Comprehensive APA 6th Edition Referencing Guide

8/18/2019 Comprehensive APA 6th Edition Referencing Guide

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Last updated by MC – 8 August 2013 1

APA 6th Reference Guide - JCU LibraryAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Do I include page numbers in my in-text citation?For direct quotes you must include page numbers. If it is not a direct quote i.e. paraphrasing, you donot have to include page numbers but you are ‘encouraged’ to do so (APA, 2010, p. 171).

Note: some lecturers, for example JCU School of Nursing, require you to omit page numbers unless itis for a direct quote. Check your subject outline or with your lecturer if you are not sure.

Single page: (Collins, 2012, p. 171) Multiple pages: (Collins, 2012, pp. 111-112)

Do the page numbers go in the in-text citation? or after the quote?If you have mentioned the author’s name in the sentence, put the page numbers after the quote:

According to Clayton (2000), “ Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersectedLondon, although those rivers have sinc e been covered over by development” (p. 28).

If you have not mentioned the author’s name in the sentence, put the page numbers with the in-textcitation after the quote like this:

He said, “Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although thoserivers have since been covered over by d evelopment” (Clayton, 2000, p. 28).

Quote with more than 40 words – block quote (APA, 2010, p. 171) Start quote on a new line, indented 1.27 cm from the left margin, omit the quotations marks. Citethe source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark:

A recent study has found that:It can be seen that students often had difficulty using APA style, especially whenit was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the factthat many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher forhelp. (Jones, 1998, p. 199)

Quote with less than 40 words.According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially whenit was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (2012) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); whatimplications does this have for teachers?

No author ........................................................................................................................ 2 Long author ..................................................................................................................... 2 Publisher’s location ......................................................................................................... 2 Multiple authors .............................................................................................................. 3

Two authors .............................................................................................................................. 3 Three to five authors ................................................................................................................ 3 Six or seven authors .................................................................................................................. 3 Eight or more authors ............................................................................................................... 3

Books .............................................................................................................................. 4 Book single author .................................................................................................................... 4 Book with multiple authors, see page 3.................................................................................... 4 Book with editor(s) ................................................................................................................... 4 Book, author not known ........................................................................................................... 4 Book, author and editor............................................................................................................ 4 Book other than first edition .................................................................................................... 4 Book with more than one volume ............................................................................................ 4 Electronic-only book ................................................................................................................. 4 Electronic version of print book ................................................................................................ 4 Book, corporate author ............................................................................................................ 5 Chapter or article in a book ...................................................................................................... 5 Book Review ............................................................................................................................. 5 Dictionary or encyclopedia ....................................................................................................... 5 Dictionary or encyclopedia entry .............................................................................................. 5

Journal Articles ................................................................................................................ 6 Web ................................................................................................................................ 8

Web site .................................................................................................................................... 8 Web page.................................................................................................................................. 8 Document from a web page i.e. PDF etc ................................................................................... 8 Facebook .................................................................................................................................. 8 Podcast ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Blog ........................................................................................................................................... 9 YouTube .................................................................................................................................. 10 Image, online .......................................................................................................................... 10 Image, online, no author ........................................................................................................ 10

Audio Visual .................................................................................................................. 10 CD ........................................................................................................................................... 10 TV episode .............................................................................................................................. 10 Movie ...................................................................................................................................... 10

Newspaper articles ........................................................................................................ 11 Newspaper article, online ....................................................................................................... 11 Newspaper article, paper ....................................................................................................... 11 Newspaper article, no author ................................................................................................. 11

Academic ....................................................................................................................... 11 Lecture notes .......................................................................................................................... 11 Thesis ...................................................................................................................................... 11 ABS ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Conference Papers ......................................................................................................... 12 Conference paper, unpublished.............................................................................................. 12 Conference paper, published in conference proceedings ....................................................... 12

Personal communication ............................................................................................... 12 Reference something that you read about in another source ......................................... 13


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No author In-text citation Reference ListUse the first few words of the reference list entry for your in-text citation

(APA, 2010, p. 176)If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

No authorarticle,

chapter or

web page.

U se “double quote marks” . Do not italicize.

was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010, p. 99).

… as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010 , p. 99), it can be….

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

No authorperiodical,

book,

brochure or

report.

Use italics.

was shown to be false ( College Bound Seniors, 2011).

as shown in College Bound Seniors (2011), it can be….

College Bound Seniors. (2011). Retrieved from http://prof-college/

board.com/data-reports/sat/cb-seniors-2011

Long author The first time youcite this work

(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008, p. 99).

... by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008 p. 99)… Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing (cat.

no. 4326.5). Retrieved from AusStats: http://www.abs.gov.au

/ausstatsAll subsequentin-text citations

(ABS, 2008, pp. 5-7).

... described by the ABS (2008, pp. 5-7 )…

Publisher’s location Lots of publisher locations listed? If one is the obviously the head office, use that one. If not, use the first one in the list.

Publisher in the US

US publishers: give the city and the two letter abbreviation for the STATE (Google it)

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers . Springfield, MA: Penguin.

Publisher outside ofthe the USA

Non-US publishers: give the city and the COUNTRY

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers . London, England: Penguin.


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Multipleauthors

In-text citation Reference List

Two authors

If a work has two authors, cite both names every time

(Gilbert & Collins, 2012, p. 99).

Gilbert and Collins (2012, p. 99) argued that …

Gilbert, R., & Collins, M. (2012). Masculinity . Cairns, Australia: Allen &

Unwin.

Three to five authors

The first time you cite this work (APA, 2010, p. 177)

Muspratt, M., Luke, J., & Freebody, F. (2009). Anthropology . London,

England: Pluto Press.

(Muspratt, Luke, & Freebody, 2009, pp. 111-112).

Muspratt, Luke, and Freebody (2009, pp. 111- 112) found …

The second and subsequent citations …

(Muspratt et al., 1997, pp. 111-112).

Muspratt et al. (1997, pp. 111- 112) found that…

Six or seven authors

Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author followed by et al. (APA, 2010, p. 177)

(Collins et al., 2012).

Collins et al. (2012) disputed this…

Include up to seven authors… (APA, 2010, p. 184) Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H.,

Fowler, K. (2012). Modern Liberia . Cairns, Australia: Allen &

Unwin.

Eight or moreauthors

Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author followed by et al. (APA, 2010, p. 177)

(Collins et al., 2012, p. 99).

Collins et al. (2012, p. 99) disputed this…

Include the first six authors’ names, then 3 dots with spaces, then the last author’sname. (APA, 2010, p. 184)

Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H., . . .

Jones, J. (2012). Modern Liberia . Cairns, Australia: Allen & Unwin.


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Books For books with more than one author, also see the Multiple Authors section above.


Booksingle author

(Reynolds, 2000, p. 99).

Reynolds (2000, p. 99 ) described this as … Reynolds, H. (2000). Black pioneers . Ringwood, Australia: Penguin.

Book with multipleauthors, see page 3

Book with editor(s)(Broinowski, 2008).

(Nugent & Shore, 2011)

Nugent and Shore (2011) dispute this….

Broinowski, A. (Ed.). (2008). ASEAN into the 1990s . London, England:Macmillan.

Nugent, S. L., & Shore, C. (Eds.). (2011). Anthropology . London, England:

Pluto Press.

Book,author not known

(Longman dictionary of the English language , 2009).

Longman dictionary of the English language (2009) defines

this as…

The title moves to the author’s position… (APA, 2010, p. 184)

Longman dictionary of the English language. (2009). Harlow, England:

Longman.

Book,author and editor

(Austen, 2005, p. 99).

…this was described by Austen (2005 , p. 99 ) as …

Austen, J. (2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press.

Book other than firstedition

(Goudie, 2010).

…this was described by Goudie (2010) as …

Goudie, A. (2010). The human impact on the natural environment (5th

ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell.

Book with more thanone volume

(Corsini, 2002, pp. 22-30).

…this was described by Corsini (2002 , pp. 22-30 ) as …

Corsini, R.J. (Ed.). (2002). Encyclopaedia of psychology (Vol 4). New York,

NY: J. Wiley.(APA, 2010, p. 185)

Electronic-only book(O’Keefe, 2010) .It has been argued by O’Keefe (2010) that this ….

O’Keefe, E. (2010). Egoism & the crisis in Western values . Retrieved fromwww.onlineoriginals.com/showitem/225

(APA, 2010, p. 203)

Electronic version ofprint book

(Shotton, 1989)

Shotton (1989) says computers will soon force mankind…

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer

dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://

www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp


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Books In-text citation Reference List

Book,corporate author

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher (APA, 2010, p.203)

(American Psychological Association, 2010).

the American Psychological Association (2010) states …

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association . (6th ed.). Washington, DC :

Author.

Chapter or article in abook

Cite the author of the chapter, not the book…

(Fontana & Frey, 2012, p. 99).

Fontana and Frey (2012, p. 99) described this as …

The title of the book goes in italics, not the title of the chapter… Fontana, A., & Frey, J. (2012). The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln

(Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361-376). Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage.

Book Review

(APA, 2010, p. 209)

(Schatz, 2000).

…described by Schatz (2000) as …

Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text of context? [Review

of the book Managing change in schools, by J. S. Brown & P.

Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304, doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

Dictionary orencyclopedia

(Smith, 2000, p. 101).

Smith (2000, p. 101) defines this as …

Smith, A. D. (Ed.). (2000). Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (1st. ed.).

New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Dictionary orencyclopedia entry

If an entry has no author listed, place the title in the author position. ( APA, 2010, p. 184)

Dictionary orencyclopedia entry,no author given

(Oxford dictionary of biochemistry , 2000).

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (2000) defines this...

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry . (2000). New York, NY: Oxford

University Press.

Dictionary or

encyclopedia entry,no author,no title

If there is no author or title, use the heading or first few significantwords of the entry in the place or the author … (APA, 2010, p. 200, 205)

(Heuristic, 2012, p. 99).

Heuristic (2012, p. 99) can be seen to be…

Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam- Webster’s online dictionary . Retrieved fromhttp://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic


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JournalArticles

(APA, 2010, pp. 198-199)

What is a doi?

What if I don’t have adoi?

A digital object identifier (doi) is a series of numbers and characters that identify online (and some paper) journal articles. It is often found on the on the title pagealong with the author, title etc. A doi could look like this : doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286

Include the doi in your reference if you can find one, like t his...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue if applicable), pages. doi:xxxxx

If you cannot find the doi, use the URL of the home page of the journal that the article appeared in (Google it), like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue if applicable), pages. Retrieved fromhttp://www.xxxxxxx

If you cannot find the doi or URL of the home page of the journal, you can write the reference without a doi or a URL, like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work. Title of Journal, volume (issue if applicable), pages.

Pagination by issue

vs.

Pagination by volume

‘Pagination by issue’ means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each issue (there will be no issue number after the volume number)

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 , 30-32.

‘ Pagination by volume ’ means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each volume (there will an issue number after the volume number)

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 (4), 30-32.


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Journal articles In-text citation Reference list

The title of the journal goes in italics. The title of the article , does not.

with doi,with issue number(pagination by issue)

(Williams, 2008, p. 31).

Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that …

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 (4), 30-32.doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

with doi,without issue number(pagination by volume)

(Williams, 2008).

Williams (2008) argues that …

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 , 30-32.doi:10.1177/0269881105058776

without doi,with issue number(pagination by issue)

(Williams, 2008).

Williams (2008) argues that …

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 (4), 30-32.Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 (4), 30-32.

without doi,without issue number(pagination by volume)

(Williams, 2008, p. 31).

Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that …

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 , 30-32.Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 , 30-32.


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Web In-text citation Reference list

Web site

When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to just give the address of the site in the text. (http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-website.aspx)

the Animals Australia website (http://www.animalsaustralia.org) is

a good example of this… Do not put anything in the Reference list.

Web page (National Energy Laboratory, 2008).

… the Na tional Energy Laboratory (2008) argues…

Do not use italics for the title of a single web page.

National Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved from

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

Document froma web pagei.e. PDF etc (Organization for Economic Development, 2013).

... the Organization for Economic Development (2013) argues …

Use italics for the title of a document from a webpage.

Organization for Economic Development. (2013). Climate change:

Meeting the challenge to 2050. Retrieved from

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/21/39762914.pdf

Web page,

no author

Use the first few words of the Reference List entry in “double quote marks”

(also see No Author section below)

If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

(APA, 2010, p. 184) was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010).

… as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010) it can be….

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

Web page,no author,no year,no page number

(Heuristic, 2012).Heuristic (2012) can be seen to be… Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam- Webster’s online dictionary . Retrieved

from http://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic

Facebook

Only include retrieval date for online material that may change over time e.g. Wikis, blogs, fb etc (APA, 2010, p. 192)

If no date given, use either n.d. (no date) or ca (circa = approx) (http://blog.apastyle.org/)

http://www.animalsaustralia.org/http://www.animalsaustralia.org/


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(Nonja, n.d.).

… as seen on the fan page Nonja (n.d.).

(When I was your age, Pluto was a planet, 2011)

as seen on When I was your age, Pluto was a planet (2011)

Nonja. (n.d.). In Facebook [Fan page]. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Nonja/190010092116

When I was your age, Pluto was a planet. [ca. 2011]. In Facebook [Group

page]. Retrieved December 16, 2009, from www.facebook.com/

group.php?gid=2207893888

Web (cont.) In-text citation Reference listPodcast

(APA, 2010, p. 210)(Van Nuys, 2007).

… argued by Van Nuys (2007)

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast].

Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Video podcast].

Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Blog (Dean, 2008).

.. described by Dean (2007)

Include the title of the message and the URL.

Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges : Is that me in the mirror? [Web log

comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/2366ty/


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YouTube

(http://blog.apastyle.org)

(Apsolon, 2011).

…as Apsolon (2011) says in …

(markapsolon, 2011).

…as markapsolon (2011) says in …

The author is the person who posted the video. Give their real name (if known) and their screen namein brackets.

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved

from http://xxxxx

Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape

14 [Video file]. Retrieved from www.youtube.com/6457324/45654ss

If you don’t know the real name, give the screen name without brackets

markapsolon. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14 [Video file].

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/wat632465

Image,online

(Duveneck, 1872).

as seen in Duveneck (1872)

Duveneck, Frank (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting]. Cincinnati, OH;

Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from http://www.artstor.org

Image,online,

no author

(The Queen signing , 1970).

as seen in The Queen signing (1970)

The Queen signing the visitors book in library [Image]. (1970). Retrieved from

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jcuniversity587/in/photostream/

Audio Visual In-text citation Reference listCD

(APA, 2010, p. 210)

Include track number

(lang, 2008, track 10).

… as sung by lang (2008, track 10)

lang, k.d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY: Nonesuch

Records.

TV episode (Egan & Alexander, 2005).

… shown by Egan and Alexander (2005)

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television

series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox.

Movie

(APA, 2010, p. 209)(Vasile & Fellini, 2001).

… shown by Vasile and Fellini (2001)

Give the primary contributors i.e. director or producer or both, but not presenters. Use (brackets) toidentify their contribution. Give the movie’s country of origin and the name of the studio.

Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United

States: MGM Home Entertainment.


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Newspaperarticles

In-text citation Reference list

Newspaper article,online

reported by Heinlein (2007)…

Online newspapers, use URL of the homepage of the newspaper

Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com

Newspaper article,paper Lawlor (2010, p. 10). Lawlor, A. (2010, July 20). Phoenician 'find' makes textbooks ancient history. TheCourier Mail , pp. 3,7,10-11.

Newspaper article,no author

Use short title, or full title if it is short (APA, 2010, p. 200) If this is no author listed, place the title in the author position (APA, 2010, p. 184)

("Six Sites Meet", 2006).

the article "Six Sites Meet" (2006) describes…

Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, July.) OJJDP

News @ a Glance. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp /news

Academic In-text citation Reference listLecture notes

(Bond, 2012).

… was shown by Bond (2012).

Bond, T. (2012). ED1401: Childhood and adolescence, week 12 notes . [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved

from http://learnjcu2004.jcu.edu.au

Bond, T. (2012). PY1011: Exploring psychology, Psychopaths. [Class handout]. Department of

Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.

Thesis(APA, 2010, p. 207)

(Ward, 2010).

… as shown by Ward (2010).

Ward, I. (2010). Sedimentary history of the Pandora wreck and surrounds (Unpublished master's

thesis). James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

(2008).

… shown by Australian Bureau of

Statistics (2008).

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing: Profile of adults, Western

Australia (cat. no. 4326.5). Retrieved from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats

http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdphttp://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp


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ConferencePapers

Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in a book format to be formatted as a book citation.

Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in journals to be formatted as journal article citations. (APA, 2010, p. 207)


Conference paper,unpublished

(Martins, 2011).

… as shown by Martins (2011)

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium.

Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

Martins, J. R. (2011, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical model . In J. R.

Tunon (Chair), Cooperative health care in the 21st century. Symposium conducted at themeeting of the American Counselling Association Conference, San Diego, CA.

Conference paper,published inconference proceedings

Gibson (2012).

… as shown by Gibson (2012).

Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (first initial, last name) (Ed.) Title of conference proceedings

(page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. doi:xxx.xxxxxxx

Gibson, C. C. (2012). In S. Allsop (Ed.) Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner.

International Council for Distance Education: One world many voices: Quality in open and

distance learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago: Milton Keynes, England.

Personalcommunication


(interviews, letters,email, telephoneconversations etc)

For interviews, give the name of the person interviewed, followed by the words ‘personalcommunication’ (not in speech marks) and the date.

(R. Brown, personal communication, July 23, 2000).

… in conversation with R. Brown ( personal communication, April 4, 2002).

Because they don't provide recoverable information, personalcommunications are not included in the reference list.

Cite in-text only.


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Reference something that you read about in another source

Academically, it is better to find the original source and reference that.

But if you want to do this... you only reference what YOU have actually seen… so if you are reading Stark’s book and Stark quotes Shakespeare, you only reference Stark...


described by Shakespeare (as cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99) …

… or not to be’ (Shakespeare, 1998 cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99) .

Only the source that you have actually seen goes in the reference list.

Stark, E. (2012). Winter woollies. London, England: Firewall

Press.

Comprehensive APA 6th Edition Referencing Guide

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