Composting as if It Mattered: Introduction: Will Bonsall's Essential Guide to Radical, Self-Reliant...

8/9/2019 Composting as if It Mattered: Introduction: Will Bonsall's Essential Guide to Radical, Self-Reliant Gardening

1/18

Ljodm kbjpbst onh gbts be lt, onh nbt cust `mkousmlt“s sbjmtflni flpplm fbjmstmohmrs orm mxpmktmh

tb hb, ùt `mkousm L imt o dlkd but be hblni lt. Nb,

rmoggy. Ln jy glemtljm (sb eor, tfot ls) L“vm johm moslgy

011 tbns (?6? tbnnms) be kbjpbst. (Ymgg, nbt moslgy4

lt wos o `bhoklbus ojbunt be wbrd.) L stlgg tflnd lt“s

jbrm eun tfon o òrrmg be jbndmys tb todm o jmss be

usmgmss stufi onh turn lt lntb o voguo`gm prbhukt.

Kbjpbst ls nbt jy mxkguslvm sburkm be emrtlglty4 L

ogsb usm irmmn jonurms bn sbjm ormos, onh gost ymor“s

goymr be hmkoymh jugkf ls o slinlkont sburkm be nutrl-

mnts4 betmn lt ls mnbuif ̀ y ltsmge. Fbwmvmr, tfm kbjpbstls o `liilm, mspmkloggy bn kmrtoln fmovy-emmhlni krbps.

Lt ls kruklog tfot L jodm mnbuif kbjpbst onh tfot tfm

quoglty `m ibbh. Onh jodlni ibbh-quoglty kbjpbst

rmqulrms jbrm tfbuift onh mfibrt tfon sljpgy jodlni

o plgm onh gmttlni kbjpbst foppmn.

L“vm dnbwn vmry emw iorhmnmrs wfbsm kbjpbst

jodlni eurnlsfms jbst be tfmlr krbps“ nutrlmnt nmmhs.

(Fbw eor kon iropmerult rlnhs onh kbfimm irbunhs ib

tbworh ùlghlni up tfm sblg2) Xyplkoggy, iorhmnmrs

soy tfot tfmlr kbjpbst ls o sburkm be fujus, o sburkm

be trokm jlnmrogs, br o `lboktlvotbr. Xfmy rmgy bn

fougmh-ln onljog jonurm br purkfosmh gljm onh

btfmr jlnmh jlnmrogs tb hb tfm fmovy gletlni. Xfls ls

wfmrm jy iorhmn-wltfbut-`brhmrs ls hlfimrmnt3 Jy

kbjpbst, ln kbncunktlbn wltf irmmn jonurm rbtotlbns

onh jugkf, ls lntmnhmh tb suppgy ogg tfm nmmhs be jy

krbps onh tfm sblg ln wflkf tfmy glvm‘tfm fujus, tfm

Eliurm ?.?. Xrugy sustolno`gm emrtlglty orlsms erbj tfm

vmry gonh lt nburlsfms. Xfls kbjpbst wos johm erbj

iross, gmovms, krbp rmslhums, onh dltkfmn ioròim, ogg

sburkmh erbj tfm eorj ltsmge.

: k f o p t m r b n m :

Kbjpbstlni os le Lt Jottmrmh


2/18

?0 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

jukf be tfm ibbhnmss lntb tfm sblg `mnmotf tfm plgm,

tfm vmry pgokm lt ls gmost nmmhmh. Lt puts jm ln jlnh be

Cuglus Komsor3 ‗Xfm mvlg tfot jmn hb glvms oetmr tfmj,

tfm ibbh ls bet lntmrrmh wltf tfmlr `bnms.‚ Yfot“s

rmoggy oiirovotlni o`but tfls ls tfot jbst be tfot gbst

emrtlglty brlilnotmh ln tfm iorhmn.

O Jugtlpgm-@ln [ystmjXb ovblh gbss be nutrlmnts erbj kbjpbst, L todm irmot

polns tb dmmp ogg tfm jotmrlogs wmgg kbntolnmh wltfln

o smrlms be `lns kbnslstlni be uprlift pbsts onh porog-

gmg pgonds onh pbgms. Xfmrm orm vm ̀ lns ln jy systmj,

wflkf rmqulrms ?0 pbsts, mokf ?1 emmt (;.1 j) gbni, tb

kbnstrukt. Xfm pbsts orm smt oport 6 emmt (0.8 j) bn

kmntrms ebr tfm gmnitf be tfm `lns, onh = emmt 8 lnkfms

(?.5 j) `mtwmmn tfm nmor sureokms be bppbsltm polrs.

Mokf polr ls kbnnmktmh ot tfm tbp `y o spldmh 0 Ù 8,

wflkf prmvmnts tfm pbsts“ tmnhmnky tb sprmoh wfmn

tfm `lns orm ggmh.

Xfm pbsts orm sund ; emmt (1.< j) lntb tfm irbunh,

sb tfm erbst hbmsn“t fmovm tfmj o`but (le ybu glvm bn

Bofu, tfot gost glnm jlift `m gbst bn ybu). Nbw, hli-

ilni o strolift ;-ebbt vmrtlkog fbgm ln Lnhustry, Jolnm,

ls opt tb lnvbgvm os jukf quorrylni os hliilni, sb

Eliurm ?.0. Ebr moslmr okkmss tb jy kbjpbst `lns wflgm L gg tfmj, L rmjbvm tfm pbgms br pgonds erbj tfm erbnt slhm.

NQD, tfm ibbh kbbtlms, onh sb ebrtf. Onh tfm lnirm-

hlmnts ln jy kbjpbst ogg kbjm erbj jy ljjmhlotm

nmlif`burfbbh. L hb nbt ̀ rlni ln slinlkont ojbunts

be btfmr stufi erbj oeor. Xfm joln mxkmptlbn ls gmovms

erbj tfm nmor`y tbwn be Eorjlnitbn, wflkf L kbugh

os wmgg kbggmkt erbj jy bwn ebrmst (onh hb), ùt

tfmlrs ib tb tfm gonhgg onywoy, onh L gldm tb prmvmnt

tfot wfmn L kon.Be kbursm, jony iorhmnmrs ib ̀ mybnh tfot onh ohh

tfmlr yorh wostm‘gmovms onh iross kglpplnis‘wflkf

ls o fuim ljprbvmjmnt. (\bu kon smm fbw nlkmgy

tfmsm tflnis t ln wltf tfot mkb-mklmnky ùslnmss

L wos togdlni o`but morglmr.) Mvmn sb, typlkog kbjpbst

systmjs orm betmn wostmeug onh kbuntmrprbhuktlvm.

Xfm lnirmhlmnts kbnslst gorimgy be wmmhs, krbp rmsl-

hums, onh dltkfmn wostms wfbsm nutrlmnts orlsm erbj

tfm iorhmn br tfm jordmtpgokm. Xfmy imt plgmh ln o

nbnhmskrlpt fmop ln o kbrnmr be tfm yorh. Xfmrm orm

nb prmklsm ̀ bunhorlms orbunh tfm fmop, sb tfm stufi ot

tfm mhims dlnh be jbughmrs lntb tfm irbunh (o nmt gbss

tb tfm iorhmn systmj). [lnkm stufi ls ohhmh ln hrl`s

onh hro`s, tfm plgm nmvmr rmoggy fmots up. Xfm wmmh

smmhs, tfm pmst ùi miis, tfm hlsmosm spbrms orm ogg

kbnkmntrotmh tfmrm wfmrm tfmy kon rlpmn, fotkf, br

emstmr ln rlkf guxurlonkm. Jmonwflgm tfm rolns gmokf


3/18

K L J || ?;

bnkm L pgokm tfbsm pbsts L“h opprmklotm lt le L hlhn“t

fovm tb rmpgokm tfmj ebr o wflgm. L usm kmhor, wflkf L

fmw wltf mltfmr o `rbohoxm br o kfoln sow tb = Ù =

lnkfms (?0.9 Ù ?0.9 kj) `y ?1 emmt (; j) gbni. Kmhor ls

rbt-rmslstont, ùt nbt mnbuif ebr jm, sb L skbrkf tfm

`bttbj emw emmt ln jy sop eurnokm tb o hmptf be ⁈

lnkf (;.0 jj). (Iumss4 ybu kon“t jmosurm lt wflgm

offojm.) L hb tfls ̀ mkousm L dnbw tfot ̀ lts be kforkbogfovm ̀ mmn hui but be rulns tfbusonhs be ymors bgh, tfm

rlnis cust os kgmor os tfm hoy tfmy wmrm kut. Lt wlgg nbt

rbt. Jbrmbvmr, le tfm pbsts orm irmmn-kut br wmt wfmn

L skbrkf tfmj, tfm fmotmh rmslns wlgg ebrj krmbsbtm,

wflkf ls `blgmh lntb tfm lntmrlbr‘sbjmtflni gldm

prmssurm-trmotmh tmgmpfbnm pbgms.

Yfmn L smt tfm pbsts L hbn“t gg orbunh tfmj wltf

hlrt. Lnstmoh L usm sjogg stbnms (le ybu fovm o sfbrt-

oim, `rlni bvmr ybur plkdup) tojpmh ln rjgy. Xfm

erbst wlgg nbt sflet tfmj ln stbnm os jukf os lt wlgg

sflet tfmj ln hlrt, onh tfm rlsd be hmkoy ls eurtfmr

rmhukmh le tfm unhmrirbunh pbrtlbn ls nbt ln hlrmkt

kbntokt wltf jblst sblg. @y tfm woy L jodm surm tfm

skbrkfmh port kbjms up ot gmost tb tfm sureokm, ùt

nbt tbb jukf o`bvm, gmst L `gokdmn jy kgbtfms mvmry

tljm L ru` post lt. O rmosbn wfy tfm pbsts orm ?1 emmt

(;.1 j) gbni ls sb tfmy mnh up 9 emmt (0.? j)

Eliurm ?.;. Xfm skbrkfmh port be tfls pbst wlgg mnhurm o vmry gbni tljm, mvmn wfmn ùrlmh.

Eliurm ?.8. L hli fbgms ; emmt (1.< j) hmmp tb mnsurm

tfot pbsts hbn“t erbst fmovm. (Hbn“t wbrry, oetmr wm

nlsfmh uslni sbn Eolrmgh os o yorhstlkd, wm tbbd

flj but be tfm fbgm `mebrm wm smt tfm pbst.)


4/18

?8 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

Erbnt rolgs lnsmrt ln sgbts

Qmrjonmnt pgondlni

[gbttmh hlvlhmrs

6' (0.8 j) = ' ( ?

. = j )

?⁈" (8.8 kj)

5" (?=.0 kj)

@okd pgonds orm

spldmh tb rmor pbsts

@okd

wogg

Erbnt

rolgs

Kbjpbst

[tbnm ̀ okdgg[kbrkfmh pbst `utt6' (0.8 j)

Eliurm ?.=. Xfmsm hrowlnis sfbw sbjm be tfm kbnstruktlbn hmtolgs be jy kbjpbst-`ln systmj.


5/18

K L J || ?=

hlskbvmrmh, `y jmosurlni jony `otkfms be nlsfmh

kbjpbst, tfot tfmy ogg ovmroimh orbunh =1 pbunhs

(00.9 di) pmr ku`lk ebbt (1.1; ku j). Xfot jmont

tfot o = Ù 6-ebbt `ln‘on ormo be 81 squorm emmt (;.9

sq j)‘wbugh fbgh ? tbn (


6/18

?5 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

O vlsltbr bnkm kbjjmntmh wltf sbjm fu`rls tfot

sfm nb gbnimr wostmh mnmriy jodlni kbjpbst4 sfm

cust gmt mvmrytflni rbt wfmrm lt goy ln tfm iorhmn. L

hlhn“t vmnturm tb kbjjmnt, os sfm kgmorgy dnmw ogg sfm

nmmhmh tb dnbw, ùt L kbntlnum tb jodm kbjpbst nmv-

mrtfmgmss, tfond ybu. Jbst be jy kbjpbst jotmrlog

kbjms erbj butslhm tfm iorhmn, onh tfus tfm kbjpbst

L jodm prbvlhms o nmt ioln ln tfm iorhmn“s emrtlglty, nbt

jmrmgy sfulni orbunh wfot“s ogrmohy tfmrm. @ut L

sfbugh nbtm, mvmn tfot sfulni prbkmss ls mxtrmjmgy

ljpbrtont3 Xfbsm bgh ko`òim gmovms onh kbrnstogds,

tbjotb vlnms onh korrbt tbps, orm betmn eugg be pmst

miis, `brmrs, `glift spbrms, smptbrlo, ontfroknbsm, onh

sb bn, ogg be wflkf joy emstmr tfmrm bn tfm sblg sureokm,

woltlni tb ottokd nmxt ymor“s krbp. Dmmp ln jlnh tfot

nmorgy ogg be bur krbp spmklms orm nbt notlvm, onh jonybe tfmlr pmsts orm nbt ebunh ln tfm surrbunhlni mghs

onh ebrmsts, ùt bngy ln bur iorhmns. Ln o prbpmrgy

johm kbjpbst fmop, nmorgy ogg tfbsm pmsts onh hls-

mosms wlgg `m hmstrbymh `y tfm fmot imnmrotmh `y vlo

omrb`lk emrjmntotlbn (wflkf hbms nbt bkkur ln krbp

rmslhums sljpgy gmet gylni ln tfm iorhmn), pgus tfm

jyrloh `lbgbilms tfot okkbjpony okkmgmrotmh hmkoy.

Xfm morgy stoims be kbjpbstlni orm tbtoggy hbjl-

notmh `y tfmrjbpflglk (fmot-gbvlni) òktmrlo, wflkf

kousm jbst btfmr òktmrlo, pgus eunil onh mortf-

wbrjs, tb mltfmr gmovm tfm plgm, ib hbrjont, br hlm.Bngy oetmr tfm plgm kbbds hb tfm btfmr hmkbjpbslni

oimnts ib tb wbrd. Ohhlni tfmj tb tfm plgm ̀ mebrm tfm

emvmr fos possmh wbugh `m eutlgm.

Xfot `mlni solh, L hbn“t kbnslhmr iorhmn rmslhums

o jolnstoy be tfm fmop‘oetmr ogg tfmsm pgonts orm

nbt vmry mkb-mklmnt onh tfmlr emrtlglty orbsm erbj

tfm iorhmn ln tfm rst pgokm. Xfm fmovy gletmrs ln jy

plgm, tfm stufi wflkf `rlnis emrtlglty lntb tfm iorhmn

erbj butslhm, orm tfm iross onh trmm gmovms onh rojlog

kflps. Pojlog kflps ls onbtfmr nojm ebr sjogg `rusf

(unhmr ; lnkfms, br 9.5 kj) wflkf fos `mmn put

tfrbuif o kflppmr/sfrmhhmr. Lt ls hlstlnkt erbj trund

wbbh, wflkf ls jolngy kmggugbsm. Ebr jbrm hmtolgs

o`but fbw tb jodm onh usm rojlog, smm tfm smktlbn

Pojlog Pmsmorkf ln kfoptmr ;.

Os L mxpgolnmh `mebrm tfmsm orm tfm lnirmhlmnts

tfot jodm tfm bvmrogg systmj mkb-mklmnt‘jodm lt

Eliurm ?.5. [frmhhlni gmovms ̀ mebrm kbjpbstlni

oggbws jm tb sprmoh tflkdmr goymrs wltfbut tfmlr

wohhlni up.

sblg ls tfm mupfmjlsj usmh `y ebgds wfb hbn“t gldm

tb kogg sbjmtflni wfot lt ls), ùt L hbn“t usm tfmsm ln

tfm imnmrog kbjpbst systmj L“j hmskrl`lni fmrm. Xfm

tbplk ls hlskussmh gotmr ln tfls kfoptmr.

L usm ogg tfm usuog krbp rmslhums onh wmmhs erbj

tfm iorhmn4 oktuoggy L“j mjòrrossmh wfmn wmmhs

kbnstltutm o slinlkont port be tfm plgm, os lt rmffmkts

pbbrgy bn jy wmmh jonoimjmnt o`lglty. Yfot L hb

opprmklotm o`but tfm wmmhs ls tfm sblg kglnilni tb

tfmlr rbbts, ogtfbuif L try tb sfodm jbst be lt bfi ln tfm

iorhmn wfmrm lt glvms. O kmrtoln ojbunt be sblg ln tfm

plgm ls vmry hmslro`gm, jukf gldm tfm sogt ln o kossm-

rbgm, onh slnkm nbnm be tfm btfmr lnirmhlmnts kbntoln

jukf be lt, wfmn L hbn“t fovm mnbuif wmmhs L ib hli

up o emw ùkdmteugs be hlrt erbj tfm jbst brionlkoggy

stmrlgm ormo L kon nh (lt“s tfm jlnmrogs ln tfm hlrt L“j

oetmr4 tfm rmst be tfm plgm ls ogg o`but brionlk jottmr).


7/18

K L J || ?9

L put gbts be ermsf-kut iross hlrmktgy lntb sujjmr

kbjpbst plgms, ̀ ut L jodm pgmnty lntb foy ebr outujn

onh sprlni plgms. @y ‗foy‚ L hb nbt jmon tfot L korm-

euggy kurm onh ògm lt ebr gbni stbroim os o holryjon

hbms. Potfmr, L gmt lt hry mnbuif `mebrm rodlni sb tfot

lt wlgg nbt ̀ m rm-eonimh onh foge rbttmn `mebrm L kbj-

pbst lt. L wbugh jmntlbn tfot jy kbnkmpt be ‗iross‚ br

‗foy‚ ls jukf `rbohmr tfon o holryjon“s. Yfmn emh

tb `li uniugotms ‗iross‚ sfbugh `m jolngy iross wltf

sbjm sukkugmnt gmiujms, os ln o tljbtfy-kgbvmr jlx.

Jy òktmrlo onh mortfwbrjs orm nbt sb nlkdy, sb le

jy posturm kbntolns bbhgms be ùttmrkups onh jlgd-

wmmh onh ibghmnrbh, sb jukf tfm ̀ mttmr, os gbni os lt“s

bbhgms. L wont o hmnsm ylmgh be nbt-tbb-wbbhy ̀ lbjoss4

mkb-mklmnky ls jbrm sbuift oetmr tfon hlimstl`lglty.

Xrmm gmovms mspmkloggy tmnh tb kbjm ogg ot bnkm‘

Bktb`mr‘sb L try tb kbggmkt tfmj sbbn oetmr tfmy

wbrd‘slnkm tfmy ùlgh up gbni-tmrj fujus wltf o

jukf sjoggmr lnput be ‗mortf-`gmsslni‚ (spokm, nutrl-

mnts, wotmr, olr, sunsflnm, mt kmtmro). Xfmy hb rmqulrm

sbjmtflni, be kbursm‘ln portlkugor, nltrbimn.

Ogtfbuif L put ogg jy iorhmn rmslhums onh wmmhs

tfrbuif tfm kbjpbst systmj, tfot“s nbt ogwoys trum

be tfm iross onh mspmkloggy be tfm gmovms onh kflps. Os

L solh, tfmy“rm tfm jolnstoy be tfm fmop‘ùt L ogsb

usm jocbr quontltlms os jugkf onh ln btfmr woys (onh

tfot“s hmskrl`mh gotmr ln tfm `bbd).

[bjmbnm osdmh jm bnkm, ln o tfmbrmtlkog vmln L

ossujm, wfmtfmr L wbugh usm hmmr hrbpplnis ln jy

kbjpbst plgms le L kfonkmh upbn sbjm ln jy wbbhs.

Ebr bnm tflni, slnkm L“vm nmvmr dnbwn hmmr tb pbbp

ln plgms be ony kbnsmqumnkm, tfm tljm spmnt kfoslni

orbunh trylni tb iotfmr lt up wbugh `m jukf jbrmprbto`gy usmh jbwlni iross onh sfrmhhlni gmovms.

Jbrmbvmr, L“j nbt surm fbw voguo`gm o jonurm

hmrlvmh jolngy erbj sprukm onh r `rbwsm wbugh `m

ebr kugtlvotmh krbps. Ln eokt tfm hmmr hb bkkoslbnoggy

gbltmr orbunh jy `lns, nl``glni bn klhmr pbjokm tfot

imts splggmh tfmrm. Le o hmmr wmrm tb lnohvmrtmntgy

hrbp o emw hbm-`mrrlms ln tfm plgm, wbugh L hlskorh

tfm wfbgm òtkf os nbn-vmionlk2 Nb, L tflnd nbt.

Lhmoggy L ùlgh o nmw kbjpbst plgm mvmry tfrmm br

ebur wmmds hurlni tfm smosbn (Oprlg tfrbuif

Nbvmj`mr), onh bnm kfoggmnim ls tb fovm mnbuifjotmrlog ot fonh tb ùlgh o kbjpgmtm = Ù 6 Ù 8-ebbt

(?.= Ù 0.8 Ù ?.0 j) plgm wltfln o emw hoys sb tfot lt wlgg

fmot up tfbrbuifgy onh unlebrjgy. Oioln, L“j kbunt-

lni bn tfm fmot imnmrotmh `y tfm plgm tb3 dlgg pmst

miis, hmstrby wmmh smmhs, onh kbbd ony hlsmosm

spbrms, pgus kbjjmnkm tfm `rmodhbwn be `rbus

jotmrlogs. Xfm jotmrlogs ln o kbjpbst fmop ùlgt up

bvmr tljm hb ogsb `rmod hbwn‘sgbw euniog oktlvlty

wbugh `m tfm hrlvlni ebrkm‘ùt wltfbut tfm lnltlog

òktmrlog emvmr, tfmrm wbugh `m tbb glttgm fmot tb wlpm

but tfm òhhlms.

O smkbnh kfoggmnim ls tb fovm o rmosbno`gy kbnsls-

tmnt ògonkm be lnirmhlmnts. Xfmrm“s pgmnty be gmmwoy

fmrm, ̀ ut L wbugh prmemr tfot tfm sujjmr plgms nbt ̀ m

bngy iross, outujn bngy gmovms, onh sprlni bngy gmet-

bvmr dltkfmn ioròim. Xfmrmebrm L stbkdplgm kmrtoln

jotmrlogs3 foy, gmovms, onh dltkfmn ioròim.

Eliurm ?.9. Opprmntlkm Orlko ls jbwlni tfls roiwmmh

ebr tfm kbjpbst plgm! Ym“rm kbuntlni bn tfm lntmnsm

fmot onh `lboktlvlty tb hmstrby tfm rlpmnlni smmh.


8/18

?6 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

stufi‚ wltf ‗posturm stufi.‚ Ln eokt L gldm tb ebggbw

tfot imnmrog pottmrn tfrbuifbut tfm fmop-ùlghlni,

os lt `mttmr rmffmkts tfm jutuog rbgm be tfbsm twb

mkbsystmjs ln emmhlni jm. Os o rugm tfm ebrmst stufi ls

flif-kor`bn onh wlgg `m oktmh upbn sgbwgy `y euniog

oimnts4 tfm posturm stufi ls flifmr ln nltrbimn, wflkf

ebstmrs emvmrlsf òktmrlog irbwtf. L“h fotm tb glvm ln

o wbrgh wltfbut mltfmr bnm4 oppormntgy jy kbjpbst

fmop onh tfm krbps lt nburlsfms emmg tfm sojm woy.

Oetmr tfm lnltlog `mhhlni goymrs L swltkf tb sbjm-

tflni rlkfmr‘joy`m kgbvmr br kbjermy br dltkfmn

ioròim‘ùt fmnkmebrtf L ohh wfotmvmr L fovm, try-

lni tb ogtmrnotm wmt/hry, nltrbimn/kor`bn, jlnmrog/

brionlk. L wont tb mnh up wltf o plgm os hlvmrsm onh

smge-kbjpgmjmntory os pbssl`gm.

L sfbugh mjpfoslzm tfm ljpbrtonkm be uslni oibbh prbpbrtlbn be hry trosfy stufi tb rlkf sukkugmnt

jottmr, gldm ot gmost tfrmm tb bnm. Xfm usuog kbnkmrn ls

tfot tbb jukf flif-kor`bn jotmrlog jlift jbughmr

ogbni wltfbut mnbuif nltrbimn (rmjmj`mr, tfot“s

fmorsoy) tb spord tfm òktmrlog fmot. O rmosbno`gm

kbnkmrn, ogtfbuif o glttgm nltrbimn ibms o gbni woy,

ùt pmbpgm tmnh tb linbrm tfm bppbsltm mxtrmjm3 o flif

nltrbimn-tb-kor`bn rotlb wlgg jodm o plgm fmot up nm

onh ln eokt wlgg hrlvm bfi tfm surpgus nltrbimn ln tfm

ebrj be ojjbnlo onh jmtfonm. Xfot wostms emrtlglty

wflgm gglni up tfm otjbspfmrm wltf bzbnm-hmstrby-lni iosms. Qmbpgm ermt ogtbimtfmr tbb jukf o`but

nltrbimn ln tfm sblg onh nbt mnbuif o`but fujus, cust

os tfmy bvmrrotm prbtmln ln tfm hlmt wflgm linbrlni

`rm. Mltfmr prbhukms o tbxmjlo be tfm systmj.

hrbp, sfrmh tfmj wflgm krlspy hry, onh stbrm tfmj,

jbstgy ln o hmmp 6 Ù ?1-ebbt (0.8 Ù ;.1 j) roln-prbbe

`ln, wfmrm L kon okkmss tfmj ot ony tljm be ymor.

Gldmwlsm hurlni tfm wlntmr wm imnmrotm jony

ùkdmts be dltkfmn ioròim, wltf nb pgokm tb put lt.

Xfm tlift-glhhmh ùkdmts okkujugotm butslhm untlg

snbw-ib, ot wflkf tljm L kon stort tfm smosbn“s rst

plgm uslni tfls stbrmh ioròim, stbrmh gmoe sfrmhs, onh

stbrmh foy.

@ulghlni o Kbjpbst Qlgm

Nbw tfot wm fovm on lnirmhlmnts glst gmt“s kbnslhmr

fbw tb ùlgh o plgm. Lt“s ljpbrtont tb dmmp ln jlnh

tfot tfm joln hlrmktlbn emrtlglty jbvms ln o kbjpbst

plgm ls hbwn. Xfmrm joy `m upworh gbss tfrbuifvbgotlglzotlbn, mspmkloggy be ojjbnlo kbjpbunhs,

ùt jbst nutrlmnts orm fmgh ln o wotmr-òsmh sbgutlbn

tfot ls suskmptl`gm tb irovlty. Xfls ls mvmn jbrm trum

le wm ohh mnbuif wotmr tb dmmp tfm plgm kbbdlni‘

tfm `lbgbilkog rms orm stbdmh, nbt qumnkfmh, `y

ohhltlbnog wotmr. Xfmrmebrm tfmrm ls sbjm rlsd tfot

sbgu`gm ibbhlms ln tfm `bttbj goymrs joy `m gmokfmh

lntb tfm sblg `mnmotf, onh tfot“s o`but os fmgpeug os

o skrmmn hbbr ln o su`jorlnm. L jlnljlzm tfls `y

stortlni o nmw plgm wltf o emw goymrs be flifgy o`sbr-

`mnt, flif-kor`bn jotmrlogs, stufi tfot wlgg oktuoggy`mnmt erbj tfm nltrbimn-gohmn gmokfotm erbj o`bvm.

O typlkog smqumnkm ls rojlog kflps ebggbwmh `y spblg-

foy (tfot“s tfm trosfy stufi tfot wos jbwn tbb gotm br

gmt glm tbb gbni), tfmn rojlog kflps oioln br sfrmhhmh

gmovms, onh oioln spblg-foy, rmpmotmh tfrmm tljms ebr

o tbtog be slx `mhhlni goymrs.

@y tfm woy, wfmn L soy o ‗goymr‚ be foy, L“j tflnd-

lni be o cuj`b-slzmh wfmmgòrrbw os eugg os L kon pokd

lt onh plgm lt. Yfmn L soy o ‗goymr‚ be sfrmhhmh gmovms,

L“j togdlni o`but tfot wfmmgòrrbw ggmh tb tfm `rlj

onh jbunhmh, br o`but 0= br ;1 ioggbns (


9/18

K L J || ?<

lnkbrpbrotms pbgms golh slhmwoys okrbss bnm br jbrm

goymrs. Os o plgm ls ùlgt tfm pbgms orm puggmh but, gmov-

lni possoimwoys ebr olr.) Xbj krmotms twb br tfrmm

‗kfljnmys‚ lntb tfm kbrm be o plgm `y ̀ unhglni smvmrog

stlkds tbimtfmr (o ̀ lt be krbbdmhnmss krmotms jbrm olr

possoimwoy4 tfot“s ibbh) onh pgoklni tfmj uprlift

os tfm plgm ùlghs. L“j unkmrtoln wfmtfmr lt“s wbrtf

lt3 Xfot nmw lntmrnog mxpbsurm oggbws jblsturm onh

fmot tb mskopm, wfmrmos ohmquotm bxyimn fos nmvmr

smmjmh tb `m o prb`gmj ebr jm. [tlgg, Xbj dnbws o

ibbh tflni.

Mvmntuoggy jy fmop rmokfms o fmlift be 5 br 9 emmt

(?.6‛0.? j), onh L kon òrmgy rmokf up tb plgm jbrm

stufi bn. @ut tfm fmop wlgg sbbn sfrlnd hbwn tb foge

tfot fmlift, jolngy hum tb olr spokms smttglni but.

Bnm gost stmp `mebrm L kogg lt kbjpgmtm3 L ebrd o gostmxtro-`li goymr be foy bn tbp onh hujp bn =1 ioggbns

Eliurm ?.6. Xfls 8-tbn (;.5 tbnnm) plgm ls kbjpgmtmgy ùlgt onh owolts tfm nog wotmrlni onh kop goymr be sblg.

[dlp tfm Gljm

Hmspltm tfm nmmh ebr jlnmrogs ln o kbjpbst

plgm, L nmvmr ohh gljm (wflkf L hbn“t fovm ln

jy systmj onywoy) br wbbh osf (tfbuif L

fovm pgmnty be tfot). Ln tfm kbursm be ogg lts

kfmjlkog pmrjutotlbns, tfm plgm ibms tfrbuif

`btf oklhlk onh ogdoglnm mxtrmjms, onh L hbn“t

wlsf tb fovm sukf o strbni òsm (ogdogl) lntmr-

emrm wltf ony be tfot. Jbrmbvmr L lntmnh tb usm

jy kbjpbst bn ony onh ogg krbps, lnkguhlni

sbjm‘gldm pbtotbms‘tfot jlift todm bfimnkm

ot tfm ogdogl. Nbt tb wbrry, tfbuif3 L fovm

btfmr woys be uslni wbbh osf, os hmskrl`mh ln

kfoptmr 8.


10/18

01 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

sbbn os lt ls koppmh, L just wolt ?< hoys ebr tfot `ln

tb `m ermmh up tb stort o nmw fmop, onh jmonwflgm

iross onh btfmr lnirmhlmnts orm pburlni ln. Le L stort

`y ùlghlni o plgm ot @ln #?, tfmn ebr tfm nmxt ?< hoys

L oj ot o stonhstlgg, wfmrmos le L stort ln @ln #0 br

mvmn #; (but be vm, rmjmj`mr), tfmrm ls stlgg rbbj

ebr mvmrytflni tb `m turnmh ot gmost twlkm. Jbrm

ljpbrtont, os sbbn os tfm rst plgm (ln #0, soy) ls

ùlgt, L kon ljjmhlotmgy kbjjmnkm o nmw plgm (ln

#?), hmgoylni tfm fbghup untlg pmrfops tfmrm ls o gugg

ln tfm lnffbw be lnirmhlmnts. Xfls ogg joy `m be glttgm

kbnkmrn tb tfm ̀ okdyorh iorhmnmr wfb joy ̀ m ̀ ulgh-

lni bngy bnm fmop ebr tfm wfbgm smosbn, ùt slnkm L

oj typlkoggy imnmrotlni ̀ mtwmmn ?0 onh 01 tbns (?1.<

onh ?6.? tbnnms) be nlsfmh kbjpbst pmr ymor, L nmmh

tb dmmp tflnis jbvlni. Xfls ls nbt o sogoh iorhmn.Be kbursm ybu kon `m jukf jbrm kosuog o`but tfmsm

jottmrs wfmn ybur ebbh (onh tfm emrtlglty tb prbhukm

lt) kbjms erbj sbjmwfmrm mgsm.

Xb turn o plgm L usm o vm-tlnmh kbjpbst ebrd (L“j

sfbkdmh tb hlskbvmr tfot jy forhworm stbrm oktuoggy

go`mgs tfmj tfus, nb gbnimr os ‗jonurm ebrds‚‘o slin

be wfb“s purkfoslni tfmj2). Lt usmh tb todm jm o`but

?= jlnutms tb tfrbw ? tbn (1.< tbnnm) erbj bnm `ln

tb tfm nmxt, o ebrdeug ot o tljm. Nbw tfot L“j irbwn

bghmr lt usuoggy todms jm o ibbh 01 jlnutms br on

fbur ebr tfm wfbgm fmop. Lt“s nbt tfot L“j emm`gmr4 L cust gldm tb stbp jbrm betmn tb kbntmjpgotm fbw jukf

eun L“j fovlni.

Xfmrm orm smvmrog rmosbns ebr tfls turnlni, tfm

joln bnm ̀ mlni tfot tfm jotmrlog bn tfm tbp onh slhms

be tfm fmop wos nbt wfbggy lnvbgvmh ln tfm rst rbunh

be fmotlni tb ?50±E (90.0±K). Xfm turnlni wlgg lnkbr-

pbrotm ogg tfls stufi onh tfmrm wlgg `m o smkbnh emvmr,

tfbuif nbt os gbni br lntmnsm. Fbwmvmr, tfot smkbnh

fmotlni ls ljpbrtont tb ossurm tfot mvmrytflni ls

prbpmrgy kbbdmh. @ut ls lt lnhmmh prbpmrgy kbbdmh2

Kbusln Xbj fos on lntmrmstlni todm bn tfls3 Fm tflnds

tfot kbvmrlni tfm tbp onh slhms jbrm tliftgy, tb rmtoln

jblsturm onh fmot, wbugh b`vlotm tfm nmmh ebr turn-

lni. Eurtfmrjbrm, fm jodms tfm mxkmggmnt pblnt tfot le

tfm turnlni ls suppbsmh tb gmovm tfm rmjolnlni lnirm-

hlmnts kbbdmh, lt ls be hu`lbus vogum, slnkm tfm

smkbnhory fmotlni ls hmnltmgy tojmr onh joy `m

(?6


11/18

K L J || 0?

Eliurm ?.


12/18

00 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

òkd. Xfm irbunh fos tfowmh mnbuif sb tfot pgmnty

be mortfwbrjs orm tfmrm ebr tfbsm rb`lns, ymt ln tfm

kbjpbst `lns ls o irmot imglh joss4 lt fos johm o kbn-

trokt wltf noturm erbj wflkf lt ls nbt moslgy rmgmosmh.

Le L“j ln nb rusf, tfmrm“s nb prb`gmj. @ut le L“j nmmh-

lni tfot ̀ ln ermm tb ̀ ulgh o nmw fmop (yms, L“vm stortmh

plgms ln jlh-Oprlg), br le tfot òtkf ls nlsfmh onh L

wont tb oppgy lt tb morgy-sprlni `mhs, L spmmh tflnis

up `y ùstlni tfm stufi but wltf o joug br hugg oxm

onh sprmohlni tfm kfunds wfmrm L wont tfmj, wfmrm

tfm sun onh roln wlgg tfow tfmj jukf jbrm qulkdgy.

Br L joy skropm bfi tfm tfowmh goymr bn tfm tbp onh

slhms, mxpbslni tfm kbrm tb jukf qulkdmr tfowlni.

Btfmrwlsm L cust wolt.

]slni Kbjpbst]gtljotmgy, wfmtfmr sbbnmr br gotmr, hmspltm ybur

kgmvmr pgbys onh ybur stuplh `gunhmrs, ybu wlgg mnh

up wltf kbjpbst. Lt“s rmoggy qultm forh tb prmvmnt4 lt“s

cust o qumstlbn be fbw gbni lt todms onh fbw voguo`gm

ls tfm nlsfmh prbhukt.

[b tfmn, wfot hb ybu hb wltf lt2 Xfm glvlni kbjju-

nlty wltfln lt wlgg kbntlnum emmhlni upbn ltsmge, jbugh

`mkbjlni mortfwbrjs, kmntlpmhms `mkbjlni òktmrlo

(onh ugtljotmgy vlkm vmrso)4 glem onh hmotf kbntlnum,

hmkoy jorkfms bn. Nbt, fbwmvmr, wltfbut o nmt gbss bemnmriy ot mokf stoim. Le ybu ohhmh nb ermsf jottmr, L

suppbsm tfm hmkbjpbsltlbn tfmbrmtlkoggy wbugh rmsugt

ln osf, tfm jlnmrog rmslhum erbj wflkf ogg tfm brionlk

mnmriy fos ̀ mmn wruni but. Ebr tfot rmosbn le nb btfmr,

kbjpbst sfbugh `m put tb wbrd ln tfm sblg os sbbn os

lt rmokfms o nlsfmh kbnhltlbn (b`vlbusgy lt nmvmr

rmokfms o nlsfmh kbnhltlbn‘nbr hb wm‘ùt wfmn

tfm nmkmssory ̀ lbgbiy fos rmnhmrmh lt usmeug ebr kugtl-

votmh pgonts). L kogg lt nlsfmh wfmn lt ls ̀ rbdmn hbwn

lntb unlebrjgy sjogg portlkgms tfot orm unlhmntlo`gm.

On b`vlbus woy tb usm kbjpbst ls tb lnkbrpbrotm lt

lntb tfm sblg sfbrtgy `mebrm sbwlni tfm krbp tfot ls tb

`mnmt erbj lt. Eurtfmr hmkbjpbsltlbn sfbugh bkkur

ln tfm sblg, wfmrm tfm krbp pgont rbbtgmts orm prmpormh

tb todm up tfm nutrlmnts os tfmy `mkbjm ovolgo`gm.

Ebr mxojpgm, le L stort kbjpbst ln Cunm onh lt“s

rmohy ln morgy [mptmj`mr, tfmrm ls usuoggy on bpmn

lnohmquotm tb dlgg sbjm be tfm tflnis wm nmmh dlggmh.

Yfmtfmr br nbt tfot ls trum L fovm onbtfmr kbjpmg-

glni rmosbn ebr turnlni3 tb krmotm o jbrm unlebrj

prbhukt. Xurnlni jlxms ogg tfbsm goymrs wflgm `rmod-

lni up kgujps be kborsm cund sb tfm oimnts be hmkoy

kon `mttmr okkmss lt. Xfot ogbnm custlms tfm mfibrt ln

jy myms.

Le L turn o `ln prbjptgy mvmry tfrmm wmmds ebr o

joxljuj be tfrmm tljms (br ebur stoims), tfmn tfm

wfbgm prbkmss todms twmgvm wmmds, br gmss tfon tfrmm

jbntfs, erbj `milnnlni tb mnh. Xfus, o plgm ùlgt ln

morgy Cunm wlgg `m rmohy tb oppgy ln morgy [mptmj`mr.

Xfrmm jbntfs erbj `milnnlni tb mnh hbms nbt be

kbursm jmon tfot o plgm kbjjmnkmh ln gotm Nbvmj`mr

wlgg `m nlsfmh ln gotm Em`ruory (mxkmpt pmrfops bn

Bofu). B`vlbusgy kbjpbstlni oktlvlty hbms nbt kbn-tlnum unoòtmh tfrbuif ermmzlni wmotfmr, ̀ ut nmltfmr

hbms lt kbjm tb o kbjpgmtm fogt. L fovm kbjjmnkmh

fmops ln jlh-Hmkmj`mr onh foh tfmj smmtfm bn lntb

tfm Nmw \mor, jmgtlni tfm snbw tfot emgg bn tfmj tb

eurtfmr wotmr tfmlr lntmrlbrs. Xfls foppmns `mkousm

mvmn o `lt be tfowmh stufi ot tfm kbrm wlgg imnmrotm

lts jltm be fmot, wflkf wbugh `m snufimh but `y tfm

surrbunhlni kflgg wmrm lt nbt ebr tfm flif lnsugotlni

vogum be kbjpbst. Lnstmoh tfot glttgm gbkus be glvlni

worjtf tfows lts surrbunhlnis o `lt, imnmrotlni ymt

o glttgm jbrm fmot, onh sb ebrtf untlg tfm wfbgm fmopls o stmojlni lnemrnb. Ot sbjm pblnt, fbwmvmr, tfls

prbkmss just sukkuj` tb tfm kbgh, ot gmost wfmrm L

glvm. Hmpmnhlni bn tfm tljlni, tfls fogt joy kbjm

`mebrm tfm glvlni fmot kon dlnhgm4 le o ùnkf be erbzmn

jotmrlogs orm ossmj`gmh ln jlh-Conuory, lt joy `m

ljpbssl`gm ebr ony jlkrb`log spord tb kotkf, os mvmn

tfm òktmrlo hrlet lntb tfm suspmnhmh onljotlbn tfot

ls o nbrtfmrn wlntmr. Le tfm lnltlog emrjmntotlbn ls o`gm

tb `miln onh sustoln ltsmge tfrbuif tfm rst stoim,

bnkm tfot kykgm fos kbbgmh bfi, tfmn lt just eogg lntb

tfm lky irlp be wlntmr onh ̀ m gbkdmh ot tfot stoim, mvmn

tfbuif tfmrm ls gbts jbrm hmkoylni tb hb.

Cust os tfot lnsugotlni lnmrtlo dmmps tfm plgm

kbbdlni hmspltm lts `gmod mnvlrbns, tfot sojm lnmrtlo

irosps tfm plgm ln lts nmw pmrjutotlbn3 o ;-tbn (0.9

tbnnm) brionlk Qbpslkgm. Nbr wlgg lt fostmn tb rmgmnt,

mvmn wfmn tfm sun ls kglj`lni onh tfm rb`lns orm


13/18

K L J || 0;

erbj gost ymor. Onbtfmr krbp tfot smmjs tb opprmklotm

tfls ruhm trmotjmnt ls squosf (smm tfm Kukur`lto pmpb

smktlbn ln kfoptmr 6), ùt nbt kudms br jmgbns, wflkf

todm tfmjsmgvms eor tbb smrlbusgy. Mvmr nbtlkm wflkf

pgonts irbw fopplgy rlift ln row kbjpbst fmops2 Kmr-

tolngy nbnm tfot fos ony smnsm be hmkbruj.

Xodm korm le ybu hmklhm tb usm nlsfmh kbjpbst tb

tbphrmss krbps tfot orm ogrmohy up onh irbwlni. Ot

`mst kbjpbst joy spottmr ogg bvmr tfm pgonts tb tfmlr

hmtrljmnt (gmttukm onh `rbkkbgl2‘ebrimt lt)4 ot wbrst,

ybuni pgonts joy imt ùrlmh br `rbdmn bvmr.

L nmvmr jodm mnbuif kbjpbst tb ohmquotmgy

emrtlglzm ogg jy krbps, ùt ebrtunotmgy L hbn“t nmmh

Eliurm ?.?1. Xfrmm gbohs be kbjpbst pmr `mh ls ojpgm

mvmn ebr tfm fmovy emmhmrs. Xfot“s o`but


14/18

08 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

Xfls ls rmffmktmh ln tfm lntmnsm rlkfnmss onh sjmgg be

bur wostms, mvmn bur swmot. Xfm jbrm bur bfiog sjmggs

oweug, tfm jbrm emrtlglty lt kbntolns. Le wm osplrm tb

o sustolno`gm ebbh systmj, wm just rmkbinlzm tfot

fujonurm ls nbt o ebur-gmttmr wbrh, tfot bur gtf ls

o rmsburkm. Ym konnbt fovm sustolno`lglty wltfbut

rmspbnsl`lglty4 lt ogg fos tb kbjm fbjm onh stoy tfmrm.

Fovlni solh ogg tfot, wm just okdnbwgmhim tfot

tfmrm ls o vmry ibbh rmosbn ebr emmglni hlsiust ot bur

`bhlgy wostms3 Nbt bngy orm tfmy nosty, tfmy orm foz-

orhbus. \bu hb nbt sljpgy sprmoh tfmj bn tfm gonh

onh pgont krbps tfmrm4 tfot ls o surm rmklpm ebr hlsmosm.

Xfmy just rst `m prbpmrgy kbjpbstmh onh prbpmr

fyilmnm proktlsmh `y tfm kbjpbst jodmr.

Nbw L just hlstlniulsf `mtwmmn emkms onh urlnm.

]rlnm ls imnmroggy nbt potfbimnlk4 lts joln lssum ls tfmoweug sjmgg be ojjbnlo ebrjmh `y òktmrlog oktlbn

bn urmo‘nbt portlkugorgy forjeug ùt kmrtolngy

b`nbxlbus. ]rlnm kon `m sprmoh bn tfm sblg wltfbut

fmogtf rlsds. Le lt ls sprmoh cust `mebrm br hurlni o

roln onh nbt tbb jukf ln bnm pgokm, tfm bhbur wlgg

ljjmhlotmgy hlsoppmor. Be kbursm kbggmktlni pmm

smporotmgy erbj pbb ls moslmr ebr pmbpgm wfb fovm o \

kfrbjbsbjm onh tfus orm mqulppmh tb hlrmkt lt jbrm

okkurotmgy. Xfm joln ohvontoim be smirmiotlni urlnm

ls tb dmmp tfm emkms hrlmr onh nmmhlni gmss o`sbr`mnt

`mhhlni. Ogsb, smirmiotmh urlnm kon `m usmh hlrmktgywltfbut kbjpbstlni. Btfmrwlsm tfmrm ls nb prb`gmj

wltf tfmj rmjolnlni tbimtfmr. Ln hry wmotfmr urlnm

kon ̀ m stbkdplgmh ln tlift-glhhmh pgostlk ̀ ukdmts.

L sfbugh jmntlbn tfot urlnm just nbt `m oppglmh

hlrmktgy tb irbwlni pgonts (mvmn le tfmy“rm nbt ebr ebbh),

mgsm lt joy ùrn tfm ebgloim. Lt ls `mst tb sprmoh pmm bn

tfm irbunh nmor irbwlni pgonts. Ogtfbuif tfmrm orm

sbjm spmklms‘gldm kbrn, sunffbwmrs, squosf, gmmds,

onh iorglk‘tfot hmglift ln sukf lnsugt, btfmrs (pbto-

tbms, jbst rbbt krbps, onh gmiujms) joy rmokt ̀ ohgy tb

lt. Qbtotbms joy irbw dnb``y onh hmvmgbp sko`, kor-

rbts wlgg `m gmss swmmt onh nbt stbrm os wmgg, gmiujms

wlgg nh tfmlr o`lglty tb x nltrbimn kbjprbjlsmh.

Ebr krbps gldm zukkflnl onh kforh wfmrm tfm ibog

ls prbgbnimh prbhuktlbn, o jlhsmosbn `bbst be urlnm

kon `m vmry usmeug4 ebr krbps gldm wlntmr squosf o gotm

`bbst be nltrbimn (erbj urlnm br ony sburkm) joy `m

tb. Ormos tfot wmrm gost ln o irmmn-jonurm rbtotlbn

sfbugh nmmh nbnm, nbr krbps ebggbwlni o krbp kbj-

ponlbn tfot lnkguhmh o glvlni jugkf (smm kfoptmr 0

ebr jbrm bn glvlni jugkfms). Jbst be jlnm ibms bn

tfm lntmnslvmgy spokmh vmiilm krbps. Yfmn o gmiujm

ls bnm be tfm kbjponlbns, L usm jukf gmss kbjpbst,

rmgylni bn lt jbrm ebr fujus tfon ebr spmklk

nutrlmnts. L“j eor jbrm imnmrbus wltf jmj`mrs be

tfm ko`òim eojlgy, wflkf orm bvmrhbjmstlkotmh

sfoggbw-rbbtmh krbps rmqulrlni spbbn-emmhlni‘le

bngy L hlhn“t gbvm tfmj sb jukf.

Ogtfbuif L jodm ogg tfm kbjpbst L kon, onh be tfm

`mst quoglty L kon jonoim, L hb nbt rmgy bn tfot ogbnm

ebr jy iorhmn“s emrtlglty. L ogsb usm irmmn jonurms,

jugkfms, onh glvlni jugkfms, onh tfot“s tfm su`cmkt

be tfm nmxt kfoptmr. @ut tfmrm“s bnm jbrm jotmrlog tbhlskuss ̀ mebrm gmovlni tfm su`cmkt be kbjpbstlni, onh

tfot“s fujonurm.

Kbjpbstlni Fujonurm

Bnm kon forhgy hlskuss gbni-tmrj sustolno`gm sblg

emrtlglty wltfbut kbnslhmrlni tfm wostm prbhukts be

bur bwn `bhlms. Le wm kbnsujm tfm prbhukts be bur

sblg onh eolg tb rmturn bur urlnm onh emkms tb tfot sblg,

tfmn wm `mkbjm o ebrj be mrbslbn, o vmflkgm ebr tfm

unsustolno`gm rmjbvog be vltog nutrlmnts erbj burebbh systmj. Jony pmbpgm orm rmpmggmh ot tfm tfbuift

be pmrsbnoggy rmkykglni tfmlr bwn `bhlgy wostms4 wm

orm sb usmh tb hrbpplni lt ln ; ioggbns (??.8 g) be pbto`gm

wotmr onh ffusflni tfot wotmr bfi tb Nmvmrgonh wfmrm

sbjmbnm mgsm hmogs wltf lt. Ym nmltfmr dnbw nbr korm

wfot tfmy hb wltf lt‘but be slift, but be jlnh. Hbms

lt imt trmotmh bngy tb todm up gmss spokm ln tfm gonhgg

br tb emrtlglzm o hlstont ibge kbursm2 Yfot ls kmrtoln ls

tfot lt ls gbst ebrmvmr erbj tfm gonh tfot prbhukmh lt.

Xfm gbss jlift smmj gmss slinlkont `mkousm tfm

vbgujm ls vmry sjogg kbjpormh wltf tfm fuim ojbunts

be btfmr stufi (iross, gmovms, onh sb bn) usmh tb ùlgh

tfm sblg4 fbwmvmr, wm justn“t bvmrgbbd tfot lts emrtlglty

ls vmry hmnsm, gldm ony btfmr jonurm. Fujons mot o

rlkf onh vorlmh hlmt, eor jbrm sb tfon ony glvmstbkd,

onh bur hlimstlvm systmjs orm kbjporotlvmgy lnme-

klmnt ot o`sbr`lni onh utlglzlni ogg tfot ibbhnmss.


15/18

K L J || 0=

Eliurm ?.??. Xfls wmgg-jolntolnmh prlvy ls kbjebrto`gm, wmotfmr-prbbe, onh bhbur-ermm.


16/18

05 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

L just pblnt but tfot mvmrytflni L oj suiimstlni ls

bngy rmgmvont le ybu glvm ln tfm kbuntry, wltf o `lt be

hlstonkm `mtwmmn ybursmge onh nmlif`burs. Yfmtfmr

ybu usm on buthbbr prlvy br o kbjpbstlni tblgmt, ybu

wlgg rolsm sbjm mym`rbws, mspmkloggy le ot kmrtoln

jbjmnts ybur pgokm fos o kmrtoln oj`lmnkm tfot woets

hbwn`rmmzm. Fbwmvmr gbvo`gm onh mnvlrbnjmntoggy

oworm ybur nmlif`burs joy ̀ m, tfmy joy kbjm tb nh

ybu o `lt tmhlbus, mvmn le ybur systmj ls bhburgmss ogg

ùt o emw fburs be tfm ymor. L ogwoys mjpty tfm prlvy

(twlkm o ymor) wfmn mvmrybnm ls owoy onh tfm ̀ rmmzm ls

rlift, ebggbwmh `y o òtf ln tfm eorj pbnh. @y tfm tljm

ebgds rmturn bnm wbugh nmvmr suspmkt tfmrm wos mvmr

on unsmmjgy wflfi bn tfm pgokm. Dmmp ln jlnh tfot

fbwmvmr sonltory ybur bpmrotlbn, sbjm nmlif`burs

wlgg `m irbssmh but `y tfm jmrm dnbwgmhim tfot hbb-hbb ls `mlni prbkmssmh nmxt hbbr (be kbursm tfmy hbn“t

tflnd twlkm o`but wfbmvmr ls mxpmrlmnklni tfmlr bwn).

Bur fujonurm kbjpbstlni systmj ls kbjpgmtmgy

smporotm erbj bur rmiugor kbjpbst systmj, onh tfot“s

krltlkog. Hb nbt ohh fujon jonurm tb o kbjpbst

plgm‘ogwoys kbjpbst lt smporotmgy. Bur bwn fujo-

nurm systmj ̀ milns wltf bur prlvy.

Lt ls o = Ù 9-ebbt (?.= Ù 0.? j) twb-rbbj ùlghlni

o`but ?=1 emmt (8=.9 j) erbj tfm fbusm. Lt slts otbp o

ffy-prbbe kotkfjmnt kfoj`mr, òslkoggy o jlnl kmggor.

L `mion `y pburlni o 8-lnkf (?1.0 kj) tflkd kbnkrmtmsgo` (wltf rmòr onh wlrm mj`mhhmh ebr krokd prm-

vmntlbn) bn o ?-ebbt (1.; j) hmmp goymr be sjogg stbnms

(tfm stbnm goymr prmvmnts erbst fmovm). Bn tfrmm slhms

be tfm poh L golh o 0-ebbt (1.5 j) flif wogg be 6 Ù 6 Ù

?5-lnkf (01.; Ù 01.; Ù 81.5 kj) kmjmnt `gbkds, wltf

bnm gbni slhm (hbwnflgg) gmet bpmn. ]pbn tfm wogg L

golh 5 Ù 5-lnkf (?=.0 Ù ?=.0 kj) kmhor slggs onh tfm

ùlghlni ltsmge. Lnslhm tfm ùlghlni lt“s o typlkog

twb-kbjportjmnt prlvy, onh jotmrlogs sljpgy eogg

lntb tfm kfoj`mr `mgbw.

Bn tfm bpmn hbwnflgg slhm be tfm 0-ebbt (1.5 j)

hmmp kfoj`mr, L lnstoggmh o fmovy, flnimh fotkf (smm

iurm ?.?0). L prbp ̀ bughmrs oiolnst lt tb fbgh lt tliftgy

kgbsmh oiolnst vmrjln. Gldmwlsm, ̀ btf smot kbvmrs orm

flnimh onh kgbsm tliftgy tb mxkguhm pmsts.

Mokf kbjportjmnt fos o ùkdmt be sfrmhhmh

gmovms ebr tfrbwlni hbwn tfm fbgm oetmr mokf usm. On

Eliurm ?.?0. Xfm fotkf ls fflppmh bpmn tb mjpty tfm

kotkfjmnt kfoj`mr twlkm mokf ymor.

kbuntmrprbhuktlvm, eovburlni jbrm vlnm onh ebgloimirbwtf wfmn wm wont tfm pgonts tb ebkus bn rlpmnlni

tfmlr erult.

Emkms rmqulrms on ogtbimtfmr hlfimrmnt trmotjmnt4

lt ls eugg be kbglebrj òktmrlo ( M. kbgl ) wfbsm vmry

purpbsm ln glem (tfbuif pmrfops tfmy hbn“t smm lt tfot

woy) ls ̀ rmodlni hbwn bur yukdlnmss onh kbnvmrtlni

lt tb sblg-ùlghlni fujus. Lt ls rmoggy vmry tfbuifteug

be tfmj. [tlgg, tfrbuif nb joglkm bn tfmlr port, tfmy

pbsm o irovm fmogtf rlsd tb us. Ogtfbuif tfmy glvm ln

bur kbgbns, bur `bhlms fovm hmvmgbpmh o systmj tb

mnsurm tfot tfmy bngy jbvm hbwnworh, nmvmr òkd-

worhs lntb bur uppmr hlimstlvm trokts. Le o stroy M. kbgl

òktmrluj nhs lts woy lntb tfm tbp be tfm systmj

(soy, le wm mot kbntojlnotmh ebbh), lt kon rmoggy wrmod

fovbk, mvmn tb tfm pblnt be hmotf. Ym sfbughn“t rmsmnt

M. kbgl `mlni wfot lt ls, ùt le wm wlsf tb ovblh tfm

kbggywb``gms br wbrsm, wm just dmmp lt ln lts pgokm.


17/18

K L J || 09

ojmnhjmnt. Xfls mnsurms nbt bngy tfot nb bhburs

wlgg ̀ m mjlttmh, ̀ ut ogsb tfot tfmrm wlgg ̀ m nb smmpoim

but tfm òkd slhm be tfm kfoj`mr. Xfot ls ogsb on

ohvontoim tb kbggmktlni os jukf os pbssl`gm be tfm

urlnm smporotmgy, mvmn tfbuif lt joy ogg mnh up ln tfm

sojm pgokm.

Xwlkm o ymor, sprlni onh eogg, L sfbvmg but tfm

kotkfjmnt kfoj`mr onh wfmmgòrrbw tfm kbntmnts,

typlkoggy slx tb mlift gorim wfmmgòrrbw gbohs mokf

tljm, tb o nmor`y hbu`gm-`ln kbjpbst systmj usmh

mxkguslvmgy ebr fujonurm kbjpbst (smm iurm ?.?;),

wfmrm L mjpty lt bntb o òsm goymr be ymt jbrm

sfrmhhmh gmovms. Yfmn tfm plgm ls nlsfmh L kbvmr lt

tfbrbuifgy wltf onbtfmr goymr be gmoe sfrmhs, sb tfot

Eliurm ?.?;. Xfm kbjpbst bn tfm gmet wlgg sbbn `m mjptlmh lntb tfm rlift slhm onh rmpgokmh `y tfm gotmst prlvy

kgmonlnis. [frmhhmh gmovms dmmp bhbur ln onh fflms but. Lt fmgps nmlif`burgy rmgotlbns tfot tfls fujonurm fmop

ls os bhbur-ermm ln rmoglty os lt ls ln tfm plkturm.

bvmrfmoh spokm fbghs smvmrog emmh ̀ ois be pokdmh gmoe

sfrmhs‘L hbn“t lntmnh tb run but. Mvmn eostlhlbus

iumsts fovm kbjjmntmh bn tfm gokd be bhbur, mspm-

kloggy kbjpormh wltf pu`glk prlvlms (kojpirbunhs,

soy) wltf tfmlr ojjbnlo-imnmrotlni kfmjlkogs onh

nb `mhhlni ot ogg. Ym nmvmr tfrbw osfms bntb bur

fujonurm, wflkf bngy imnmrotms jbrm ojjbnlo. Ebr

ymors wm usmh forhwbbh sowhust `mhhlni, ùt

sfrmhhmh gmovms orm jbrm mfimktlvm bhbur qumnkfmrs

onh prbhukm flifmr-quoglty emrtlglzmr (le ybu nmvmr

vlmwmh ybur hrbpplnis ln tmrjs be quoglty, ybu nmmh

tb rmtflnd ybur smge-ljoim). Yltf tfm gmovms, ungldm

sowhust, L“j nmvmr kbnkmrnmh o`but uslni tbb jukf,

os mvmn strolift gmovms wbugh `m o voguo`gm sblg


18/18

06 || Y @“ M I P, [-P I

Yflgm prbpmrgy kbjpbstmh fujonurm ls soem tb

usm bn onytflni, L hb nbt ossujm tfot L“vm hbnm

mvmrytflni pmremktgy, onh tfmrmebrm L oppgy lt bngy tb

opprbprlotm krbps. Xfls jodms smnsm onywoy4 L mnh

up wltf ebur br vm òrrbws eugg ebr tfm ymor, wflkf

hbmsn“t ib vmry eor ln tfm imnmrog iorhmn. Jony krbps

hbn“t nmmh lt onh lnhmmh wbugh `m `mttmr wltfbut

onytflni sb rlkf. Fbwmvmr, twb krbps‘kbrn onh

squosf‘hb nbt unhmrstonh tfm kbnkmpt be ‗tbb rlkf‚4

tfbsm iguttbns wlgg wmgkbjm ogg tfmy kon imt onh

jodm ibbh usm be lt. Eurtfmrjbrm tfm ojbunt be

fujonurm kbjpbst wm rmimnmrotm ymorgy ls cust o`but

rlift tb sotlsey tfm nmmhs be tfbsm portlkugor krbps.

Fbw mgmiont. Lt fmgps tfot tfmy orm ̀ btf gorim-smmhmh

krbps, ebr wflkf L kon jodm o wlhm, hmmp eurrbw, gg

lt wltf tfm kbjpbst, sprlndgm osfms bn tbp, onh hrbpbn tfm smmh bn tfot `mebrm kbvmrlni wltf sblg.

Lt joy gmovm o sglift rlhim, wflkf ls lhmog, ùt tfm

fujonurm ls wmgg ùrlmh, sb mvmn le ony ports orm

gmss tfon pmremktgy kurmh, lt wlgg nbt pbsm o fmogtf

fozorh. Yfmn tfm krbp ls flggmh up ln morgy Cugy, lt

wlgg `m eurtfmr ùrlmh, onh wfmn tfm gonh ls nmxt

tlggmh‘nmxt sprlni ot tfm vmry morglmst, joy`m tfm mnh

be tfm nmxt smosbn‘lt wlgg `m tbtoggy port be tfm sblg,

onh ony rmjolnlni M. kbgl wlgg fovm `mmn kbjpgmtmgy

nmutroglzmh `y tfm sblg kbjjunlty.

[bjmbnm bnkm suiimstmh tfot tfm jonurm prb-hukmh `y bnm fujon wbugh `m ohmquotm tb irbw

ogg tfm ebbh ebr tfot bnm pmrsbn. Xfot ls guhlkrbus4

tfmrm orm nb pmrpmtuog-mnmriy systmjs, kmrtolngy nbt

wltf fujon onljogs os port be tfmj. Ln eokt L ogwoys

pblnt but tfot fujonurm, gldm ony onljog jonurm, ls

o rmgotlvmgy lnslinlkont plmkm be tfm bvmrogg emrtlglty

plkturm, o hrbp ln tfm ùkdmt, le ybu“gg porhbn tfm

mxprmsslbn. Bn tfm btfmr fonh lt ls eor tbb voguo`gm,

eor tbb rlkf o rmsburkm tb wostm, mspmkloggy slnkm

wostlni lnvbgvms rb``lni bnm port be tfm wbrgh wflgm

pbggutlni onbtfmr.

Eliurm ?.?8. Xfm emrtlglty ebr tfls pgbt, wflkf wlgg sbbn

`m pgontmh tb kbrn, hlhn“t fovm tb trovmg eor.

nbnm be tfm fujonurm ls mxpbsmh tb vlmw br, jbrm

ljpbrtont, tb fflms. Le tfm nog goymr be sfrmhhmhgmovms ls nbt mnbuif tb tfwort fflms, o glift sprlndglni

be skrmmnmh sblg wlgg `m vmry mfimktlvm. Oetmr o`but

slx jbntfs tfot plgm ls turnmh lntb tfm ohcblnlni `ln

tb jodm spokm ebr tfm nmxt prlvy kgmonlni4 oioln lt

ls kbvmrmh wltf sfrmhhmh gmovms. Ot tfm mnh be tfm

prbkmss‘?0 jbntfs oetmr mjptylni tfm prlvy‘tfls

twlkm-turnmh jotmrlog ls forhgy rmkbinlzo`gm os fov-

lni ony emkog brliln. Nbtwltfstonhlni ogg tfm gmovms lt

ls o vmry rlkf jotmrlog, rlkfmr tfon tfm `mst glvmstbkd

jonurm onh, tfonds portgy tb tfm gmovms, fovlni o

flifgy hlvmrsm jlnmrog kbntmnt. Lt ls rmohy tb usm.

Composting as if It Mattered: Introduction: Will Bonsall's Essential Guide to Radical, Self-Reliant...

Documents

Transcript of Composting as if It Mattered: Introduction: Will Bonsall's Essential Guide to Radical, Self-Reliant...