COMPUTER COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN APPLICATIONS IN MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

CP-107CP-107

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

Computer is a fast electronic device that processes input data according to the instruction given by the programmer and provide desired information as output.

Characteristics of computer-1.Speed 5.Diligence

2.Accuracy 6.Logical decision3.Versatility 7.No emotions4.Memory 8.Act as expert

Limitations Of ComputersLimitations Of Computers

1.Emotionless

2.Inflexibility of conversation

3.Uncertainty conditions

4.Less intelligent

Use of computers in modern Use of computers in modern societysociety1.Weather forecasting

2.Census

3.Oil explorations

4.Speech recognition

5.Banking system

6.Publishing

7.Financial accounting

8.Research

Generations of computerGenerations of computer

1.I generation - 1946-54

2.II generation -1954-64

3.IIIgeneration -1964-75

4.IV generation -1975 onwards

5.V generation - Knowledge based programming

I generation- vacuum tubesI generation- vacuum tubes

Characteristics -

1.Non portable

2.Generates lot of heat

3.More power is consumed

4.Unreliable

5.Very delicate and not reliable

II generation- vacuum tubes to II generation- vacuum tubes to transistortransistor

Advantages-1 .Less power is consumed

2 .Less heat generated3.Less hardware failures

4.Comparatively faster and reliableDisvantages-

1.A.C required2 .Problem in maintenance

III generation- transistors III generation- transistors converted to I.C’Sconverted to I.C’S

Advantages-

1.Less power

2.Less heat

3.Very reliable

4 .Cheaper than other computers

4.Maintenance cost is low

Disadvantages-

1.A.C required

2 .Less storage capacity

IV Generation- Combination IC’SIV Generation- Combination IC’S

1.SSI

2.MSI

3.LSI

4.VLSI

Features of 4Features of 4thth generation generation computerscomputers

1.Low in cost

2 .Efficiency increased due to operating system and programming languages.

3 .Increased memory capacity.

4 .Work with great speed.

5 .Reduced considerably in size

classification of classification of computercomputer

Classification of computer

According to Use

Size and storage

Generation Technology

General purpose

Special purpose

Analog Digital

Acc. To size and storageAcc. To size and storage

1.Micro computer

2.Personal computer

3.Mainframe computer

4.Super computer

Acc. To technology or nature of Acc. To technology or nature of functionsfunctions

1.Analog computer- it is of scientific and industrial importance (not used in business).

2.Digital computer- it works with digits. it provides more accurate processing. (use in business)

3.Hybrid computer- combination of both analog and digital computer.

Basic computer structureBasic computer structure

Input processing output

Data and instructions

Receiving input data and Doing the

necessary additions

Results

Elements of computer systemElements of computer system

Elements

Hardware Software

Input unit CPU Output unitSystem

softwareApplication software

Three main unitsThree main units

Input unit central processing output

unit unitMemory unit

Control unit

Arithmetic and logic unit

COMPUTER LANGUAGESCOMPUTER LANGUAGES

COMPUTER LANGUAGES

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

HIGH LEVELLANGUAGE

MACHINE LANGUAGE

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

FEATURES OF COMPUTER FEATURES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

1 .Vocabulary or set standard of symbols

2.Every word or every symbol has its own distinct meaning.

3.Each problem is broken into simple and logical steps.

)a (Input- output

)b (Arithmetic operations

)c (Logical or comparison operations

)d (Movement of information

Machine languageMachine language

It is directly understood by computer. It is written in the combination of binary digits 0 &1

Like c=a+bAdvantages-

1 .Executed very fast

Disvantages-1.Machine dependant

2.Difficult to program3.Error prone

Op code operand

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

In it mnemonic codes are used and also symbols are used.

Terms used-1.Symbolic language- is a language that uses symbols.

2.Assemblor - it’s a translator that translates assembly language to machine language.

3 .Source program- it is written in assembly language.

4 .Object program- program converted to machine language.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGEHIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

It was first developed by Dr. Grace Hopper in 1952. These languages are man oriented languages. In this we use various mathematical words, English words and mathematical symbols.

Various high level languages are C, COBOL,FORTRAN, BASIC,ALGOL,PROLOG.

Compiler and interpreterCompiler and interpreter

It is necessary to convert the instructions of a program written in HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE to machine instructions before the program can be executed by the computer, so this task is done by compiler and interpreter.

Source program compiler Object program

DifferenceDifference

COMPILER1.Compiler compile

complete program at one time.

2 .All errors are displayed at once.

3.Debugging is difficult4.It is fast

5.Creates more than one file.

.

INTERPRETER1.It executes step by step.

2.At the most block wise errors are displayed.

3.Debugging is easier.4.It is slow

5.No such case

Advantages and disadvantages of Advantages and disadvantages of high level languagehigh level language

Advantages- Disadvantages

1.User oriented 1.Slower as compared

2.Machine independent to low level language

3 .Easy to understand 2.Need translation

4.Easy to use before execution

5.Easy to manipulate 3.less flexible

6.Debugging is easy 4.less efficient

DEFINING BIT AND BYTEDEFINING BIT AND BYTE

A set of bits or characters treated as a unit that can be stored in a single computer memory location is known as computer word.

A computer word can also be defined in terms of what is known as byte.

The number of bits that a computer memory/storage needs to represent one unit of information can be termed as a word.

Common units of measure for Common units of measure for memorymemory

1 byte- 8 bits

1 word- 2 bytes

double word- 4 bytes

paragraph- 16 bytes

1 kilobyte (KB)- 1024 bytes

1 mega byte (MB) -1024KB

1 gigabyte (GB)-1024 MB

1 tetra byte (TB)- 1024GB

DOS- DISK OPERATING SYSTEMDOS- DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system provides interface between user and hardware. DOS provides platform which lets application program to interact with CPU and input, output devices.

MS-DOS- MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM.

Files and directories in DOS- DOS is a collection of programs stored in files. The word “program” means a sequence of instructions given to computer to get a task completed. “Files” denotes

the collection of all such numerous programs .

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMSYSTEM--

1.Memory management 10. Job priority2.Processor management

3.input- output management4. File management

5.Security6 .Device management

7 .Production of error messages8 .Job priority.

9.Easy communication between user and computer system

Various concepts under Various concepts under operating systemoperating system

1.Multiprogramming

2.Multiprocessing

3.Timesharing

4 .Real time processing

A File is a collection of related information and A File is a collection of related information and directory a place where all files data related to directory a place where all files data related to

each other are clubbed togethereach other are clubbed together..

ROOT DIRECTORY

SUBDIRECTORIES SUBDIRECTORIES

FILES

Commands of DOSCommands of DOS

COMMANDS

Internal commands External commands

Internal and external commandsInternal and external commands--

Internal commands- commands which are main file of dos. They are loaded on RAM as soon as computer is switched on.

External commands-External commands are commands which are stored on disk as separate program files. To execute these commands we have to provide programs from outside.

Internal commandsInternal commands

1. Copy con-Syntax: copy con<file name><enter key<

2.DIR-Syntax: c: > DIRDisplaying files page wiseDIR/PDisplaying width wiseDIR/W

3.MD- MAKE DIRECTORYMD<directory name<

4 .Remove directory-RD<directory name<

•

5 .Date command-DateCurrent dateEnter new datemm-dd- yy

6.Time command-TimeEnter new timehh.mm.ss

7.CLS- CLEAR SCREEN8 .To display the contents of a file-

TYPE<FILE NAME<

9.REN- RENAME

REN<OLD FILE NAME><NEW FILE NAME<

10 .COPY-

COPY<SOURCE FILE><TARGET PATH<

11 .DEL- DELETING

DEL<PATH OF FILE<

12 .Changing a directory-CD(PATH)EXAMPLE-

13 .ECHO- this command is used to display any message.Syntax: c:> ECHO<MESSAGE><Enter Key<Example- c:>ECHO “Hello Everybody”

> Enter Key<

Hello Everybody14 .PROMPT- prompt is a common feature of DOS. Prompt

is placed on the left hand side of the screen and it tells that computer is ready to accept instructions. DOS commands are typed here.

External commandsExternal commands

1 .Format- It is used to arrange the data.Format A:Format C:Format D:

2 .Disk copy- it is used to save the contents of one floppy to other floppy.Disk copy: A:B:

We can also say that, it copies contents of one floppy to another so that both disks become identical.

)a (First format target disk)b (It only works with floppy disk no hard disk. ©Both the floppies should be of same capacity.

NUMBER SYSTEMNUMBER SYSTEM

Number system

Non- positional number system

Positional number system

Decimal number system

Binary number system

Octal number system

Hexadecimal number system

Decimal number systemDecimal number system

The value of each digit is deter mined by three considerations-

1 .The digit itself2.The position of the digit in the number

3.The base of number systemDecimal no. system contains 10 symbols or digits like- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

for example – (2586)10

)2*103)+(5*102)+(8*101)+(6*100 =(2586

Binary number systemBinary number system

It is like decimal no. system except that the base is 2, instead of 10. we can use only two symbols or digits(0 and 1)

Binary number- (10101)2

Conversion in decimal- (1*24

)+(0*23

)+(1*22

)+(0*21

)+(1*20

)

=16+0+4+0+1=21

Octal number systemOctal number system

There are 8 digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Octal number- (20578)Decimal conversion- (2*83)+(0*82)+(5*81)+(7*80)=1024+0+40+7=1071

Hence – (20578)= (107110)

Hexadecimal no. systemHexadecimal no. system

It is one with the base of 16. so here are 16 digits. The first ten digits are the digits of a decimal no. system 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. the remaining six digits are denoted by A,B,C,D,E,F Representing the decimal values 10,11,12,13,14,15 respectively.

Example- decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number 1AF Is-

)1*162)+(A*161)+(F*160 =(256+(10*16)+(15*1)=256+160+15= 431

Addition and subtractionAddition and subtraction

Rules of addition- Rules of subtraction

0+0=0 0-0=0

0+1=1 1-0=11+0=1 0-1=1(with borrow from next column(

1+1=0 carry 1 1-1=0

Subtraction by complimentary Subtraction by complimentary method or additive method of method or additive method of

subtractionsubtractionComplement= (base no.of digits -1)- no.

Q- 3710 compliment

)102

-1-(37=62

To find the compliment of a binary no.

1..Find complement of a no. u are subtracting

2 .Add this no. to the no. from which u are subtracting

For example- subtract b from a

1 (Find complement of B

Add this to A

If there is carry of 1 then add the resultant no. else recomplement it and attack negative sign..

Subtract according to binary Subtract according to binary methodmethod

Subtract -01110 – A from 10101- BComplement of A- 10001

+ 10101 100110

BECAUSE THERE IS CARRY

SO ANSWER IS – 00110 1

Multiplication And DivisionMultiplication And Division

Rules for M Rules FOR D

0*0=0 0/0=0

1*0=0 1/1=1

0*1=0 0/1 =0

1*1=1

Additive Method Of DivisionAdditive Method Of Division

)A (Quotient = No. of steps ,if remainder>=0

Else Quotient =no. of steps-1

)B (remainder= result of last subtraction if remainder is>=0

Else remainder= result of second last subtraction.

DATA CONCEPTSDATA CONCEPTS

1.DATA – Data is a collection of facts- unorganized, but able to be organized into useful information

2.Information- is data arranged in an order and form that is useful to people who receive it.

3 .Data processing- data processing is a series of actions or operations that converts data into information.

Data storage hierarchyData storage hierarchy

Bit

Character

Field

Record

File

Database

Data files typesData files types

1.transaction file2.Master file 3.Back up file

Limitations of traditional file oriented approach-1.Limited query flexibility

2.Data redundancy3.Data integrity problem

4.Limited data security flexibility

Database Management System Database Management System (DBMS((DBMS(

In database oriented approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to facilitate users to organize, create, delete, update and manipulate data in a database.

All these programs together form a “DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.”

DBMS is the software that interprets and processes users requests to retrieve information from a data base.

So DBMS serves as an interface between the users and database. It is helpful in maintaining and utilising large collection of data.

.

Relevance of DBMS OR Relevance of DBMS OR advantagesadvantages--

1.Reduction of duplication2.Shared data

3.Security 4.Conflict resolution

5.Data independence)a (Physical data independence

)b (Logical data independence6.Stored on DASD

Functions of DBMSFunctions of DBMS--

Functions of DBMS -

1.Data definition

2.Data manipulation

3 .Data security and integrity

4 .Data recovery

5 .Data dictionary

6 .performance

FILE ORGANISATIONSFILE ORGANISATIONS

File organizations

Sequential file organization

Direct file organisationIndexed file

organization

Sequential file organisationSequential file organisation

Record 1

Record 2

Record 3

Record n-1

Record n

Indexed file organizationIndexed file organization;;

Records are organized in sequence and index table is used to speed up access to records without requiring search of entire file. There are two files for every data file

1 .Data file

2.Index file

records in the data file can be stored in random sequence, but index keys in the index file are stored in the sequence on index key value.

Advantages-

1 .It is efficient and economic.

2 .Can be used efficiently for direct access processing

Disadvantages-

1.Require relatively expensive hardware

2 .Require more storage space

3 .Access of records is slower than direct files.

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS

A SPREADSHEET contains grid of cells arranged in columns and rows. Data is entered into the cells to represent information. The information is then calculated using formulas to provide results.

“A spreadsheet allows you to enter and edit numbers, perform mathematics on them and store them in a form that can be changed as and

when required”.

EXCEL is an integrated electronic worksheet program developed by Microsoft corporation, USA. It includes three components-

1 .Worksheet

2.Graph

3 .Data base management

Uses of a spreadsheetUses of a spreadsheet

1 .Payrolls2 .Income tax calculations

3.Invoicing4 .Budgets

5.Banking services6.Investment analysis

7.Production and marketing analysis8 .Inventory control

9 .Scientific calculations

Benefits of using spreadsheetsBenefits of using spreadsheets--

1 .Built in functions

2.Formatting of data possible

3.Sorting

4.Graphs

5.Accurate results

6 .Modification possible

7.Easy production of reports

Work book windowWork book window

1 .workbook

2 .Worksheet

3.Scroll bar

4 .Rows – 65536 rows

5 .Columns – 256 columns

6.Cells

Data typesData types

Data types

Numbers Labels Formulae

Range – A range is any rectangular area in the worksheet. A range may include just a single cell, a number of consecutive cells in a row or column, or cells from consecutive rows and columns. A range may include cell from multiple rows and columns, however it must form a rectangle in order to be valid.

MACROSMACROS

Macro is a useful feature of excel that helps to automate keystrokes (commands) required to execute any command or task related to-

1 .Formatting of ranges2.Printing a worksheet

3 .Creating chart4 .Enter the data into the database

5 .Entering commonly used names, addresses and so on.

So macros are useful when you want to perform repetitive tasks .

Functions of SpreadsheetFunctions of Spreadsheet--

)a (Statistical)b (Math and trigonometry

)c (Date and time)d (Financial

)e (Database and list management)f (Engineering)g (Information

)h (Logical)i (Lookup and reference

)j (Text

Important mathematical functionsImportant mathematical functions

1.ABS= Absolute

2.SQRT- Square root of a number

3.Round

4.INT- Round Off The Number To The Nearest Integer

5 .EXP- Calculate The Exponential Value Of A Number.

6.SUM

7.SUMPRODUCT

Important statistical functionsImportant statistical functions

1.Average

2.Count

3 .Countblank

4.Countif

5.Min

6.Max

Important logical functionsImportant logical functions

1 .IF

2.AND

3.NOT

Network fundamentalsNetwork fundamentals

The term computer network is used to mean an interconnected collection of autonomous computers. These computers can exchange information because they are interconnected through either optical fibers, microwave links or communication satellites.

“A Computer Network is a network of computers that are geographically distributed, but connected in a manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among

them”.

Use of computer networksUse of computer networks

1 .Resource sharing

2 .High reliability

3 .Saving memory

4 .Powerful communication medium

5 .Interactive entertainment

DATA TRANSMISSION MODESDATA TRANSMISSION MODES

1 .Simplex- in one direction only.

Sender

simplex

2.Half duplex- in both directions but in only one direction at a time .

Sender Receiver

SenderReceiver

3 .Full duplex- data flows in both directions at a time.

sender Receiver

Types of networksTypes of networks

Network types

LAN- LOCAL AREA NETWORK

WAN-WIDE AREANETWORK

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN AND WANAND WAN

1.Geographic distribution

2 .Data rate

3.Error rate

4.Communication link

5 .Ownership

6 .Communication cost

Data transmission mediaData transmission media

1 .Twisted pair wire

2 .Coaxial cable

3.Microwave system

4.Communications satellite

5.Optical fibers

Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies

Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies

Network topology refers to the way to describe the physical wiring of the network. So it refers to the way in which the network’s nodes are linked together.

Choice of topology depends upon following-

1.Type and number of equipment being used

2.Planned applications

3 .Required response times

4 .cost

Types of network topologiesTypes of network topologies

Types

Star network

Ring network

Bus topology

Completely connected network

Hybrid network

Star networkStar network

The star arrangement of a computer network in which multiple computer are connected to host computer

Computer in a network are directly connected each other and communicating only through host computer.

2

3

4

1

Host Computer

or node

Ring network

It shows the circular or a ring arrangement of a computer network in which each computer network in which each computer has communicating subordinate but there is no master computer for control the computer.

Ring networkRing network

Completely connected networkCompletely connected network

A complete connected network has a separate physical link for connecting each

node to any other node .

Hence each computer of such a network has a direct dedicated link called point to point link.

Completely connected networkCompletely connected network

Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages and disadvantages

Advantages

1 .Very reliable

2 .Communication is very fast between any two nodes.

Disadvantages-1. it is the most expensive network.

Bus topologyBus topology

Bus topology uses a common backbone to connect all the network in a linear shape. A single cable functions as the shared communication medium for all the devices attached with this cable.Advantages -

1 .Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.2.It requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages-.11.Whole network shuts down if there is a break in the

main cable.2 .Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network

shutsdown.

Single data bus network

A BC

D E

Hybrid networkHybrid network

Different network topologies have their own advantages and limitations. Hence a pure network is rarely used. Instead an organization normally uses a hybrid network.

Analog and data transmissionAnalog and data transmission

When data is transmitted by means of electrical signals, the signals may be in either digital or analog form. An analog signal is a power range that varies continuously. Amplitude (v) of an analog signal is a measured in volts and its frequency in hertz (hz). Higher the frequency, the more number of times it crosses the time axis.

Digital signalsDigital signals

Digital signal is a sequence of voltage pulses represented in binary form. Computer generated data is digital, whereas telephone lines used for data communication in computer networks usually carry analog signals. When digital data has to be transmitted on an analog facility, they must be converted to analog form first.