Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Presentation

8/2/2019 Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Presentation

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Bilateral Ambition

Canada, the EU, and the ComprehensiveEconomic and Trade Agreement

(CETA)

These materials were prepared by Celso A. A. Boscariol, Barrister & Solicitor, of Vancouver, BC,Canada for the Canadian Corporate Counsel Association World Summit in Montral, Canada,April 2012.

Celso A. A. Boscariol


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TableofContents

1. History.....................................................................................................................32. JointStudyandScopingReport.............................................................................53. CurrentCanadaEUTrade......................................................................................64. Scope........................................................................................................................85. CurrentObstacles....................................................................................................9

5.1 ProvincialRegulations.....................................................................................105.2 PublicProcurement.........................................................................................105.3 SupplyManagement........................................................................................115.4 WTOSanitary&PhytosanitaryStandards....................................................125.5 MarketAccess..................................................................................................13

5.6

RulesofOrigin

.................................................................................................

13

5.7 IntellectualProperty........................................................................................145.8 GeographicIndications...................................................................................155.9 Services.............................................................................................................155.10 CooperationMechanisms...............................................................................175.11 LabourMobility&MovementofBusinessPersons......................................185.12 Investment.......................................................................................................185.13 RegulatoryCooperationandTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT).............195.14 MonopoliesandStateEnterprises...............................................................20

6. WhatsDifferentthisTime?..................................................................................20

7.

Future

.......................................................................................................................

21

Acknowledgement

IwishtothankAnthonyG.Seepish,Barrister&Solicitor,WatsonGoepelLLP,forhisinvaluablecontributiontothispaper.

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1. History

Economic relationsbetweenEurope andCanada are longstanding.Canada and

Europeshare

cultural

and

economic

bonds

built

up

over

centuries

ofimmigration,

trade and exchanges through academic, sports and cultural activities. Most ofCanada's ethnocultural communities hailing from Europe maintain strong tiesthroughfamilyrelationships,friendshipsandbusiness.StartingwiththefurtradeinNewFrance400yearsagoandprogressing toaerospaceproducts, technologytransfers, pharmaceuticals, and scientific exchanges today, Canada and Europehave been active trading partners. So CETA is a natural fit for Canada as anextensionofitslongstandingandmultifacetedrelationshipswithcountriesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU).

The

first

formal

treaty

between

Canada

and

the

EU

dates

back

53

years

to

1959,

whenanagreementwasconcludedbetween theGovernmentofCanadaand theEuropeanAtomic Energy Community (EURATOM) dedicated to the peacefulusesofatomicenergy.TheeconomicrelationshipbetweenCanadaandtheEUintrade and economic cooperation more generally dates back to 1976when theBilateralFrameworkAgreement forCommercialandEconomicCooperationwasconcluded.ItistheEU'sfirstformaleconomicrelationshipwithanyindustrializedcountry.Since the1976FrameworkAgreement,CanadaandtheEUhaveenteredinto a number of sector specific agreements, most prominent among them,Agreement on Science and Technology (1996), Higher Education and Training(1995, 2000), Customs Cooperation, (1998), Veterinary Equivalency (1998),

Competitionwith

Cooperation

(1999),

Wine

and

Spirits

(2004),

Civil

Aviation

Safety (2009) and ComprehensiveAir Transport (2009).1 Thejoint committeesestablishedundertheseagreementshaveprovidedtheopportunityformeetingsofbothparties inboth formaland informalvenues. Inaddition, the 1998EuropeanCanada Initiative (ECTI) established a framework for future negotiations toenhancecooperationontraderelatedissues,bothmultilaterallyandbilaterally.

TheCETAnegotiationsrepresentthesecondattemptinlessthanadecadebytheEUandCanada toexpand theireconomic relations.2Since2000,cooperation inmutualfieldsofendeavorsuchasfisheries,environmentandenergyhasincreased.

In2004

Canada

and

the

EU

undertook

anambitious

agenda

todeepen

social,

economic and political ties through a Trade and Investment EnhancementAgreement (TIEA)with its stated purpose being the elimination of nontariffbarriers to the movement of goods and services, in addition to resolution oftraditional market access issues such as tariffs and freer movement of capital.However,TIEAnegotiationsweresuspendedin2006,officiallytoallowthestalledWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)Doharoundofnegotiationstocomplete,butpractically due to the EUs insistence that the agreement include Canada's

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provinces and territories sincebarriers tomarket access in areas such aspublicprocurement are in large measure within provincial jurisdiction. Reciprocally,Canada would be able to penetrate the EUs local national and sub nationalmarkets through increasedEU tradeandcommercial liberalization.Some in theCanadiangovernmentsawthatagendaasbeingtooambitioustodeliverandthe

Europeanswere

loathe

to

continue

discussions

excluding

domestic

public

procurement. Nevertheless, the Canadian government motivated by its tradeliberalizing agenda acted domestically by engaging provincial and territorialgovernmentstosupportaCETAthatwouldincludebindingcommitmentsontheirpart as well as mounting a vigorous lobbying campaign aimed at various EUmember states to convince themof themeritsofabilateral tradepactbetweenCanadaandtheEU.

Theother factorcontributing to theabandonmentof theTIEAnegotiationswasthatsuchanagreementcould imperilrelationsandcommitmentswithCanadianandEUtradingpartners intheDoharoundprojectedtoconcludeby2007.Dohadid not come to fruition, rekindling interest in a CanadaEU trade pact,culminating in thecommitment tonegotiatingacomprehensiveeconomic tradeagreementbetweenCanadaandtheEU.

This fortuitous convergence of Canadian and European strategies to liberalizetradeandincreasethecompetitivenessoftheirrespectiveeconomiessetthestagefortheOctober2008CanadaEUJointStudy,AssessingtheCostsandBenefitsofaCloserEUCanadaEconomicPartnership(theJointStudy)3.Botharecommittedto building stronger and more competitive economies by securing favourablemarket access terms, attracting foreign investment, innovation and expanding

their

international

commercial

networks

to

provide

support

for

their

multinationals toexploit foreignbusinessopportunities.TheJointStudy laid thegroundworkforthecommencementofnegotiationstowardCETA.

CanadaandtheEUhavedifferingmotivesforenteringintotheCETAnegotiations.SomeauthorspointtotheEuropeandesiretodiversifyintodifferentsectorsoftheCanadianeconomy,especially in services andgovernmentprocurement.Canadamay be trying to level the playing fieldvisvis third country producerswhoalreadyhavepreferentialaccessintotheEuropeanmarket.4

There has been some suggestion thatCanadian disillusionmentwith theNorthAmerican Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA) and stalled multilateral initiativessuch as Doha and FTAs with the Americas and AsiaPacific region have alsoprovided incentive for CETA negotiations. Europe is seen as a partner tocounterbalance American influence and reduce Canadian dependence on theUnited States, especially in light of the effect of the US economic crisis onCanada.5


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2. JointStudyandScopingReport

ThedecisiontolaunchCETAnegotiationswasbasedontheJointStudyandtheirscope was defined in the March 2009 CanadaEuropean Union Joint Report:TowardsaComprehensiveEconomicAgreement(theScopingReport)6.TheJointStudy, a costbenefit analysis, concluded that increased trade with the EU,Canadassecondlargesttradingpartner,wouldgeneratesignificantneweconomicopportunitiesacrossanumberofsectors.Itdeterminedthatanagreementintheform of the comprehensive economic trade agreementwould enableCanada toincrease itsexportofgoodsandservices to theEUby$12.5billion (8.5billion),whileEUexportsdestined forCanadawould increaseby$25billion(17billion).Thestudyshowedthereareimportantbenefitsforbothsidestopursuingaclosereconomicpartnership.AnagreementcouldbenefitmanysectorsoftheCanadianeconomy,includingaerospace,chemicals,plastics,aluminum,woodproducts,fish

andseafood,

automotive

vehicles

and

parts,

agricultural

products,

transportation,

financial services, renewable energy, information and communicationtechnologies, engineering and computer services, among others.The study alsoillustrated the potential for enhancing the relationship in areas such asinvestment, labour mobility, regulatory cooperation, environment, and scienceandtechnologythroughremovalofnontariffbarriers(NTBs).

The ScopingReport concluded that amaximum degree ofbenefit toboth sideswouldresultfromamaximumdegreeofliberalization.TheJointStudyoutlinedabroadandambitiousnegotiatingagenda, including: trade ingoodsand services;

investment;

government

procurement;

regulatory

cooperation;

intellectual

property; temporary entry of business persons; competition policy; labourmobility;andenvironment.

TheJointStudyreliesonempiricaldatathatpredatesthe2008financialcrisisandthe2010debtcrisis,andassumesthesuccessfulcompletionoftheDoharoundofWTO negations. Nevertheless, it provides a solid economic basis onwhich toconducthighlevel tradenegotiations.7The extentofmutual gainsunderCETAaccruingdue to cost reductions from liberalization of services and reduction ofNTBs depends on the openness of the final agreement and some exogenousfactors.8Theseexogenous factors includethosedriving foreigndirect investment

(FDI)such

asGDP

and

business

cycles,

factors

related

toprices

ofdomestic

currenciesandnaturalresources,andfactorsrelatingtotheperformanceoftheUSeconomy.9 Another factor that potentially limits the accuracy of the gainspredictionsintheJointStudyisthepost2008riseinprotectionism,anexampleofwhichistheUSBuyAmericancampaign.10

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TheJointStudyisonlyanillustrationofthepotentialimpactofCETA.Theactualoutcome is impossible to predict in light of the stalledDoha negotiations, theassumptionthatalltariffsandtariffratequotaswillbeeliminated,includingthoseinsensitiveagriculturalandindustrialsectors,anddoesnotconsidertheeconomicimpactofopeninggovernmentprocurementmarketsandchanginglevelsofFDI.11

However,the

stalled

Doha

talks

and

other

multilateral

agenda

can

also

beseen

as

amotivating factor forbilateralagreements suchasCETA.12TheScopingReportrecommends that in the areas under negotiation, the parties aim to go beyondcurrentWTOprovisions.13

Againstthisbackdrop,theGovernmentofCanadaandtheEuropeanCommission(EC) concluded an agreement to initiate negotiations for a comprehensiveeconomictradeagreementattheMay6,2009Canada EUsummitinPrague.

CanadaandtheEUhavecompletedtheninthroundofnegotiationstowardCETA.They are committed to building on the success of negotiations thus far,wheresignificantprogresshasbeenmadeacrosstheboard,includingtheareasofgoods,services,investment,governmentprocurementandmanyothers.Thenegotiatingtext is said to bewelladvanced,withmany chapters closed or parked pendingfurtherdevelopment,andissuesintheremainingchaptersnarroweddowntokeydifferenceswheresolutionsarebeingactivelyexplored.

3. CurrentCanadaEUTrade

CanadaandtheEUhavealonghistoryofeconomiccooperation.Composedof27MemberStateswitha totalpopulationofover500millionandaGDPofnearly$16.8

trillion

in2010,

the

EU

isthe

worlds

largest

single

common

market,

foreign

investor and trader.As an integratedblock, theEU representsCanada's secondlargesttradingpartneringoodsandservices.In2010,CanadiangoodsandservicesexportstotheEUtotaled$49.1billion,andimportsfromtheEUamountedto$55.2billion.

Canada and the EU already share strong trading bonds. Canada is the EUseleventhlargestpartner for trade inmanufacturedgoodsand theEU is secondlargesttradingpartnertoCanada.Fortradeinservices,Canadaaccountsfor2.2%oftheEUtotal,andtheEUfor16%oftheCanadiantotal.AccordingtoStatistics

Canada,the

EU

isthe

second

largest

source

ofFDI

inCanada,

with

the

EUs

FDI

totaling$148.7billionat theendof2010. In2010,Canada'sEUFDIamounted to$145.7 billion, 23.6% of Canadian direct investment abroad. Eurostat identifiedCanadaas theEUs third largestFDIdestinationand its fourth largest sourceofFDI in 2009. Bilateral economic relations with the EU are very important toCanada,and thiseconomic relationship isahighpriority for theGovernmentofCanada.

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Thesestatisticsnotwithstanding,manystudiescharacterizetheCanadaEU traderelationshipas "underperforming".Oneof the findingsof theJointStudy is thattheCanadianEUeconomicrelationship issignificantlyundertraded.Comparingtotaltradein2006,tradebetweentheEUandCanadawasroughlythesamelevelas tradebetweenEUand India,despiteCanadaseconomybeing 1.5 times larger

thanIndias.

Acomparison

between

Canada

and

South

Korea

shows

asimilar

situation:Canadas total tradewith the EU in 2006was 25% lower than SouthKoreas,howeverCanadasGDPwas1.5timesthesizeofSouthKoreas.14

Canadaand theEUhave in common theUnitedStatesas theirmost importanttradingpartner,eventhoughCanadaismorereliantonUStrade(80%versus16%for the EU). Canadian trade dependence on the US, and its consequentvulnerability,particularlyintimesofeconomiccrisis(asexperiencedtheselastfewyears), makes the rationale for diversifying international markets a businessimperative. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, restricting foreignparticipationinUSinfrastructureprojectsimmediatelyleapstomind.Withanewtrade agreement in place between Canada and the EU, US businesses willdoubtlesslyexperienceanerosionoftheircompetitivenessinEuropeandCanada,aswellasareversalofthetradediversioncreatedbyNAFTAattheexpenseoftheEU.The privileged relationship betweenCanada and theUS framed byNAFTAwill,inmanyways,beovershadowedbythenew,farreachingagreementwiththeEUwhichcouldconceivablyopenthedoortonegotiateexpandedagreementswiththeUnitedStates,bothforCanadaandtheEU.

Moreover, Canada and the EU share a public commitment to improving thebusiness environment for small andmedium enterprises (SMEs). Institutional

changestaking

place

inthe

EU

asaresult

ofthe

Lisbon

Treaty,

the

Treaty

ofthe

European Union (TEU") and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EuropeanUnion (TFEU")containprovisionsaimedat reinforcingdemocracy, transparencyand dissemination of information in all its dimensions. The Lisbon Treaty alsostrengthened the framework for the design of policies targeted specifically forSMEsculminatingintheEUsadoptionoftheSmallBusinessActin2008,asetofprinciples guiding the design and implementation of policies to promote SMEgrowth,bothatEUandnationallevels.

Inaddition,theEUSingleMarketActiswellonitswaytoachievingharmonization

of

regulations

and

standards

governing

industrial

production

of

goods

and

services, labour mobility, access to finance, recognition of professionalqualifications, and unitary patent system and broadening access to publicprocurement. This augurswell for Canada in that Canadian businesses and inparticularSMEswillfindmarketpenetrationeasierinanEUsinglemarkethavingtodealwithasinglesetofharmonizedregulationsandstandards.

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Many EU member states have extensive bilateral economic relationships withCanada,mostnotablytheUnitedKingdomandFrance,baseduponcenturiesoldhistoricaltradition. VirtuallyallEUmemberstateshavebilateralagreementswithCanada in areas of social and economic cooperation such as social security,avoidance of double taxation and prevention of tax evasion, air transport,

promotionand

reciprocal

protection

ofinvestments,

etc.

SeveralCanadianprovincesandterritoriesenjoyformalizedculturalandeconomicrelationshipswithEUmember states and in some instances, regionswithinEUmember states through memoranda of understanding and agreements oncooperation in cultural, social and industrial, technological and scientificcooperation arrangements are projects with projects. Predictably, Qubec hasdeveloped a strong andbroadreaching culturaland economic relationshipwithFranceoverthelast50years.

4.Scope

CETAmoves beyond traditional free trade arrangements such asNAFTAwhichemphasize tariff and customs duties reduction and/or elimination. It is beingtoutedasasecondgenerationtradeagreementfocusingonremovingobstructiveNTBs such as domestic regulations, standards and procedures that impede theflow of goods and services between countries. Negotiations cover 22 areasstraddlingboth tariffandwill followNTB issues.Topics forareasofnegotiationincludethefollowing:

tradeingoods; sanitary and phytosanitary issues (food safety, animal and plant health

measures);

technicalbarrierstotrade; tradefacilitation; customsproceduresandrulesoforigin; crossbordertradeinservices,includingmutualrecognitionofprofessional

qualifications; investment; centralandsubcentralgovernmentprocurement; regulatorycooperation(lawsandprocedures); intellectualproperty; temporarymovementofbusinesspersons; competitionpolicyandrelatedmatters(monopoliesandstateenterprises); institutionalarrangementsanddisputesettlement;and sustainabledevelopment.15

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The core areas for negotiation are market access for agricultural and nonagricultural goods, trade in services, investment protection, governmentprocurement, NTBs to trade and regulatory cooperation, intellectual propertyprotection,labourmobilityanddisputesettlement.16

Tariffbarriers

have

byand

large

been

eliminated

bythe

General

on

Agreement

on

Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and theWTO. Current tariffs a relatively modest.CanadiangoodsexportedtotheEUaresubjecttoanaveragetariffof2.2%whilethose from the EU entering theCanadianmarket face an average levy of 3.5%.While generally low, evenminimal tariffs constitute a competitivedisadvantageandcandivert trade.17Tariffpeaksexist insomesectors thateffectivelyprohibittrade. Peaks for the Canadian dairy market reach up to 200%,with peaks foranimalproductsandcerealsat33%and20%respectively.FortheEU,peaksreach56%fordairyandfrom20%to30%fordrinks,cereals,andanimalproducts.18

The

Joint

Study

concluded

that

the

largest

proportion

of

gains

expected

from

CETAcomenotfromthereductionoreliminationoftariffs,butfromliberalizationof trade in servicesandFDI.Theextentof thebenefitwilldependon theexactcontentsofCETAsprovisions.19

Each round ofCETA negotiations alternates betweenOttawa andBrussels.Thefirst round took place inOctober 2009 inOttawa, the second round of CETAnegotiationstookplaceinBrusselsinJanuary2010,athirdroundinOttawafrom19to23April,aforthroundinBrusselsfrom12to16July,afifthroundinOttawafrom18to22October2010,asixthroundinBrusselsfrom17to21January2011,aseventhroundinOttawafrom11to15April,aneighthroundinBrusselsfrom11to

15July

and

aninth

round

inOttawa

from

17to21October

2011.20

No draft agreements have been officially released or published. Copies ofdocumentspurporting tobe leaked textshavebeenpostedonvariouswebsites.The leaked documents seem to reveal thatnegotiations are advancing and thatall,ifnoteverythingisonthetable.21

5. CurrentObstacles

Tradeand investmentbetweenCanadaand theEU facesanumberofstructuralimpediments.Someof thesesareanaturalconsequenceofthe federal/provincialdivisionofpowers inCanada thatproducesa fragmentationofjurisdictionovertradeandinvestmentissues.

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5.1 ProvincialRegulationsAmongthemoreprominentformsofNTBsareprofessionalqualificationsthataregoverned by provincial legislation in most Canadian provinces and territories.Licenses and accreditation are frequently grantedby selfregulatingprofessionalbodies such as law societies, associations of professional engineers, medicalcolleges,

etc.

Mutual or reciprocal recognition and accreditationofprofessionalqualificationsand designationswould go a longway to eliminating this nontariff barrier byenhancing the ability of professionals to move between jurisdictions, thusfacilitatingtheflowofgoodsandservicesbetweenCanadaandEU.

Trade ingoods isalsoaffectedbyprovincial regulatorydifferences.Forexample,the provincially regulated retail andwholesale of alcoholic beverages can be asourceof tradedistortion.22Federaland interprovincial/territorialdifferences in

corporateregulations,

health

and

safety

standards

and

value

added

taxes

not

only

constitute internal trade barrierswithinCanada 23 but also create inefficienciesandimpedimentsinfortradegoodsandservicesandFDI.

5.2 PublicProcurementGiventhemagnitudeofgovernmentprocurementinCanadaandintheEU,itisnosurprisethat liberalizationofpublicprocurementhasascendedtothetopof the

agenda.

It

represents

great

untappedpotential

for

both

Canadian

and

EU

exporters, and perhaps more so for European exporters in that many EUcompanies areworld leaders in areas such as transportation equipment, publicworksandutilitiesandinfrastructuredevelopment.Areasofparticularinterestwillbe power generation, public transportation, waste management and watertreatmentplants.Canadatoo,hasitsshareofpotentialexportersofinfrastructureservicesandgoods,albeitonasomewhatsmallerscale thanEUexporters.Fromthe outset the EU has made it a priority to obtain broad access to Canadiangovernmentprocurement,bothonthenationalandprovinciallevel.

EU companies are at adisadvantagewhen responding to calls for tenders fromprovincial

and

territorial

governments

on

infrastructure

and

other

projects,

aswell

asinwhathascometobeknownasthe"MASH"sector,municipalities,academicinstitutions,schoolsandhealthandsocialservicesorganizations.

Canada, as a signatory to the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement("GPA) is generally amenable to opening its public procurement process toforeignsuppliers.However,asweallknowCanadascommitmentundertheGPA


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is greatly diminished by the exemption of the subcentral (i.e. provincial,territorial,andmunicipal)andother(i.e.CrownCorporation)markets.Theloneexception isthe2010Canada USProcurementAgreementwhichprovidestheUSandCanada some reciprocal access to each other's public procurementmarket.Withinitsmemberstates,theEUhasmadeprovisionsforprocurementatthesub

centraland

other

levels,

but

has

closed

these

sectors

toCanadian

firms

on

the

basis of reciprocity. Consequently the EU has insisted that Canada includerepresentatives from provincial and territorial governments in the CETAnegotiationsoaccesstogovernmentprocurementcanbedealtwithconclusively.

The balance to be found is between citizens demands for greater efficiency inpublicspendingandsubcentralgovernmentsdesire tousepublicspendingasatooltoservepoliticalinterestssuchasboostinglocalproduction,orjobcreation.24A European Commission study of increased intraEU competition for foreignprocurement showed price reductions of around 30%.25 However, loss ofgovernmentcontrolandpolicyspaceisanissue.Municipalitieswishtoretaintheflexibility tomake strategic decisions aboutwhat is best for them in their owncircumstances quality of infrastructure and products, standards, local jobs,environment,cost,taxpayervalueandthelike.

Government procurement tends to follow strict guidelines and policies withrespect to environmental stewardship. Thiswillbe the case even after aCETAwiththeEUisimplemented.

ThroughtheSingleMarketAct,theEUisseekingtoprovidesimplerprocedurestothose who manage public procurement, and allow them to support socially

responsibleand

environmentally

friendly

approaches.

The

EU

also

places

emphasis

on maximizing the acceptance and respect of European values and rules andrelationshipswith its tradingpartnerswith theobjectiveof reaching "reciprocalopening" of public procurementmarkets. The goal is to provide Canadian andEuropeansupplierswithopen,transparentandnondiscriminatorymarketaccessto each others government procurement markets. Thus the EU has made theopeningoftheCanadianmarketforpublicprocurementanessentialconditionofCETA.26

5.3 SupplyManagementThe agricultural sector is strongly entrenched, socially and politically in bothCanada and EU.Canadian agricultural goods enjoy export subsidies and supplymanagementmechanisms such asmarketing boards and dairy quotas. The EUCommonAgriculturalPolicy,ontheotherhand,isseenbyCanadianproducersasanimpedimenttoCanadianexportstotheEU,particularlywine.Subsidiesarean



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areaofconcernas theydistortcompetitionandconstituteabarrier totradeandinvestment.

Agriculturalsubsidies,however,arenotatopicofCETAnegotiationsasthisisonearea of considerable friction at theDoha negotiations. The EU position is that

removalofsubsidies

isnot

anappropriate

area

ofbilateral

negotiation

astheir

removalwouldbenefitallWTOmembers,notsimplythepartyontheotherendofabilateralnegotiation.27 Ifconcessionsweremade,provisionswoulddelimittherightsandobligationsofthePartiesinrespectofsubsidies.

5.4 WTOSanitary&PhytosanitaryStandardsSanitary and Phytosanitary standards (SPS) are the standards and regulations

countriesadopt

vis

vis

imports

ofplants

and

animals

inorder

toprevent

the

introductionor spreadofplantpests,pathogensorharmfuladditives that theseproductsmay contain.As such, thesemeasures aredesigned toprotecthuman,animal,andplantlife.

SPSstandardscanfunctionasNTBsastheyoperatetodelayimportsandincreasecosts by requiring certification or by barring importation completely.Canadianexportersintheagricultureandagrifood,fishandshellfishsectorsareconcernedaboutcurrentEuropeanNTBsintheguiseoftheseregulatorystandards.Thereis,however, significant concern in Europe about genetically modified organisms(GMOs)andthepracticeofaddinghormonestomeatproducts.

There isdivergencebetweenCanadianandEuropeanapproachestoSPSmatters.Canada,muchliketheUS,usesasciencebasedapproachtoSPS,settingstandardsfor products or additives based on scientific evidence of harm. The EU on theother hand uses a societybased approach, setting standards based on publicperception ofharm.This approach stems from experienceswherepublic healthcrisesarosewhere therewasnopriorscientificevidenceofdanger,suchaswithBovineSpongiformEncephalopathy(BSE),ormadcowdisease.28

In order to overcome these divergent approaches, CETA should at minimum

affirmand

enhance

commitments

under

the

WTO

Agreement

on

Sanitary

and

Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and the continued use of theWTOdisputesettlementprocedures forany formaldisputesregardingSPSmeasures.29Goingbeyond theWTO agreement,CETA shouldprovide forharmonizationorreciprocal recognition of each others standards and norms and eliminateexceptions.



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CETA should also create an SBSCommittee toprovideoversight.ConsiderationcanbegiventotheestablishmentofabilateralmechanismtomanageSPS issuessoastoavoiddisputes.

5.5 MarketAccessAs noted above, tariffs imposed by both the EU andCanada are generally low.However, existing tariffs canhave anegative impact, especiallyon intrafirmorintraindustrytrade,wheretheyoperateasatax.TheJointReportnotesthatthesetariffs canbe the equivalent toup toonehalfof industryprofitmargins.30TheScopingReport estimates that onequarter to onethird of the overallbenefit tobilateral trade liberalization under CETAwould come from the elimination oftariffs.3196 to 98% of tariffswill be removed on the dayCETA is implemented,

including99%

ofindustrial

products.

The

timeline

for

phase

out

ofagricultural

and fish products remains to be determined (some speculate it may be sevenyears).Tradefacilitationprovisionstostreamlinecustomsprocessesandfacilitatethemovement of goodswill also improvemarket access, speeding up customsclearanceanddeliveryofgoodsandservicestoendconsumers.

5.6 RulesofOriginTheobjectiveofrulesoforiginistoensurethatthebenefitsofanagreementflowto goods originating in the territory of either party. Canada and the EU havedifferingapproachestorulesoforigin.Canada,with itsmanufacturing industriesintegratedintotheUSunderNAFTA,preferslooserrulesoforigin.TheEU,ontheotherhand,prefersastricterapproach,with theaimofensuringthatgoodsthataretechnicallyCanadianarenotinfactofUSorMexicanorigin.32

TheScopingReportrecommendsthatCETAhaveprovisionsforrulesoforiginthatareclear,assimpleaspossibleandleavelittleroomforadministrativediscretion.33Thisshouldensurethattherulesoforiginareadministeredinafair,effectiveandtransparent

manner

bycustoms

administration

and

toprovide

the

trading

communitywith themeans totakeadvantageofthepreferentialtariff treatmentcontemplatedunderCETA.


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5.7 IntellectualProperty

The EU seeks stronger enforcement of the WTO Trade Related Intellectual

Property

Rights

Agreement

(TRIPS)

and

1970

United

Nations

World

Intellectual

PropertyRightsOrganization(UNWIPO).Theserepresentaminimum levelofprotection for intellectual property rights (IPR). Although IPR protection isstrong inCanada,someEuropeanstakeholdersareof theopinion thatCanadianstandards do not go far enough. EU stakeholders also complain that IPRenforcementinCanadaisdifficulttoactivate,beitthroughthecourts,customs,orpolice. The division of responsibilities between the Canadian Border ServicesAgency (CBSA) and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) complicatesmatters. From the European perspective, harmonization would mean bringingCanadian standardsup toEuropean levels.AEuropean IPREnforcementReportreleased in 2009 identified Canada as a priority country due to issues with

copyright,pharmaceutical

patents

and

geographical

indications.34

For

example,

theEU ispressuringCanadatoagreetoEUIPstandardssuchas longereffectivepatent terms,more stringent data protection and right of appeal for researchbasedpharmaceuticals.

However, IPR issues in other areas, particularly for pharmaceuticals, are moreproblematic. Canadas patent protection regime is criticized for not protectingbrandname drugs enough; on the other hand, themuch lower cost of genericdrugsisimportanttoCanadaforcontrollinghealthcarecostswhicharespiralingoutofcontrol.ThisputsCanada inan interestinganddelicateposition witha

thriving

brandname

pharmaceutical

industry

and

a

thriving

geneticpharmaceuticalindustry.ThetalkswiththeEUhavehighlightedthisdivergence.

Differences in the two parties legal systems create multiple standards andprocedures for IPR registration, all ofwhich is seen to constitute a significantcollectionofallkindsofNTBs.35CETAaimstoharmonizestandards,provideformutual recognitionof IPR,and improve the transparencyofbothEuropeanandCanadian IPR regimes. The EU Single Market Act has identified adoptinglegislation establishing unitary patent protection and a unified patent litigationsystem throughout theEU aspriorities.AlthoughCanada is criticized forbeingweak in protecting intellectual property it is moving toward significantimprovements

toour

Copyright

Act*,

which

hopefully

will

bring

Canada

inline

withinternationalstandards.

*BillC11,AnActtoAmendtheCopyrightAct,receivedsecondreadingandreferraltoCommitteeintheHouseofCommons13February,2012andCommitteereportpresented15March,2012.


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5.8 GeographicIndicationsTheJointStudynotesthedifferingviewpointsongeographicindications(GI)putforwardbyEuropeandCanadaatWTOnegotiations.TheEuropeanCommunitypressed for a mandatory registrywith legal effect,while Canada, among othernations,

argued

for

avoluntary

registry

with

no

legal

effect.36

The

EU

views

GIas

important in thecontextof the reductionof subsidies to largescaleagriculturalproduction.GI is seen as amethod ofprotecting smallproducers in the globalmarket.37

Currently,certificationmarksrelatingtoGIcanberegisteredinCanadaunderthefederalTradeMarksAct,butonlyifnopriorregistrationhastakenplace.Thishasled to the infamousexampleof theEuropeanGI forProsciuttodiParmabeingunregisterableinCanadaduetoapriorCanadianownedtrademarkforParma.38

Alist

of180

goods

focused

on

cheese,

meat

and

wine

&spirits,

was

submitted

bytheEU forGIprotection. This isasourceofcontroversybecausebeforeCanada

offersGI concessions itwillwant to knowwhat the EU is prepared to offer inexchange.

5.9 ServicesTheEU,astheworldslargestexporterofservices(30%oftheglobalshare)39,hasastrongincentivetoliberalizetradeinservicesbeyondtheminimumstandardsset

bythe

1995

WTO

General

Agreement

on

Trade

inServices

(GATS).

GATS

distinguishesbetweenfourmodesofsupply:

Mode 1: Crossborder supply is defined to cover services flows from theterritoryofoneMemberintotheterritoryofanotherMember(e.g.bankingorarchitecturalservicestransmittedviatelecommunicationsormail);

Mode2:Consumptionabroadreferstosituationswhereaserviceconsumer(e.g.touristorpatient)moves intoanotherMember'sterritorytoobtainaservice;

Mode 3: Commercial presence implies that a service supplier of oneMember establishes a territorial presence, such as ownership or lease ofpremises,inanotherMember'sterritorytoprovideaservice(e.g.domesticsubsidiariesofforeigninsurancecompaniesorhotelchains);and

Mode 4: Presence of natural persons consists of persons of oneMemberentering the territory of another Member to supply a service (e.g.



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accountants, doctors or teachers). TheAnnex on Movement of NaturalPersons specifies, however, thatMembers remain free to operate despitemeasures regarding citizenship, residence or access to the employmentmarketonapermanentbasis.40

GATSseeks

togradually

liberalize

trade

inservices

across

allfour

modes

by

establishingasystemofrulesbasedonprinciplesofnondiscrimination.

Liberalization of trade in services is complicated by regulation of thevariousmodes falling under the jurisdiction of both national and subnationalgovernments. Including the provinces and territories in the CETA negotiationsaddressesthiscomplication.

Other barriers include foreign ownership caps on commercial establishments,restrictionsonthetypesofcommercialpresenceandtypesofservicesthatcanbe

offered,

and

discriminatory

treatment

giving

advantages

to

domestic

companies,

suchasregistrationandnationalityrequirements.

TheJointStudyacknowledgedthedifficultyinquantifyingpotentialgainsfromtheliberalizationof trade inservices.However, itcitedanestimateof theadditionalcostofcurrentbarrierstotradeinservicesas2452%ofservicesintoCanadaand1842%ofservicesintotheEU.41TheEUSingleMarketActaffirmsthatservicesareamajordrivingforcebehindjobcreationinEurope.AccordinglytheEUidentifiedaneedforstandardizationwhichisessentialformakingproceduresmoreeffective,efficientandinclusive.

Theservices

provisions

ofCETA

are

broad,

with

improvements

tobemade

the

utilities, construction, trade, transportation, communication and information,financialservicesandsecuritiestrading,insurance,business,consumer,andpublicservicesareas.

Canada is especially keen to gain access to Europe to deliver architectural,engineeringprofessional,distribution,environmental,and logisticsservices.BothCanadianandEuropean stakeholders raiseconcernsabout theopennessofeachothers telecommunications servicesmarkets,where cross border issues includebilling systems, privacy, spectrum allocation, security, and licensing.42 For

financial

markets,

the

lack

of

a

national

securities

regulator

in

Canada

creates

inefficiencies.However, the incentive to liberalize financial servicesmay stillbelow in light of the recent financial crisis. Barriers to labour mobility such aslicensingrequirementsbothacrossandwithincountriesalsoadverselyaffecttradeinservices.

CETAwillnotaddressanyregulatorychangesinthebankingsector.Other likelyexemptionsincludeeducation,healthandpublicservices.CETAprovisionswould



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provideforimprovedmarketaccess,transparencyandpredictabilityforCanadianandEU serviceproviders.According to theJointStudy, liberalizationof trade inserviceswouldaccountforalargeportionofprojectedGDPgains:50%ofthetotalgainsfortheEUand45.5%ofthegainsforCanada.43

5.10 CooperationMechanismsCooperationmechanismsarenecessaryinareaswherejurisdictionalcompetencyisdividedbetweenthenational(federal)andsubnational(provincialandterritorial)levels. TheJoint Study identifies the following areas as thosewith existing orpotential forbilateralcooperation:scienceand technology,energy,environment,transportation,customscooperationandtradefacilitation,employmentandsocialaffairs, movement of people, education and training, competition policy, and

fisheries.

MostEuropeanenvironmentalandemploymentstandards legislation isgenerallyseen to bemore expansive and rigorous thanCanadian laws.Where regulatorystandardsdiverge,thesestandardsmustbeharmonizedsoasnottogiveonesideortheotheranunfairadvantage.Again,thisisanareaofpredominantlyprovincialjurisdictioninCanadasuchthatprovincialparticipationisessentialtotheprocess.

Despite differences in regulatory approaches in areas such as energy andenvironment,CanadaandtheEUfacemutualenergysecurityandclimatechange

challenges.

These

common

challenges

will

provide

impetus

for

future

cooperation.

Cooperation in the energy sector goes back to EURATOM in 1959, whereascooperationinenvironmentalmattersdatesfrom1975.

In 2004 Canada and the EU entered into a broad Framework on RegulatoryCooperationandTransparency,wherebytheregulatorsbothintheGovernmentofCanada and the European Commission are encouraged to cooperate. Theframework aims to improve regulatory governance, establish good regulatorypractices to create better regulations, facilitate trade and investment, promotecompetitiveness, and enhance the climate for innovation.44 The framework isimplementedbythe2007EUCanadaRoadmapforRegulatoryCooperation,which

setsout

sector

specific

areas

for

annual

negotiation.

The

existing

framework

is

limitedinthatitisnotlegallybinding,focusedonthegoodssectorandrestrictedtothenationalgovernmentlevel.ACETAwouldaddresstheseshortcomings.



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5.11 LabourMobility&MovementofBusinessPersonsBarriers to labour mobility and the temporary movement of managerial,professional and executive personnel have been shown to exert a negativeinfluence on trade in services and investment. Special visas for investors,professionals,

intra

company

transferees

and

others

such

askey

personnel

having

special qualifications similar to those found in NAFTA are critical to wellfunctioning business operations. Expeditedwork permits to permit the flow ofskilledworkersonatemporarybasistofacilitatetradeingoodsandservicesthatobserve internationallyrecognized labourprinciplesandeffectiveenforcementofdomestic labour lawsarekeyfeatures.Fivecategoriesofbusinesspersonswillberecognized:shorttermvisitors,intracompanytransferees,professionals,investorsandmanagement/graduate trainees.Expeditedvisas, spousalvisas and entry forskilledtechniciansarealsoincluded.

Mutual

recognition

of

diplomas

and

qualifications

and

simplifying

andmodernizingrulesfortherecognitionofprofessionalqualificationsarealsounder

discussion.Great enthusiasm exists formutual recognition and accreditation ofqualificationsandcredentials.NegotiatorsarebuildingonanexistingagreementbetweenQubecandFrance(whichcoversabout80professions).

5.12 InvestmentThere

are

numerous

factors

that

influence

flows

ofinvestment,

some,

such

asGDP

fluctuationsandbusinesscyclesareexogenoustoCETAsmandate.45 Barriersnotonly encompass regulatory limitations to FDI, but also barriers to services andlabourmovement(GATSmodes3and4). Forexample,aWTOstudyfoundthata10% increase inmovementof temporaryworkersproducedan increaseof8% ininflowand7.1% inoutflowofFDI.46 TheJointStudy identifiesbarrierstoFDIasboth specific (e.g. formal limits to foreign investment in particular areas) andgeneral,basedonthewiderframeworkoftheregulatoryenvironment.FDIbarriersnot only affect the ability of investors to acquire foreign businesses, but alsopreventbusinessesfromsettingupsubsidiariesinthetargetforeignmarket.

Acountrys

overall

openness

toFDI

isanimportant

consideration.

According

to

OECDdata47,CanadahasimproveditsopennesstoFDIsincetheJointStudywaspublished.TheOECDrankscountriesopennessto foreign investmentonascaleof0 (open) to 1 (closed). In2006,Canadas rankwas0.375. In 2010, itwas0.15.Despitethis improvement,Canadasopennessto foreign investment is limited incertain sectors. In Canada, for example, the media (o.7), fishing (0.6),telecommunications (0.35), and transport (0.27) sectors are restrictive. In



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individualEUmemberstates,certainsectorsare likewiserestrictive, forexamplebusinessservices(Belgium:0.225),transport(Germany:0.275), fishing(Italy: 1.0),electricity (Austria: 1.0), and media (France: 0.285). Even where there are nospecific restrictions on a particular sector, different rules for foreign ownershipacrossdifferentprovincesandterritoriesleadstojurisdictionshopping.48

The EU seeks nondiscriminatory measures in respect of financial institutions,includingeliminationofownershipquotasandrestrictions.European investmentinCanadian telecommunications services isalsohamperedby limitson foreignownership,asmandatedbythefederalTelecommunicationsAct.ImprovementsintheseareaswouldprovideCanadianandEU investorswithgreatercertaintyandpredictabilityaswellasenhancedconfidencetoinvestintheterritoryoftheotherParty.

5.13 RegulatoryCooperationandTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)

TBT operate to restrict tradedespite the reduction of tariffs.Thesebarriers aretypicallynotintentional,butaretheresultofdifferencesintechnicalregulations,standards, or conformance assessment procedures.49 In the telecommunicationssector, forexample, theAgreementwillensure thatregulationsgoverningpublictelecommunicationstransportnetworksandservicesdonotimpedemarketaccesscommitments, aswell as providing an open and competitive market for theseservices.

Throughthebreadthofitsscope,CETAwouldpromotegreatercooperationinthefield of standardsrelated measures, address horizontal transparency issues,includingnotificationsandparticipationinconsultationprocesses,andestablishamechanismtoprovidedirectiononidentification,management,andresolutionofissuesdealingwithstandardsrelatedmeasurestoavoiddisputes.Theconsultativemechanisms for the effective resolution of disputeswould operate outside theformal dispute settlement framework. Such provisions could involve theestablishment of specific committees and/orworking groups. These provisions

could

also

provide

for

a

general

exception

allowing

for

the

adoption

and

enforcementofmeasures toprotectanimalorplant lifeorhealth,andmeasuresrelatingtotheconservationofexhaustiblenaturalresources.

The EU is moving in this direction and the SingleMarketActwhich seeks toincreasetheeasewithwhichpeople,goods,servicesandcapitalcancirculatefreelyfrom onemember state to another by simplifying procedures and reducing the



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regulatoryandadministrativeburdens, inparticular, forexample,by simplifyingaccountingstandardsforbusinesses.

5.14 MonopoliesandStateEnterprisesTheTreatyofRomewhichcreatedtheEuropeanCommunitycontainscompetitionprovisions in the form of antitrust and state aid. In addition, the Commissionregulationsprovideformergercontrolrules.CanadaregulatescompetitionviathefederalCompetitionAct.Bothpartieshaveahistoryofregulatingcompetition,

Intheareaofstateaid,CanadaandtheEUhavedifferentapproaches.IndividualEUmemberstatesmustcomplywiththeEUprohibitiononanysubsidiesorstate

aidhaving

anadverse

impact

on

competition.

InCanada,

state

aid

isself

regulated

atthefederalandprovincial/territoriallevels.50

The Scoping Report refers to the 1999Agreement between the Government ofCanada and the European Communities regarding the Application of theirCompetition Laws as a good basis for cooperation and information exchangebetweencompetitionauthorities.ThegrouprecommendedthatCETAaddresstheissuesofstateaid,designatedmonopoliesandstate/publicenterprisessothattheydo not distort competition or create barriers to trade and investment.51 Suchprovisionsensure thatanticompetitivebusinesspracticesdonotundermine thebenefitsoftheAgreement.

6. WhatsDifferentthisTime?

Modern trade negotiations recognize that the nature of international trade hasevolved to thepointwhere traditional free tradeagreementswith their focusongoodsmovingacrossbordersareno longersufficient.The liberalizationofotheraspectsofinternationaltradesuchastradeinservicesandFDIhasthepotentialtoproducegains thateclipse thepotential gains from a simple reductionof tariffsand

goods

related

NTBs.

Agreements

such

asNAFTA

and

negotiations

under

GATT/WTOhaveaddressedorattemptedtoaddresstheseissues.CETA,however,aims to live up to its title and be truly comprehensive, going beyond pastnegotiations.

Tostart,bothsidesagreethatCETAisextremelyambitiousinscopeandbotharecommitted to its successful conclusion as they have invested a great deal of



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political capital in it. Commitment of the parties is evident from the fact thatnegotiationshavecontinueddespitetheshocksofthe2008financialand2010debtcrises.

The provinces and territories are participating as full partners in negotiations

alongsidefederal

officials

for

the

first

time

inthe

annals

ofCanada's

foreign

trade

policy.This iscriticalas theProvinceshave to implementmostnontariffbarrierprovisions(labour,environment,publicprocurement,etc.)astheyfallwithintheirjurisdiction. Consequently, the EU is insistent that provinces participate innegotiationstoassurecompliancewithCETA.ThisisthekeydifferencethatsetsCETAapart.

Anotherdifference isthenegative listapproach,whichstartsfromthepositionthat trade inallserviceswillbe liberalizedexcept thosespecifically identifiedasexceptions. Prior to CETA, the EU had always insisted on a positive list, an

approach

that

required

a

listing

of

specific

services.

The

negative

list

is

the

approachusedbyNAFTAandforgovernmentprocurementundertheWTOGPA.Theadvantageofthisapproachisbroadercoverageofsectors.

CETA, in short, recognizes the realities of twentyfirst century internationalcommerce,withcomplexnetworksofvaluechainsand flowsofpeople,services,andideasacrossborders.

7. Future

CETAwill be the first comprehensive trade agreement between the EU and anOECD country. Itwill be a model or prototype for a new generation of tradeagreementswhichmovebeyond theeliminationorreductionof tariffbarriers tothedismantlingofNTBs.

It is understandable that the EU is investing enormous energy in the CETAnegotiationsasthiswouldcreateatemplate for futureeconomicandtradepactswithothernationsorgroupsofcountries.ItcouldconceivablysetthestageforaTransatlantic tradeagreementbetween theNAFTAcountriesand theEU.CETA

mightalso

catalyze

the

negotiations

currently

underway

for

the

Transpacific

trade

agreementasothernationswillnotwanttobeleftbehindscramblingformarketaccessormissingoutonattractinginvestment.

OntheCanadianside,givenprovincialandterritoriallegislativecompetenciesareimpacted, a CanadaEU deal could lead to harmonization of regulatory issuesamongtheprovincesandterritoriesastheymovetocompliancewithCETA.



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It is important to realize the significance of the EUmarket mediadoom andgloomover recent fiscalproblems isexaggerated. Itunderestimates thestrengthandresiliencyEuropeanshavedemonstratedinrecoveringfromthedevastationoftwoworldwarsfoughtlargelyinEuropeaswellaslivingintheshadowoftheIron

Curtainfor

over

forty

years.

With

acombined

population

ofover

500

million

inhabitants,or7.3%oftheworldpopulation,theEUgeneratedanominalGDPof16,242billionUSdollarsin2010,whichrepresentsanestimated20%ofglobalGDPwhen measured in terms of purchasing power parity. As the worlds largesteconomy ithasgrown from6membercountries from its inception in 1958 to27today and still growing. Therewill be expanded opportunities as newmemberstatesjoin.Croatia isexpected tobecome the28thmemberof theEUon 1July2013. Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey are all officialcandidatesforadmissiontotheEU.Turkeyalone,withitsemergentmiddleclassis an exampleofuntappedmarketpotential that exists forCanadian goods and

services.

Expandedtradethroughenhancedmarketaccessisseenasmanyobserversastheway out of the economicwoes that have befallen the advanced and developedeconomies since2008.Financial restraintcanaccomplishonly somuch.Growththroughtradeistheothersideoftheequation.CETAandthevariousothertradepacts currentlybeingnegotiated are seen as the solutionbybusiness aswell asgovernmentstaskedwithcreatingconditionsconducivetoeconomicrecovery.Inaddition, by expanding and diversifying trade activities beyondNorthAmerica,Canadawill reduce its economic dependency on the United States, aswell asbecoming lessvulnerabletoeconomicshockssouthoftheborder.

Endnotes

1 Online: European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-

relations/countries/canada/ [EC Bilateral Relations].1 Online: European Commission

2 Alexandre Gauthier & Michael Holden, Canada-European Union Trade Negotiations p. 1. Overview of

Negotiations, Library of Parliament, 2010 at 1 [Gauthier & Holden].3 EU Commission & the federal government of Canada (2008). Assessing the costs and benefits of a closer

EU-Canada economic partnership. A Joint Study by the European Commission and the Government of

Canada [Joint Study].4Jonne Kregting, The EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement: An Evaluation of the Public

Policy Debate and Assessment of its Potential Results, (Master Thesis, Aarhus University, Aarhaus School

of Business, 2011) at 22 [Kregting].5 Christian Deblock & Michle Rioux, From Economic Dialogue to CETA,(2010-1011)International

Journal, Winter 2010-2011,39 at 40 [Deblock & Rioux].6

Joint Scoping Group, Joint Report on the EU-Canada Scoping Exercise, 2009 Online:

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/march/tradoc_142470.pdf [Scoping Report].7Kregting, supra note 4 at 30.8Ibid. at 32.9Ibid. at 55-56.
http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/march/tradoc_142470.pdfhttp://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/march/tradoc_142470.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/


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10

Kurt Hbner, CETA: Stumbling Blocks in Ongoing Negotiations, Canada-Europe Transatlantic

Dialogue: Seeking Transnational Solutions to 21st Century Problems, (Ottawa: Carelton University, 2010)

[Hbner] p. 2.11Gauthier & Holden, supra note 2 at 2.12Hbner, supra note 10 at 2.13

ScopingReport, supra note 6 at 3.14Joint Study, supra note 3 at 18.15Gauthier & Holden, supra note 2 at 3.16Ibid. at 4.17Joint Study, supra note 3 at 36.18 Stephen B. Woolcock, The Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)

Towards a New Generation of FTAs?, in Kurt Hbner, ed.,Europe, Canada and the Comprehensive

Economic and Trade Agreement, (New York: Routledge, 2011) 21 at 30 [Woolcock].19Kregting, supra note 4 at 11.20EC Bilateral relations, supra note 1.21Deblock & Rioux, supra note 5 at 53.22Kregting, supra note 4 at 26-27.23Ibid. at 58.24Hbner, supra note 10 at 3.25Joint Study, supra note 3 at 78.26Hbner, supra note 10 at 4.27Woolcock, supra note 18 at 31.28Ibid. at 33.29

ScopingReport, supra note 6 at 3.30

JointStudy, supra note 3 at 36.31Scoping Report, supra note 6 at 3.32Kregting, supra note 4 at 68.33ScopingReport, supra note 6 at 4.34Kregting, supra note 4 at 63.35Ibid. at 62.36

Joint Study, supra note 3 at 87.37Woolcock, supra note 18 at 32.

38Joint Study, supra note 3 at 87.39Ibid. at 4140

Online: WTO GATS Objectives: 41

Joint Study, supra note 3 at 44.42Ibid. at 89.43Joint Study, supra note 3 at 55.44Ibid. at 119.45

Kregting, supra note 4 at 48.46Joint Study, supra note 3 at 65.47 B. Kalinova, A. Palerm and S. Thomsen (2010), OECD's FDI Restrictiveness Index: 2010 Update,

OECD Working Papers on International Investment, 2010/03, OECD Publishing.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5km91p02zj7g-en48Kregting, supra note 4 at 65.49

Woolcock, supra note 18 at 33.50Joint Study, supra note 3 at 143.

51Scoping Report, supra note 6 at 7.

Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Presentation

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