) I61e 9riner- ;g os Q)Vaj gksrs gS tks Q)fVa* djrs le;kokt djrs gSA ;s Xrinting esa nckc dk i);ks* djrs gS blf";s b#esaXrinting esa arbon o&" "h tk ldrh gSA Im&act &rinter nks i)dkj ds gksrsgSA

$% 2ot Matri* &rinter% Solid &rinter

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12/28

ds }kjk f#;fOFr gksrs gSA &S# ds ckj iwjk 6kwe#s ls ,d "kbZ# Q)aVgks tkrh gSA b#ls KiBV ,oa rst Q)afVa* gksrh gSA% and Xrinter8' bl Q)aVj esa ,d csaM gksrk gSA ftls Q)afVa* cSaM dgrsgSA bl ij ksl @kj f&ids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVjds }kjk f#;fOFr gksrs gSA cSaM ds ckj iwjk 6kwe#s ls ,d "kbZ# Q)aV

gks tkrh gSA b#ls KiBV ,oa rst Q)afVa* gksrh gSA4% 2r#m Xrinter8' bl Q)aVj esa ,d Me gksrk gSA bl ij ksl @kj f&ids jgrsgSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk f#;fOFr gksrs gSA blQ)aVj esa Me ds ckj iwjk 6kwe#s ls ,d "kbZ# Q)aV gks tkrh gSA b#lsKiBV ,oa rst Q)afVa* gksrh gSA

(7) on I61e 9riner

Non Im&ect Xrinter os Q)aVj gksrs gSA tks Q)afVsas* djrs le; kokt #ghadjrs gS A #kR# bEiS2V Q)aVj dg"krs gSA b#dh Q)afVa* *fr ,oa KiBVrkbEiS2V Q)aVj ls f6kd gksrh gSA Non Im&ect Xrinter nks i)dkj ds gksrsgSA

$% Ink et Xrinter% Keaser XrinterInk >e 9riner

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ja*h# badtSV Q)aVj esa K;kgh ds &kj #kst" gksrs gSA #h"e[ "k"[ih"k[ dk"k blf";s bldks PMJ Q)aVj .kh dgk tkrk gSA=easer 9riner

;g #kR# baEiS2V ist Q)aVj gksrs gSA b#dh Q)afVa* *fr ,oa 2okf"Vhcg(r XNh gksrh gSA "stj Q)aVj tsjks*)kDh rd#hdh ds k6kkj ij dk;Zdjrk gSA blesa ,d kosf-kr ink/kZ dk "si# ;(2r Me gksrk gSA ;g Me

DksVks laosfnr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dk*t ij kmVi(V dks Nkik tkrkgSA "stj Q)aVj esa Q)afVa* "stj fdj%k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSXinters esa Q)aV dh *fr kSj D#alit" dks 2XI 52ot Xer Inch7 ls ekik tkrk gSA

Plotter

;g ,d kmVi(V fMokbl gS blls f&F ,oa *)kD dks Q)aV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g42 &rinting .kh dj ldrs gSA blds }kjk cS#j [iksKVj kfn dks Q)aV fd;ktkrk gSA

Sound Card & Speaker

So#nd card ,d E*tension board gksrk gSA ftldk i);ks* lkmM dks Edit dj#s,oa o#tt dj#s esa gksrk gSA dEI;wVj esa *k#s l(##s[ fDPe ns?k#s ;kfDj *se ?ks"#s ds f";s bldk i);ks* fd;k tk#k ko-;d gksrk gSA ktd" ;glkmM dkMZ Mother board esa inb#it gksrk gSA lkmM dkMZ ,oaKihdj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSaA lkmM dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls gh Kihdj6of# mCi# djrk gSA

e6or$omter esa 2ata dks la*)fgr dj#s ds f";s i);ks* dh tk#s ok"h bdkbZ dksMemor" dgkR tkrk gSAMemor" dh bdkb;kRW


13/28

it ;s $ ;k 9 gks ldrh gSA$Nibble ' bit Nibble F $"te F bit$9 "te F $Jilo "te$9 J F $Mega "te$9 M F $iga "te

$9 F $era "te 57omter esa nks i)dkj dh eseksjh gksrh gSA

A% Xrima" Memor" % Secondar" Memor"

9ri6ar$ e6or$ :- bl eseksjh dks Main Memor" .kh dgk tkrk gSA ;gnks i)dkj dh gksrh gSA

A% CAM% C1M

A (Aanda6 ess e6or$)bldk iwjk #ke Candam Access Memor" gSA bldh f#E# fo-ksBkrk,R gksrh gSA

$% bldks dEI;wVj dh e(?; ;k K/kkbZ eseksjh ;k Volatile Memor" dgk tkrkgSA blesa KVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gks#s ij fMf"V gks tkrk gSA

ftldk i(#: i)kIr #gh fd;k tk ldrk gSAblh ls gksdj MkVk Secondar"Storage 2eice or Xrocessor ds ikl tkrk gSA ;g ,d Semiconditor or /il& /lo& lsfe"dj c#h memor" gksrh gSASCAM8'bldk iwjk #ke Staic Candam Access Memor" gSAbldh data Accessing

S&eed ; jse dh is@kk f6kd gksrh gSA2CAM8' bldk iwjk #ke 2"anamic Camdam Access Memor" gSA ;g

eseksjh tPnh tPnh fjDs-k gksrh gSA Cefresh dk er"c Electronicharge or 2ischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second esa gtkjks ckj Cefreshgksrh gSA r: bldh S&eed slow gksrh gSA ;g ; jse dh is@kklKrh gksrh gSA

A@ (Aead @nl$ e6or$)C1M dk iwjk #ke Cead 1nl" Memor" gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Xrimar" Memor" gksrhgSA ;g K/kkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks KVkVZ dj#s ok"si)/kkfed i)ks*)ke ,oa Setting gksrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ijK/kkbZ 8Ik ls "*h jgrh gSA;g rh# i)dkj dh gksrh gSA$% XC1M % EXC1M 4% EEXC1M$% XC1M8 bldk iwjk #ke Xrogramble C1M gSA bl f&i esa ,d ckj i)ks*)ke

KVksj fd;k tk ldrk /kkA ;fn i)ks*)ke esa F(fV 5Error7 gks#s ijmlesa dksbZ l(6kkj #gh fd;k tk ldrk /kkA

% EXC1M8 bldk iwjk #ke Erasable Xrogrammable Cead 1nl" Memor" gSA bl f&iesa KVksj i)ks*)ke esa l(6kkj fd;k tk ldrk /kkA f&i esa l(6kkjdj#s ds f";s f&i dks cksMZ ls f#dk" dj ijkcS*#h 5#ltraiolet Ca" 7ds lke#s j?kk tkrk /kkA ftlls f&i esa KVksj i)ks*)ke kSj MkVkdks fMf"V fd;k tkrk /kkA blds ckn i(#: i)ks*)ke dks KVksjfd;k tkrk /kkA tks ,d df# ,oa eag*h i)fd);k /khA

4% EEXC1M8 bldk iwjk #ke Electronic Erasable Xrogrammable Cead 1nl" Memor" gSAbl f&i #s EXC1M dh leK;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl f&i esa KVksj


14/28

i)ks*)ke ,oa MkVk esa l(6kkj dj#s ds f";s fo6k(r dk i);ks* fd;k*;k /kkA blds f";s f&i dks enjcksMZ ls f#dk"s dh ko-;drk #ghgksrh gSA ;g ,d lj" ,oa lKrh i)fd);k gSA ktd" ds enjcksMZesa blh jkse dk i);ks* fd;k tk jgk gSA

4eondar$ 4orae !e/ie

Secondar" Storage 2eice dks A#*iliar" Storage 2eice .kh dgk tkrk gSA ;gdEI;wVj dk .kk* #gh gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa "* ls tksMk tkrk gSAblesa tks MkVk KVksj fd;k tkrk gSA Secondar" Storage esa 2ata dks /ile ds 8iesa la*)fgr fd;k tkrk gSA /iles dks Storage ij 1;ofK/kr Store dj#s ds f";s/olders 52irecotr"7 dk f#ekZ%k fd;k tkrk gSA ,oa MkVk dks i(#: i)kIr5Access7dj#s fd *fr Xrimar" Memor" ls 6kheh gksrh gSAMkVk dks ,s2lsl dj#s ds k6kkj ij ;g nks i)dkj dh gksrh gSA$% Se(#ential Access Storage 2eice8'bl fd);k esa Storage 2ata dks mlh d)e esa ,s2lsl fd;k tkrk gS ftl d)e esaKVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,s2ll fd);k dks lhfj;" ,s2ll fd);k .kh dgk tkrk gSA

b#dk i);ks* m# laK/kk#ksa esa gksrk gSA tgkR ij f6kd ekFk esa MkVkdks KVksj fd;k tkrk gSA kSj mldks mlh d)ek#(lkj dke es f";k tkrk gSAi(jk#s le; esa i);ks* gks#s ok"h kRfM;ks kSj fofM;ks Vsi dS


15/28

Ketanc" time8' rack esas MkVk ds Sector rd ig(& es "*k le; "sVsalhVkbZe dg"krk gSA ransfer Cate8' Sector esa MkVk dks f"?k#s ,oa iY#s esa tks le; "*rk gSAmls ransfer Cate dgk tkrk gSAlo11$ !isk:- /lo&&" 2isk dks fM2dsV ;k dso" /lo&&" .kh dgk tkrk gSA

bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa i);ks* fd;k tk ldrk /kk A /lo&&" 2iskek;"j ink/kZ dh c#h gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij &(Ecdh; ink/kZ 5Magnetic 1*ide 7dk "si# jgrk gSA blesa track and Sector gksrs ftlesa MkVk dsk KVksj fd;ktkrk gSA bldks IPkkfKVd ds doj ds nj j?kk tkrk gS rkfd blds \kwe#s ij?kjksa& ls c&k;k tk ldsA blds f";s ,d drie dh ko-;drk gksrh gSA ftls


16/28

nit ^IVse of omm#nication and I, omm#nication Xrocess, omm#nication "&es' Sim&le*,.alf 2#&le*, /#ll 2#&le*, Serial And Xarallel omm#nication, "&es 1f Network ' KAN,RAN, MAN ,Internet,o&ologies of KAN ' Cing, #s, Star, Mesh And ree o&ologies,om&onents of KAN 'Media, , Rorld Ride Reb and A&&lications and Internet Serices%5o66#niaion8',d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data, hardware ds share dj#s ds f";s

comm#nication dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa comm#niation dj#s ds f";sm#ds ch& networking gks#k&kfg;s /kkZr0 m#dks kil esa fdlh #k fdlh ek6;e ls t(Mk gks#k &kfg;sAnks dEI;wVjl dks kil esa tksM#s ds f";s f#E#f"f?kr com&onent gks#kko-;d gSA$% wo &c with Networking 1&erating S"stem% Network interface card 5NI7 or KAN ard4% Xrotocol 5C#le of Networking7% Mediablds ckn l.kh midj%k kil esa tksMdj m# dEI;wVjl ds ch& comm#nication

djk ldrs gSaA!aa .rans6ission .ehnolo$ 8';g echnolog" rh# i)dkj dh gksrh gSaA$% Sim&le* omm#ication 8' bl comm#nication esa ,d End dso"data5Signal7 .kstrk gSAkSj nwljk End onl" singnal reci e djrk gSA sim&le* omm#nicationdg"krk gSAbldk mnkgj%k V, Cadio gSaA% .alf 2#&le* omm#nication8' bl omm#ication esa nksa#ksa EndSingnal dks .kst ldrs

gSA kSj signal dks i)kIr dj ldrs gSaA nksa#ksa ,sa%M ,d gh le; 5 ,dKkk/k7 #k Signal send djldrs gSA kSj #k


17/28

M#lticaste8' ;g o# Vw es#h 5gro#&7 comm#nication gksrk gSA/kkZr0 ,d le; esa ,d lewg lscomm#nication fd;k tkrk gSA malticaste omm#nication dg"krk gSA

roadcaste 8' ;g o# Vw k" comm#nication gksrk gSA /kkZr0 ,d le;esa l.kh dEI;wVjl ls

comm#nication fd;k tkrk gSA roadcaste omm#nication dg"krk gSA.o1lo$omters dks kil esa tksM#s ,oa mlesa MkVk /low dh fof6kVksiks"kRth dg"krh gSA;g nks i)dkj dh gksrh gSA$% Xh"sical8' bl Vksiks"kRth esa comters or deices dks Xh"sical 8Ikls tksMk tkrk gSA% Kogical8' Network esa MkVk /low gks#s dh i)fd);k "kftd"Vksiks"kRth dg"krh gSA4%

.$1e of .o1olo$7#s .o1olo$:- #s o&olog" esa ,d csdcks# dsfo" dk i);ks* fd;k tkrkgSA ftlls Kk.kh dEI;wVj ,oa#sVodZ fMokbl dks tksMk kkrk gSA l.kh fMokbl ,d 94ar .o1olo$8' bl Vksiks"kRth esa l.kh dEI;wVj dks ,d gksKVdEI;wVj ;k #sVodZ fMokbl dh lgk;rk lskil esa tksMk tkrk gSA

GkkHk%& bldh "k*r de gksrh gSA


18/28

,d dEI;wVj 5Node7 ?kjkc gks#s ij iwjk #sVodZ ?kjkc #gh gksrk gSA bldh data transfer s&eed rst gksrh gSA blesa #;s dEI;wVj dks klk#h ls tksM ldrs gSA bldk j?k?kko kl# ,oa lKrk gksrk gSA

kf#%&

gksKV dEI;wVj ?kjkc gks#s ij iwjk #sVodZ ?kjkc gks tkrk gSAesh .o1olo$8' bl Vksiks"kRth esa dEI;wVj ;k #sVodZ fMokbl dks kilesa dbZ baVjd#s-k# ls tksMktkrk gSA blesa ,d #ksM dks ; l.kh #ksM ls tksMk tkrk gSA es-kVksiks"kRth dgk tkrk gSA bldk i);ks* loZjlkbZM fd;k tkrk gSA$kHk%&

blesa #sVodZ d.kh Mkm# #gh gksrk gSAkf#%&

;g eag*k #sVoVZ gksrk gSA

;g com&le* network gksrk gS bldks K/kkQr dj#k df# gksrk gSA>$.ree .o1olo$:- ;g ,d fefr Vksiks"kRth gSA ;g nks ;k nks ls f6kdVksiks"kRth ls fe"dj gksrk gSAbles ,d back bone cable gksrh gSA ftlls l.kh #sVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSAbldk kdkj o+@k dh rjg gks#sls bldks tree to&olog" dgk tkrk gSA

GkkHk%& blls cMs #sVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA

kf#%&

bldks c##k df# gksrk gSA ;g eag*h gksrh gSA bldks l(6kkj#k df# gksrk gSaA

Cing o&olog"8' blesa l.kh dEI;wVjl dks fja* kdkj esa tksMk tkrk gSAblesa tks dEI;wVj i);ks* fd;s tkrsgSA blesa nwljh ; #sVodZ fMokbl dk i);ks* #gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g NksVs#sVodZ esa i);ks* gksrh gSA

GkkHk%& blesa MkVk l(jf@kr jgrk gSA ;g ,d lj" ,oa lKrh Vksiks"kRth gSA

>kf#%& bldh *fr 6kheh gksrh gSA blls cMs #sVodZ dks rS;kj #gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa MkVk .kstrs le; V2dj gks#s dk Mj jgrk gSA

.$1e of ework Xh"sical ,oa .kkS*ksf"d @kSF ds k6kkj ij #sVodZ rh# i)dkj ds gksrsgSA


19/28

KAN RAN MAN

KAN Network8'bldk iwjk #ke Kocal Area Network gSAblls nks ;k nks ls f6kd dEI;wVjl ,oa

; fMokbl dks kilesa tksMk tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfPMa* rd lhfer jgrk gSA ;g ,d cs4RAN Network8'bldk iwjk #ke Ride Area Network gSA ;g @kSFD" dh n+fBV ls cMk#sVodZ gksrk gSA ;g #sVodZ ,dfcfPMa* rd lhfer #gh gksrk gSA gSAblesa nwljh dai#h dh "kbZ# dksfdjk;s ij f";k tkrk gSA ;g eag*k#sVodZ gksrk gSA ;g "s# #sVodZ ls fe"dj c#rk gSA blds }kjk nks "*"* kRfDl dks kil esa tksMk

tkrk blesa MkVk dks l(jf@kr .kstk ,oa i)kIr fd;k tkrk gSAfo’ks"krk,W%& ;g VXN connection ds }kjk kil esa t(Ms jgrs gSA bldk iwjk #ke

Virt#al Xriate Networkgksrk gSAMAN Network8'bldk iwjk #ke Metro&olitan Area Network gSA bl #sVodZ ls ,d 3kgj dksnwljs 3kgj ;k ,d ns-k lsnwljs ns-k dks kil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mX& *fr ok"k #sVodZ gksrkgSA ;g "s# ,oa os# #sVodZ ls fe"dj

c#k gksrk gS bles mi*)g ,oa Dkboj kiVhd" dsfo" dk i);ks* fd;k tkrk gSablesa #sVodZ dks kil esatksM#s ds f";s fof.k# i)dkj dh #sVodZ fMokbl dk i);kd* fd;k tkrk gSAbldk j?kj?kko df# gksrk gSAtks fof.kk dai#h;ksa ds lg;ks* ls gksrk gSAom&onent of KAN

omter


20/28

NI 5Network Interface ard7 or KAN ard Xrotocol Media 5able or onnector7

omter8' 8 KAN esa dEI;wVjl dks kil esa tksMk tkrk gSA /kkZr0 ;g#sVodZ dh e(?; ;wf#V gksrh gSA

NI8' bldk iwjk #ke Network Interfacr card gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVjdks nwljs dEI;wVj dksdsfc" ls tksMk tkrk gSA ;g #sVodZ dk lcls egCoiw%kZ fgKlk gksrk gSAXrotocol8' omter esa fof.k# #sVodZl esa kil esa dE;wf#ds-k#djk#s ds f";s d(N f#;e gksrs gSA ftlsi)ksVksdkR" dgk tkrk gSA ;g f#;e software ds 8Ik esa gksrs gSAMedia8' fefM;k dk er"c #sVosdZ esa dsfc" ,oa connter ls gksrk gSA>Dni - VSoftware and Its Need, "&es of Software ' S"stem Software,

A&&lication Software,S"stem Software ' 1&erating S"stem, tilit" Xrogram, XrogrammingKang#ages,Assemblers, om&ilers And Inter&reter, Xrogramming Kang#ages'Machine, Assembl",.igh Keel, K, heir Merits And 2emerits, A&&lication Software andits "&es 'Rord' Xrocessing, S&readsheet, Xresentation ra&hics, 2ata aseManagement Software,haracteristics, Vir#s'Rorking Xrinci&les, "&es of Vir#ses, Vir#s

2etection andXreention Methods %omter SoftwareS"stem Software A&&lication Softwaretilit" Softwareeed of 4ofware :- omter .ardware and Software ls fe"dj c#rkgSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;jdk i);ks* dj#s ds f";s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifj.kkfBkr dj#k iMrk gSArkfd og i#s dk;Z dks XNhrjg ls dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek6;e ls ifj.kkfBkr fd;k tkrk gSA

/kkZr0 dEI;wVj dk i);ks*dj#s ds Software dh ko-;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks dj#sds f";s ,d software dhko-;drk gksrh gSAdEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA4ofware 8' omter dksbZ .kh dk;Z i#s ki #gh djrk gSa mlls dk;Zdj#k ds f";s mls ig"s


21/28

ifj.kkfBkr dj#k iMrk gSA ftlds f";s omter lang#age dk i);ks* fd;k tkrkgSA /kkZr0Software ommands dk lewg gksrk gSA ftlesa dekRMl dks rkfdZd d)eesa tek;k tkrk gSA softwaredg"krk gSA

Software nks i)dkj ds gksrs gSA S"stem Software A&&lication Software

>>4$se6 4ofware:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls f6kd i)ks*)ke dk lewg gksrk gSA blsoftware ds }kjk dEI;wVj,oa mlds gkMZos;j dks f#;afFr fd;k tkrk gSA S"stem Software dg"krsgSAb#ds }kjk f#E#f"f?kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA$% ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZos;j ds ch& interface dk f#ek%kZ djrs gSA

% ;g A&&lication Software dks e*ec#te dj#s ds f";s I"sVDkeZ miPk6kdjrs gSA4% k;s gkMZos;j dk i);ks* dj#s ds f";s lg;ks* i)nk# djrs gSA% ;g dEI;wVj dks esVsl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA>% ;g dEI;wVj dks f#;afFr djrs gSAd(N egC1kiw%kZ S"stem Software f#E#f"f?kr gSA

1&erating S"stem8' i)C;sd omter esa kRijsfVa* dh ko-;drkgksrh gSA fc#k blds dEI;wVjdks i);ks* #gha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ;wtj ,oa dEI;wVj ds ch& bVjDsl dkf#ekZ%k fd;k tkrk gSA

Xrogramming Kang#age ranslators8' omter lang#age esa tks ranslator i);ks* gksrsgSA og


22/28

ktd" gtkjksa A&&lication Software mi"6k gSA ft#dh lgk;rk ls ki#sdk;Z dks klk#h ls fd;ktkrk gSAmnkgj%k:W Rord &rossing software, 2atabase software, ra&hicSoftware kfnA>Lomter Kang#agesMachine Kang#age Assembl" lang#age .igh leel Kang#age=an#ae:- .kkBkk dk er"c gksrk gSA ftl ds ek6;e ls ge i#s fo&kj 1;2rdjrs gSA 3knksa ds lewg dks.kkBkk dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djk#s ds f";s ftl .kkBkk esa i#sfo&kjksa dks 1;2r djrs gSA /kkZrdEI;wVj ftl .kkBkk dks le=rk gS dEI;wVj .kkBkk dg"krh gSAdEI;wVj ds fodkl ds k6kkj ij ;g rh# i)dkj dh gksrh gSA$% Machine Kang#age8' ;g og .kkBkk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le=rk gSA

bls ckb#jh .kkBkk .kh dgktkrk gSA bldk i);ks* i)/ke ihYOh ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k *;k /kk A blesai)ks*)kfea* dj#k df# gksrk gSAblesa f"?ks *;s i)ks*)ke rho) *fr ls j# gksrs gSA 2;ksa fd bl ij lh6ksi)kslsa


23/28

.kkBkk dk fodkl fd;k *;k A blesa dksM ds K/kk# ij dEI;wVj esa a*)th

.kkBkk esa f#nsZ-k fn;s tk#s "*sAftl ls i)ks*)ke dks le=#k ,oa f"?k#k klk# gks *;k gSA ;g e-kh# ij k6kkfjr.kkBkk #gh gksrh gSAblesa i)ks*)ke dks e-kh# .kkBkk esa cn"#s ds f";s com&iler and

Inter&erter dk i);ks* fd;k tkrk gSA>Gktd" dEI;wVj esa i)ks*)kfea* dj#s ds f";s blh .kkBkk dk i);ks* fd;k tk

jgk gSA bl .kkBkk dks dk;Z dsk6kkj ij nks o*ksZ esa ckaVk *;k gSA$% Xrosesser oriented lang#age % 1bject oriented lang#age

GkkHk%&$% Machine Inde&entent 8' bl .kkBkk esa i)ks*)kfea* dj#s ds ";s fdlhfo-ksBk dEI;wVj dh ko-;drk#gh gksrh gSA fdlh .kh dEI;wVj ij i)ks*)ke c#kdj fdlh .kh dEI;wVj ij &"k

ldrs gSA%


24/28

os .kkBkk;sa ft#dk i);ks* &kS/kh ihYOh ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k *;k mgsa Kang#age dgk tkrk gSA tSls jaa,%net etc% ;g .kkBkk,sa e-kh# ij f#.kZj #gha gksrh gSA ;g kRtsdksfj;VfMM gksrh gSAb#esa i)ks*)kfea* dj#k lj" gksrk gSA5o61ilerom&iler ,d S"stem Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tksgkbZ "sfo" .kkBkk ds i)ks*)ke dkse-kh# .kkBkk esa cn"rk gSA kSj blds ckn e-kh# .kkBkk ds dksM dski)ksls


25/28

dEI;wVj esa i)os-k djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z i)%kk"h dks i).kkfor djrs gSA"sfd# ;g ek#o 3kjhj ok;jl ls fcPd("f.k# gksrs gSA


26/28

fd;k tk jgk gSA kSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS nwljs dEI;wVj esa .kh ok;jl DS"tkrk gSA% Internet ls:W ktd" baVj#sV dks ok;jl dk e(?; okgd ek#k tkrk gSAok;jl f#ekZrk ok;jl dksDS"k#s ds f";s baVj#sV dk i);ks* djrs gSA tks ,d lj" ,oa lKrk ek6;e gksrk

gsA@kk;jl ds idkj (.$1e of /ir#s):-1kk;jl dks m#ds dk;Z ,oa


27/28

2isk washer 8' ;g ok;jl fMKd dks /ormat djds MkVk dks gVkrk gSAkSj ckn esa ,d eSlstNksMrk gSA 2isk washer with Koe blds bl eSlst ds k6kkj ij bldk ;g #keiMkA

omb 8' ce lkek; i)ks*)ke esa fNik g(k ,d dk;Zd)e gksrk gSA ce

fdlh d)ksf6kr deZ&kjh ds }kjkdk;Zfor fd;k tkrk gSA lkRDVos;j esa ce .kh Mk"#s ds mnkgj%k fe"rsgSA rkfd ;fn &ksjh dh g(bZsoftware dk i);ks* fd;k tk; rks ce ml i)fr dks gkMZ fMKd ls feVk nsA ;gok;jl r/kk rojansdh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis@kk djrs gSA

rojans8' ;g ,slk i)ks*)ke gSA tks d(N mi;ks*h r/kk "k.kdkjh dk;Zdj#s dk nkok djrs gSA r/kk oKr(:fd);kfor fd;s tk#s ij


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kiMsV djrs jg#k &kfg;s rkfd ;g #;s ok;jl dk .kh irk "*k lds A ktd" cktkjes dbZ dai#h;saantiir#s dk f#ek%kZ djrh gSA ftles ls i#h ko-;rk ds #(lkj antiir#s?kjhn dj i);ks* dj#k &kfg;sAd(N "ksdQ); ok;jl i)frjks6kd f#E# gSa

McAfee Vir#s Scan, J> otal Sec#rirt", Nortron Anti Vir#s"* "* antii#s esa "* "* fo-ksBkrk,sa gksrh gSA

Computer Fundamantal

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