Computer AnatomyChin-Sung Lin

Eleanor Roosevelt High School

The Visible Part:Computer Hardware

What is a Computer?

Main Memory

Microprocessor

Storage

OutputInput

What is a Computer?

What is a Computer?

System Unit

Motherboard

TerminologyBit (b), Byte (B), Word, LSB & MSB

Terminology

Prefix: kB, MB, GB & TB

Example: Number of bytes (B)

1 kB = 1,000 B = 103 B

1 MB = 1,000,000 B = 106 B

1 GB = 1,000,000,000 B = 109 B

1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 B = 1012 B

TerminologySerial vs. Parallel Communication

TerminologyFrequency (Hz, kHz, MHz & GHz)

Number of clocks per second (Hertz, Hz)

1 kHz = 1,000 Hz = 103 Hz

1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz = 106 Hz

1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz = 109 Hz

TerminologyBandwidth (BW)

Amount of data being transmitted per second (e.g., MB/s, Gb/s)

USB 3.0 reaches 5 Gb/s (gigabits per second)

PCI Express 4.0 can reach 15.754 Gb/s

IEEE 802.11 ad reaches 6.75 Gb/s

Back Panel Interface

PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Connectors

PS/2 Mouse

PS/2 Keyboard

Serial and Parallel Ports

25-pin Parallel Port

9-pin Serial Port

USB and Ethernet Connectors

Ethernet

USB

Audio Connectors

Line In

Microphone In

Audio Out

VGA Connectors

HDMI Connectors

ATX Connector

IDE (PATA) Connector

SATA Connector

Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)

PCI Slot

Motherboard Interface

Motherboard

What is a Computer?

What is a Computer?

Main Memory

Microprocessor

Storage

OutputInput

Motherboard

Processor

Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Select

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)Select

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Motherboard Chipset

Motherboard Chipset

Cache Memory

Level 2 Cache Memory

Memory Hierarchy

Memory Hierarchy

Memory

72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

Hard Drive (HD/HDD)

Hard Drive Capacity

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Hybrid Hard Drive (HHD)

HD vs. SSD

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Power Supply Unit

Motherboard

Motherboard

The Invisible Part:Computer Software

Software Layer Structure

Software Layer Structure

Operating System

Desktop Operating System

Mobile Operating System (US)

Mobile Operating System (Global)

Types of Operating Systems

Single-user, single-tasking

Single-user, multi-tasking

Multi-user, multi-tasking

Real-time operating system

Single-User Single-Tasking

Single user can effectively do one thing at a time.

Also know as Embedded operating systems.

Used in personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones.

Single-User Multi-Tasking

Typical desktop and laptop operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS.

Single user can run several programs at the same time.

Multi-User Multi-TaskingA multi-user operating system simultaneously allows many different users (hundreds or even thousands) to take advantage of the computer's resources.

Unix, MVS, VMS are examples.

Real-Time OS (RTOS)The fastest OS which are used in time-critical environments/applications.

Control machinery, scientific instruments, industrial systems, sophisticated medical equipment, airport traffic, space flights and high speed aircraft.

Software Layer Structure

Software Layer Structure

Operating System

Operating System

Functions of Operating Systems

System Bootup

Application Program Loading

Hardware Resource Management

Memory Management

File System Management

Security

User Interface

PC Boot Up Process

CPU initializes itself by a series of clock ticks.

ROM BIOS runs the power-on self test (POST), and checks the BIOS chip, CMOS RAM, hardware (e.g., video card), secondary storage (e.g., hard drives), ports, keyboard and mouse.

The BIOS looks for an OS to load from the C drive or DVD drive. The order of drives that the CMOS looks to in order to locate the OS is called the boot sequence.

The BIOS copies its files into memory and the OS takes over control of the boot process.

The OS performs another inventory of the system's memory and loads the device drivers for the peripheral devices, such as a printer, scanner, optical drive, mouse and keyboard.

After this the user can access the system’s applications to perform tasks.

Keep an on …

Future Technology

Mobile Computing

Cloud Computing

Neuromorphic Chips

Quantum Computer

Cognitive Computing

Computer Anatomy Q & A