Complete Blood Count and Anemia Clinical Pathology.
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Transcript of Complete Blood Count and Anemia Clinical Pathology.
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Complete Blood Count and Anemia
Clinical Pathology
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Blood Composition
• Separates into three components:• Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)• White Blood Cells and platelets (buffy
coat)• Plasma
• Bottom 1/3 to ½ of tube contains the heaviest of cellular material (the RBC’s).
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Hematocrit=PCV (Packed Cell Volume)
• To determine hematocrit, whole blood is centrifuged to pellet the red blood cells.
• Plasma remains on the top of the red cells.• The fraction of blood that is packed is the
hematocrit and is read as a percentage.
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Complete Blood Count
• Provides a minimum set of values and is cost effective.
• Can be done manually or with automated systems.
• CBC should contain:• Packed Cell Volume (PCV or Hct)• Plasma Protein Concentration• Total White Blood Cell count• Blood smear with morphology• WBC differential count• Reticulocyte count
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Manual Procedures
• PCV- whole blood is collected in anticoagulant, placed in capillary tube, sealed, centrifuged and read.
• Total protein- plasma is read with a refractometer.
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More Manual Procedures
• Absolute WBC: Total number of white blood cells in the blood. • Unopette hematocytometer
test kits are used to lyses RBC’s and to make a 1:100 dilution.
• WBC’s are counted within the grid and calculated to reflect the WBC in the blood.
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Manual Procedures Continued
• Differential Leukocyte Count: a relative count is performed by counting and classifying at least 100 leukoctyes.
• This gives a percentage of each cell type which is then used to calculate the absolute numbers of each cell type.
• May use a counter in order to perform this count.
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Instrumentation
• Electronic cell counters: based on the principle that cells are poor electrical conductors. • Measured volume of diluted blood is
drawn between two electrodes, causing a resistance in the electrical current.
• QBC: Quantitative Buffy Coat System• Utilizes differential centrifugation and
quantification of cellular elements in a specialized microhematocrit tube.
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Red Blood Cell Indices
• PCV (hematocrit)• Hemoglobin Concentration • Total red blood cell count
• These are used to classify the type of anemia.
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Anemia
• Literally means “no blood” but clinically means low total blood hemoglobin.
• Absolute anemia: most common, caused by failure to produce adequate numbers of cells or by a loss of cells at a rate greater than can be produced.
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Clinical Signs of Anemia
• Pale mucous membranes• Exercise intolerance• Tachycardia• Panting• Icterus if anemia is caused by RBC
breakdown in bloodstream.
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Classification of Anemia• By RBC size (MCV):
• Macrocytic• Erythrocytes are larger than normal. • Usually in the presence of regenerative anemia.• May be seen in FeLv• May see anisocytosis
• Normocytic• Microcytic
• Cells are smaller than normal which has been determined by Mean Cell Volume (MCV).
• Usually occurs with iron deficiency caused by chronic blood loss or parasitism• By Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
• Hypochromatic• RBC’s have decreased density of the characteristic hemoglobin color.• Frequently observed in iron deficiency caused by chronic blood loss or
parasitism.• Normochromatic
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MCV
• Describes cells as normocytic, microcytic, or macrocytic. Calculates the average volume of rbc’s.
• MCV=(Hematocrit x 10)/RBC count in millions
• Ex:• Canine patient with hematocrit of 42% and
RBC count of 6 million/ul.
• Normal: 66-77
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MCV causes of Increases
• Reticulocytosis• Congenital issues (poodles)• Cats with FeLv• RBC agglutination• B12 deficiency (rare)
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MCV causes of decreases
• Abnormal Hgb synthesis (iron deficiency from chronic blood loss is the most common).
• Immature animals• Dogs with PSS.• Congenital (Akitas)
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MCHC
• Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin Concentration describes cells as normochromatic or hypochromatic.
• MCHC= (Hgb)/(Hct) x 100
• Ex.• Same patient as before with Hgb
content of 14 g/dL
• Normal: 31-36%
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MCHC causes if high
• Intravascular hemolysis• Inaccurate Hgb reading (Heinz bodies,
lipemia, etc).• Machine error• True hyperchromasia does not exist.
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MCHC causes if low
• Small reticulocytes• Iron deficiency.
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Classification According to Bone Marrow Response
• Regenerative anemia:• Characterized by evidence of increased
production and delivery of new erythrocytes into circulation.
• Usually suggests an extra bone marrow cause (blood loss, hemolysis, etc.).,
• Diagnosis:• Peripheral blood smear.• Will see macrocytosis, polychromasia with
Wright’s stain, reticulocytosis with methylene blue stain, may also see increased numbers of nucleated RBC’s
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• Nonregenerative anemia:• Indicates anemia is result of bone
marrow defect.• No response evident in peripheral
blood.• Marrow examination may be helpful
with the diagnosis.
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Reticulocyte Count
• Probably the most important diagnostic tool used in the evaluation of anemia.
• Expressed as a % of the RBC’s present.• Corrected to take in account the reduced
number of circulating RBC’s in the anemic animal.• Called CRC or Corrected Reticulocyte Count
• The lifespan of a normal RBC is about 100 days.• Bone marrow should replace 1 % of the
RBC’s daily so the reticulocyte count should be 0.5-1.5%.
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Reticulocyte count continued
• Expressed as # of retics/100 RBC’s• Some species variation in reticulocyte
response exists.• Normal horse and cattle blood do not
have reticulocytes.• CRC= (patient Hct)/(Normal Hct) x
reticulocyte count
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Example• Dog with an observed reticulocyte count of 9 % and Hct of 25%. Normal Hct
is 45.
• Interpretation A (expressed in %):
• Normal
• Less than or equal to 1 in dog
• Less than or equal to 0.4 in cat
• Mild
• Dog: 1-4
• Cat: 0.5-2
• Moderate
• Dog: 5-10
• Cat: 2-3
• Marked
• Dog: greater than 10
• Cat: 3-4
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Blood Loss Anemia
• Results from excessive hemorrhage although source can be subtle.
• Must determine if blood loss is internal or external.
• Possible causes:• Trauma• Persistent bleeding lesions • Thrombocytopenia• Coagulopathies• Heavy parasitism• Iatrogenic causes
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Acute Blood Loss
• Anemia due to loss of blood in a sudden episode.
• All RBC parameters are normal for the first 12 hours.
• Hypovolemic shock can be apparent prior to a decreased PCV.
• Anemia will be normocytic, normochromatic, and apparently unresponsive with a low CRC.
• By day 4-5, the retic count increases and the anemia appears responsive.
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Chronic Blood Loss
• Blood is lost slowly and continuously for a period of time.• Body compensates for anemia by lowering oxygen-
hemoglobin affinity, preferential shunting of blood to vital organs, increased cardiac output (tachycardia), and increased levels of erythropoietin.
• Anemia remains unresponsive unless iron stores are depleted.• With decreasing iron stores, erythropoiesis is limited and
RBC’s become smaller and deficient in Hgb (microcytic and hypochromic).
• Clinical signs include lethargy, weakness, decrease exercise tolerance, anorexia, pallor, lack of grooming, mild systolic murmur.
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Diagnostic Tests
• Hemogram: may see increased WBC and platelets.
• Total protein: decreased• Coagulation testing: platelet count, PT,
PTT, ACT.• Fecal Float: Hookworms, Whipworms• Fluids analysis from body cavities
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Hemolytic Anemias
• Result of increased erythrocyte destruction within the body.
• Intravascular hemolysis: desctruction of erythrocyctes within the blood vessels and loss of Hgb from the cells.
• Extravascular hemolysis: RBC’s are lysed following phagocytosis.
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Differentials
• Immune-mediated disease: AIHA, drug induced, neonatal isoerythrolysis.
• Parasitic: Ehrlychiosis, Babesiosis, Hemobartonellosis, Anaplasmosis.
• Toxic: Heinz body anemias, snake venom, bacterial toxins.
• Infectious: EIA, Leptospirosis, Clostridia• Fragmentation: Splenic torsion, Splenic
neoplasia, DIC