FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

A computer is a general purpose device that can beprogrammed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logicaloperations automatically. Since a sequence of operationscan be readily changed, the computer can solve more thanone kind of problem.

HARDWARE

Hardware, in the computer world, refers to thephysical components that make up a computer system.There are many different kinds of hardware that can beinstalled inside, and connected to the outside, of acomputer. Take a tour inside your PC to learn how all the hardware inyour computer connects together to create the complete

computer system you use everyday.Here are some common individual computer hardwarecomponents that you'll often find inside a modern computercase :MotherboardCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Random Access Memory (RAM)Power SupplyVideo CardHard Drive (HDD)Solid-State Drive (SSD)Optical Drive (e.g. BD/DVD/CD drive)Card Reader (SD/SDHC, CF, etc.)Here is some common hardware that you might findconnected to the outside of a computer:MonitorKeyboardMouseBattery Backup (UPS)PrinterSpeakersHere is some less common computer hardware, eitherbecause these pieces are now usually integrated into otherdevices or because they've been replaced with newertechnology:Sound Card,Network Interface Card (NIC)Expansion Card (Firewire, USB, Thunderbolt, etc.)Hard Drive Controller CardAnalog ModemScannerFloppy Disk DriveJoystickWebcamMicrophoneTape DriveZip Drive

SOFTWARE

Computer software , or simply software , also known ascomputer programs , is the non-tangible component ofcomputers . Computer software contrasts with computerhardware , which is the physical component of computers.Computer hardware and software require each other andneither can be realistically used without the other.Computer software includes all computer programs

regardless of their architecture; for example, executablefiles , libraries and scripts are computer software. Yet, itshares their mutual properties: software consists of clearlydefined instructions that upon execution, instructs hardwareto perform the tasks for which it is designed. Software isstored in computer memory and cannot be touched, just as a3D model shown in an illustration cannot be touched. [1]At the lowest level, executable code consists of machinelanguage instructions specific to an individual processor –typically a central processing unit (CPU). A machinelanguage consists of groups of binary values signifyingprocessor instructions that change the state of the computerfrom its preceding state. For example, an instruction maychange the value stored in a particular storage locationinside the computer – an effect that is not directlyobservable to the user. An instruction may also (indirectly)cause something to appear on a display of the computersystem – a state change which should be visible to theuser. The processor carries out the instructions in the orderthey are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to adifferent instruction, or interrupted.Software is usually written in high-level programminglanguages that are easier and more efficient for humans touse (closer to natural language ) than machine language. [2]High-level languages are compiled or interpreted intomachine language object code. Software may also bewritten in a low-level assembly language , essentially, avaguely mnemonic representation of a machine languageusing a natural language alphabet. Assembly language isconverted into object code via an assembler. OPERATIONS IF SOFTWARE

I. Allocating System Resources.II. Managing Memory.III. Managing Input and Output.IV. Monitoring System Activities.V. System security VI. System Performance.VII. File and disc management.

APPLICATIONS OF SOFTWARE.Use WordPad to type a letter.Use Calculator to perform calculations.Use Paint to draw a picture from scratch, or edit an imagethat has already been created.Understand what a file , or document, is.Use a file manager , such as Windows Explorer , to locate

files.Rename files.Copy files.Delete files.Use multiple software applications at the same time.

OS(OPERATING SYSTEM)An operating system ( OS ) is software that managescomputer hardware resources and provides commonservices for computer programs . The operating system is anessential component of the system software in a computersystem. Application programs usually require an operatingsystem to function.Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficientuse of the system and may also include accountingsoftware for cost allocation of processor time, massstorage, printing, and other resources.For hardware functions such as input and output andmemory allocation , the operating system acts as anintermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executeddirectly by the hardware and will frequently make a systemcall to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operatingsystems can be found on almost any device that contains acomputer—from cellular phones and video game consolesto supercomputers and web servers .Examples of popular modern operating systems includeAndroid, BSD, iOS , Linux , OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows , [3]Windows Phone , and IBM z/OS . All these, except Windows,Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX .

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM1)Real-time2)Multi-user3)Distributed4)Templated5)Embedded

RELATIONSHIP OF SOFTWARE TO DATA