composition of materials

8/8/2019 composition of materials

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The Potential ofComposite Materials in

Civil Engineering applications

Pankaj Pattanaik

BPUT


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Civil engineering

ICE definition includes

aboutcreating,improving and protectingthe environment in which we live.

facilities for day-to-day life and for transportand industry to go about its work.

Civil engineers design and build bridges,

roads, railways and tunnels. They also designand build tall buildings and large structures


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Outline of talk Buildings, highways, water supply and

drainage, coastal protection etc

Numerical modelling (FEA/CFD) and

optimal design (e.g. genetic algorithms) Standards

Quality, Environmental, Safety and Health

(QuEnSH) systems Challenges


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Key characteristics of composites

low density

high specific modulus/strength

creep and fatigue resistance*

durability in corrosive environments*

ballistic resistance

* Lin Liao etal, Journal of Advanced Materials, 1998, 30(4), 3-40.* G Pritchard, Reinforced Plastics Durability, Woodhead, 1999.


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New materials fibres:

basalt

reclaimed milled shortcarbon fibres

natural fibres matrix:

bio-based resin systems

nano-additives embedded sensors and biomimetics


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Buildings, water supply anddrainage,highways, transportation systems,

coastal protection etc Slender structures

Lightweightroofs including e.g. minimal partmosque domes

High-performance scaffolding/tower cranes and longer telescopic cranes

Functional formwork

Rehabilitation: off-shore rigs, underground tunnels,in-situ pipework

Marine renewable energy system seating and tethers

Storm water and drainage solutions

Control structures applicable to rivers and canals

Portand breakwater construction

Impermeable lining of canals and (anaerobic) landfill sites


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Re-bar

potential use for pultruded sections

pulsed microwave curing giving alternating

cured solid section uncured flexible sections


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Cladding

Mondial House one half of panels removed after 33 years service

one half of panels cleaned and polished.

AmericanExpress, Brighton c.1977. structural cladding supporting glazing.

functional formwork?

Images:

Reinforced Plastics, May 2007, 51(5), 26-29+31-33.

Reinforced Plastics, September 2006, 50(8), 22-32.


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Housing

Experience of

(a) prefabricated housing

+ (b)naval vessels

= (c) floating, or submerged, residences to alleviate pressure on fertile land

protectagainst flooding (Bangladesh/New Orleans)Images:FRP bungalow built by Charles Roberts (WY), circa 1963 (photo by JS, 2004).

HMS Wilton FRP hull built by Vosper Thornycroft circa 1970.


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Housing 10 billion people

Build

high multi-storey building

energy required to liftcomponents

dry into the desertregions

bonded composites require no water

wet onto or under the sea

(as on earlier slide)


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Floating infrastructures

VISIONS Network ofExcellence Visionary Concepts for Ships & Floating Structures

European FP6 priority 1.6.2 sustainable transport

http://www.maritime-visions.net free-ports

renewable energy

NIMBY: notinmy back yard offshore gambling casinos

Image from:

WEGEMT Academic Contest Guidelines 2009.doc


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Third world..

and

..

d

isaster relief move the village to the water

or pipe the water to the village ?

lightweightwater tankers more water, less vehicle

prefabricated shelters


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(p)rehabilitation

Earthquake containment

over-wrapped bridge supports

why notadoptfunctional formwork

rather than do this retrospectively?

Pipework

in-situ-form pipe lining

Historic structures Ightham Mote (National Trust)


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Bridges

Several modestexamples inEurope

Some strengthening/rehab in USA proposed Straits of Gibraltar Bridge

as a flagship project

U Meier, Proposal for a carbon fibre reinforced composite bridge across the Strait ofGibraltar at its narrowest site,Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part B: Management and Engineering Manufacture, 1987, 201(B2), 73-78


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Transport

Need for private cars

or effective public transport?:

dedicated elevated/tunnelled routes ensuring no delays

regular and reliable service

on-demand provision?


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High speed rail-links

Shanghaiairportto centre 30 kmin 7min 20s (advertised as 8min)

maximumnormal speed of 431 km/h (268 mph)

butmostly ac-/de-celerating flightcheck-inis tedious, so

given concern over aircraftemissions

the challenge is to convert domestic air(intra-continental)to high speed rail.


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Coastal defences

University of Liverpool Departmentof Mathematical Science

metamaterial invisibility cloakcould reduce the risk of large water wavesovertopping coastal defences

need to replicate ina real life situationto protect land fromnatural disasters/tsunamis,anddefend structures such as oil rigs inthe ocean.


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Renewable energy

Land

hydroelectric

wind

geothermal

Sea

waves

tidal barrage and tidal stream

oceanthermal energy conversion(OTEC)


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Numerical modelling

and

optimald

esign Finite ElementAnalysis

laminate stacking sequence

material/structural anisotropy Computational Fluid Dynamics

Genetic Algorithms

butwhere is the underlying database?


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Standards

Positive:

Sims (NPL) drove aerospace CRAGto ISO standards

Negative:

lack of standards for thick composites

difficulty ofaddressing multiple laminate

configurations/stacking sequences

need a champion for this sector


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Joints and connections

adhesives pultrusions with connectors:

Composolite

Startlink


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Quality, Environmental, Safety

and

H

ealth (QuEnSH

) systems Quality > ISO 9000 series

Environment> ISO 14000 series

Safety and Health > OHSAS 18000 series

QuEnSHaims to integrate these systems


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Quality, Environmental, Safety

and

H

ealth(Q

uEnSH

) systems Off-site preparation ofmodular systems

Lower embodied energy

More comprehensive(quantitative) Life Cycle Assessment

Embedded systems for

structural health monitoring


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Cost

Composites inherently expensive?

Move fabricationto low-wage economy

Consider system costs, e.g.

Autovia del Cantabricofirstcarbon-fibre composite bridge inSpain

easy and quickto assemble

completed in 10 hours using a 50 tonne crane(equivalentstructure in concrete > 400 tonne crane)


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Entering the ecological age

Peter HeadsBrunel International Lecture series for theInstitution ofCivil Engineers

Entering the ecological age: the engineer's role

http://www.ice.org.uk/brunel

heavy focus onbiomimetics


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Sustainability Assessment to

Overcome Barriers to Renewable Construction Materials

NetComposites and BRE lead LINK collaborative research project

funded through the renewable materials programme.

Focus on assessing the environmental credentials of

naturally derived construction materials.

Raw material supply including crop production and land-use

Energy requirements for primary and secondary processing

Durability of these naturally derived materials

compared to conventional alternatives End of life issues

including recovery/re-use, recycling, composting and disposal.

Environment


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Robert Constanza et al

The value ofthe worlds ecosystemservices and natural capital[Nature, May 1997].

The biosphere provides us with servicesworth some US$33 trillion per year- nearly double the worlds GDP!


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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Easy to express inmonetary terms: Agriculture and livestock, hunting, fishing, water

supply, genetic resources, various chemicals

More complexto evaluate (regulatory services):

Carbon sequestration,atmospheric regulation,airquality, water supply, erosion,nutrientsupply,regulation of pests and diseases

Difficultto evaluate (cultural services):

Aesthetic,artistic, educational, spiritual/religious,recreationand leisure.


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Quantitative

Life Cycle Assessment (QLCA) acidification climate (global warming)

eutrophication ozone

resource depletion

smog toxicity ISO14040 series


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Yves Sciama:

in 2007 global warming managed toimpose itselfas a world-wide issue

- whereas biodiversity is still struggling torise above the status ofamarginal issue.[research*EU 56 dated June 2008].


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A world without bees

strange case of vanishing western honeybee

colony collapse disorder

varroamites and/or agrochemicals dangerously outofkilter with nature?

the world can'tsurvive withoutit:

no more pollination,no more plants,no more man.

May Berenbaum: managed honey bees will cease to existby 2035


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Algae

as the ocean warms,the areathatcan supportgrowth ofalgaegrows smaller driven ever closer to poles,until algal growth ceases.Threshold for failure ofthe algaewhich actively remove CO2 fromthe air

is ~ 500 parts per million(ppm)which we will reach ... inabout forty years.


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Social factors

Skilled industry personnel

accredited training

higher s

alaries

inaerosp

ace/

Form

ula

1?

Educate the users

Plymouth Civil Engineering BEng studentstake same 20 creditcomposites course as

BEng Mechanical Engineering with Composites


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Key challenges

conservatism of civil engineering industry

price sensitivity

absence of comprehensivematerials property database

absence of design codes

automated manufacture


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Acknowledgements


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download the PowerPoint fromwww.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/composites/cobrae.ppt

Thank you for your attention

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composition of materials

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