Components of Components of Language ReviewLanguage ReviewDES 320DES 320

Components of LanguageComponents of Language

FormForm ContentContent UseUse

Comprehension and Comprehension and ProductionProduction

Auditory-Oral SystemAuditory-Oral System Visual-Graphic SystemVisual-Graphic System Visual-Gestural SystemVisual-Gestural System

Inter-relationship between language areas Inter-relationship between language areas Bloom and Lahey (1978)Bloom and Lahey (1978)

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGECOMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

Form Content Use

Language

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGELANGUAGE

Morphology Phonology Syntax

Form Content Use

Language

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORMLANGUAGE: FORM

PhonologyPhonology Study of the sound system of a languageStudy of the sound system of a language Phoneme: a speech soundPhoneme: a speech sound Phonological rules: rules that govern which sounds Phonological rules: rules that govern which sounds

may appear together and wheremay appear together and where Variations between languagesVariations between languages English- English- gngnat,at, Examples from other languages? NouvExamples from other languages? Nouveau eau (Fr), (Fr),

KnKnockwurst (Ger)ockwurst (Ger)

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORMLANGUAGE: FORM

How we say thingsHow we say things How sounds are arrangedHow sounds are arranged How words are arranged N+V+OHow words are arranged N+V+O Structure!!!!Structure!!!!

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORMLANGUAGE: FORM

MorphologyMorphology= branch of grammar = branch of grammar devoted to the structure or forms of devoted to the structure or forms of wordswords

MorphemeMorpheme= = the smallest grammatical unit in the smallest grammatical unit in languagelanguageNot necessarily equivalent to syllablesNot necessarily equivalent to syllables

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: FORMLANGUAGE: FORM

Free morphemeFree morphemeCan stand alone as a wordCan stand alone as a wordCannot be broken apartCannot be broken apart

Bound morphemeBound morphemeCannot stand alone as a wordCannot stand alone as a wordChanges the original meaningChanges the original meaning

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

Example:Example: DogDog = free morpheme = free morpheme DogsDogs= 2 morphemes= 2 morphemes

DogDog= free morpheme= free morpheme

ss= bound morpheme= bound morpheme

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

happyhappy- 1 free morpheme- 1 free morpheme unhappyunhappy - 1 bound and 1 free morpheme - 1 bound and 1 free morpheme unhappilyunhappily- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme unhappiestunhappiest- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme- 2 bound and 1 free morpheme

HOW MANY MORPHEMES?HOW MANY MORPHEMES?

MonkeysMonkeys Monkeys eatingMonkeys eating The monkeys are eatingThe monkeys are eating The monkeys are eating quicklyThe monkeys are eating quickly The unhappy monkeys are eating in the The unhappy monkeys are eating in the

forestforest The unhappy monkeys are eating in the The unhappy monkeys are eating in the

deepest forestdeepest forest

SYNTAXSYNTAX How words are arranged to form meaningful sentencesHow words are arranged to form meaningful sentences Follows a collection of rules for combining words into Follows a collection of rules for combining words into

phrases and sentencesphrases and sentences

Keeping the same words but changing the order can Keeping the same words but changing the order can change the meaningchange the meaning

Examples:Examples:

The students are sitting in class.The students are sitting in class.

Are the students sitting in class? Are the students sitting in class?

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: CONTENTLANGUAGE: CONTENT

Form Content Use

Language

CONTENTCONTENT

Many words have Many words have multiple meanings multiple meanings so the so the meaning is influenced by the use and the meaning is influenced by the use and the form.form.

SemanticsSemantics- the study of meaning in - the study of meaning in languagelanguage

Ex- Ex- The Steelers The Steelers beatbeat the Cardinals. the Cardinals.

The criminal The criminal beatbeat the dog. the dog.

The music had a fast The music had a fast beat.beat.

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: USELANGUAGE: USE

Form Content Use

Language

USEUSE PragmaticsPragmatics

The use, function or purpose of the languageThe use, function or purpose of the language Examples: how to…Examples: how to…

Enter a conversationEnter a conversation Exit a conversationExit a conversation Take turnsTake turns Answer a questionAnswer a question Change topicsChange topics Sharing an opinionSharing an opinion

Highly influenced by the situational context and the Highly influenced by the situational context and the communication partnerscommunication partners Friends vs. teachers vs. parents, etcFriends vs. teachers vs. parents, etc

Comprehension and Comprehension and ProductionProduction

Encoding, expression, productionEncoding, expression, production

Decoding, understanding, Decoding, understanding, interpreting, comprehending, interpreting, comprehending, receptionreception

In clinical work, comprehension In clinical work, comprehension and production are often and production are often addressed separatelyaddressed separately

Debate on how independent Debate on how independent language comprehension and language comprehension and production are in the human production are in the human language processing architecturelanguage processing architecture

Models of LanguageModels of Language

Auditory-Oral SystemAuditory-Oral System Evolutionally oldEvolutionally old UniversalUniversal FlexibleFlexible MultidimensionalMultidimensional

Visual-Graphic Visual-Graphic SystemSystem NewNew Needs to be taughtNeeds to be taught Need paper, pencil….Need paper, pencil…. One-dimensionalOne-dimensional

Models of Language Models of Language (cont’d)(cont’d)

*Visual-Gestural System*Visual-Gestural System GesturingGesturing

*Nonverbal *Nonverbal communication communication through through

gestures, body gestures, body postures postures and facial and facial expressionsexpressions

*Thinking for speaking*Thinking for speaking

Sign LanguagesSign Languages**ASLASL

AACAAC

Models and Models and definitions of definitions of language disorderslanguage disordersDES 320DES 320

ASHA definition of ASHA definition of language disorderlanguage disorder

A language disorder is an impairment in:A language disorder is an impairment in:

-comprehension/production-comprehension/production

-spoken, written, other symbol system-spoken, written, other symbol system

-form-form

-phonology, morphology, syntax-phonology, morphology, syntax

-content - semantics-content - semantics

-function - pragmatics-function - pragmatics

Normative/NeutralistNormative/Neutralist

A language disorder exists when….A language disorder exists when…. Normative positionNormative position

When it affects the child’s social and academic functioningWhen it affects the child’s social and academic functioning

Neutralist positionNeutralist position The child scores significantly below expectations in a The child scores significantly below expectations in a

normative testnormative test Problems with assessment instrumentsProblems with assessment instruments What is “significantly below”?What is “significantly below”?

Varies by institutionVaries by institution Research supports 10Research supports 10thth percentile/ 1.25 SD below mean/ percentile/ 1.25 SD below mean/

SS of 81SS of 81

CaseCase

You are an SLP in a school district that You are an SLP in a school district that implements a kindergarten language implements a kindergarten language screening. In your screening, you discover screening. In your screening, you discover that Jim scored below your cut-off for that Jim scored below your cut-off for language impairment. Additional testing language impairment. Additional testing reveals similar results. Jim’s teacher and reveals similar results. Jim’s teacher and parents feel like Jim is doing just fine. parents feel like Jim is doing just fine. According to the normative position, does According to the normative position, does Jim have a language impairment?Jim have a language impairment?

Discrepancy criteriaDiscrepancy criteria

Chronological AgeChronological Age Discrepancy between chronological age and Discrepancy between chronological age and

language testinglanguage testing

Mental AgeMental Age Discrepancy between cognitive level Discrepancy between cognitive level

(determined by IQ testing) and language (determined by IQ testing) and language testingtesting

TerminologyTerminology

Childhood aphasia/ dysphasiaChildhood aphasia/ dysphasia Language delay / language devianceLanguage delay / language deviance Impairment/ disorderImpairment/ disorder DisabilityDisability Specific Language Impairment (SLI)Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Developmental Language DisorderDevelopmental Language Disorder Person first: children with SLIPerson first: children with SLI

Thought QuestionsThought Questions

What are the connotations associated with the What are the connotations associated with the terms, “dysphasia”, “delay”, “deviance”, terms, “dysphasia”, “delay”, “deviance”, impairment”, “disorder” and “disability”?impairment”, “disorder” and “disability”?

Does the term imply something more than “not Does the term imply something more than “not functioning typically”?functioning typically”?

Does the term have a negative tone?Does the term have a negative tone?

If you or your child had a language XXX, If you or your child had a language XXX, which term would you like to use to talk about which term would you like to use to talk about it?it?

Models of language Models of language disordersdisorders

Systems ModelSystems Model Categorical ModelCategorical Model Descriptive-developmental modelDescriptive-developmental model Specific disabilities modelSpecific disabilities model

Systems ModelSystems Model

Language disorder exists in the Language disorder exists in the relationship between the speakersrelationship between the speakers

A useful concept in the context of A useful concept in the context of Language differences (dialect, ESL)Language differences (dialect, ESL) Severe language disordersSevere language disorders

Categorical ModelCategorical Model Classifications of language disorders based on syndromesClassifications of language disorders based on syndromes Identification of similarities among children with the same diagnosisIdentification of similarities among children with the same diagnosis

Motor disorders, cush as Cerebral PalsyMotor disorders, cush as Cerebral Palsy Sensory deficitsSensory deficits Central nervous system damageCentral nervous system damage Social emotional disorders, such as AutismSocial emotional disorders, such as Autism Cognitive disordersCognitive disorders Specific language impairment (SLI)Specific language impairment (SLI)

Shared etiologyShared etiology CautionCaution

Not all children within a diagnostic category have the same Not all children within a diagnostic category have the same abilitiesabilities

You cannot pick intervention goals solely based on the diagnosisYou cannot pick intervention goals solely based on the diagnosis

Descriptive Developmental ModelDescriptive Developmental Model

Description of the child’s current level of Description of the child’s current level of language functionslanguage functions Vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, Vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology,

phonology and pragmaticsphonology and pragmatics Determining where the child is in the sequence Determining where the child is in the sequence

of normal developmentof normal development Subtyping based on components of languageSubtyping based on components of language

Expressive and expressive/receptiveExpressive and expressive/receptive New directions: Vocabulary and grammar New directions: Vocabulary and grammar (Tomblin & Zhang, 2006; Toblin, Maniela-Arnold, Zhang, 2007)(Tomblin & Zhang, 2006; Toblin, Maniela-Arnold, Zhang, 2007)

Specific Disabilities Specific Disabilities ModelModel

Profile strengths and weaknesses in Profile strengths and weaknesses in cognitive processescognitive processes

Cognitive mechanisms associated with Cognitive mechanisms associated with language developmentlanguage development For example…For example…

Auditory perceptual deficitAuditory perceptual deficit Working memory deficitWorking memory deficit