Compendium Review Cells Part 3

8/14/2019 Compendium Review Cells Part 3

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Compendium ReviewCompendium ReviewMajor Topic One: CellsMajor Topic One: Cells

Part 3Part 3

Cell OrganizationCell Organization Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins Cytoskeleton and Cell MovementCytoskeleton and Cell Movement

MitochondriaMitochondria Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism

Part 4Part 4

Tissue Types Tissue Types

Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue and Cell JunctionsEpithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

Organ SystemOrgan System

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Table of Contents Table of Contents



Cell OrganizationCell Organization

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins Cytoskeleton and Cell MovementCytoskeleton and Cell Movement


Part 3Part 3



What is a Cell & How is itWhat is a Cell & How is it

Organized?

Organized?

A cell is theA cell is the basic unit of lifebasic unit of life.. All living things are constructed of cellsAll living things are constructed of cells

Cells are produced from preexisting cellsCells are produced from preexisting cells

Humans, for example, are multicellularHumans, for example, are multicellularorganismsorganisms Cells are specialized; each having a specificCells are specialized; each having a specific

function and structurefunction and structure

Contain a nucleus (membrane encasedContain a nucleus (membrane encasedstructure) where DNA and protein is locatedstructure) where DNA and protein is located



PROKARYOTIC CELLSPROKARYOTIC CELLS• About 3.5 Billion years oldAbout 3.5 Billion years old• First known cells having noFirst known cells having no

nucleusnucleus• Plasma membrane (ControlsPlasma membrane (Controlsmaterial entrance/exit of material entrance/exit of molecules)molecules)• Bacteria and archaeaBacteria and archaea• Only one or two organelles (noOnly one or two organelles (noendomembrane system)endomembrane system)

• DNA not surrounded byDNA not surrounded bymembranemembrane

EUKARYOTIC CELLSEUKARYOTIC CELLS• About 1.7 Billion years oldAbout 1.7 Billion years old• Believed to have evolved fromBelieved to have evolved from

archaeaarchaea• Contain a nucleusContain a nucleus• Plasma membrane (ControlsPlasma membrane (Controlsmaterial entrance/exit of material entrance/exit of molecules)molecules)• Many types of organellesMany types of organelles• DNA surrounded byDNA surrounded by

membranemembrane

Picture of ProkaryoticCell

Picture of Eukaryotic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg



PLASMA MEMBRANE:PLASMA MEMBRANE: Phospholipid bilayer with proteinsPhospholipid bilayer with proteins

presentpresentCYTOPLASM:CYTOPLASM: Semi-fluid filling inSemi-fluid filling incells that contains the organellescells that contains the organellesORGANELLES:ORGANELLES: Structures inStructures incytoplasm with specific dutiescytoplasm with specific duties

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: Internal membrane systemInternal membrane system

How Did a Eukaryotic CellForm?

1.1. Plasma membrane folds inwardPlasma membrane folds inwardsurrounding DNAsurrounding DNA

2.2. Growth of membrane results inGrowth of membrane results inendomembrane systemendomembrane system

3.3. Gained protomitochondria ~Gained protomitochondria ~mitochondria (Animal Cell)mitochondria (Animal Cell)

4.4. Gained Protochloroplast ~Gained Protochloroplast ~

chloroplast (Plant Cell)chloroplast (Plant Cell)

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. MaderPage 44



Cell OrganizationCell Organization

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins Cytoskeleton and Cell MovementCytoskeleton and Cell Movement




Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

The The PLASMA MEMBRANEPLASMA MEMBRANE is the outeris the outerplasma layer comprised of aplasma layer comprised of aphospholipid bilayer with attachedphospholipid bilayer with attachedproteins. The membrane separatesproteins. The membrane separatesthe inside of the cell from thethe inside of the cell from theoutside environment, helping tooutside environment, helping to

keep the cell intact.keep the cell intact.

The membrane is The membrane isSELECTIVELY PERMEABLESELECTIVELY PERMEABLE because it only allowsbecause it only allowssome smaller moleculessome smaller moleculesand ions to enter theand ions to enter thecytoplasm and exit.cytoplasm and exit.

Fatty Acid TailsHydrophilic Polar

Picture Fromhttp://www.amarincorp.com/science_and_technology/lipophilic_platform.452.399.html



Plasma Membrane and its FunctionPlasma Membrane and its Function

DIFFUSION:DIFFUSION: Molecules andMolecules andions can transfer across theions can transfer across the

plasma membraneplasma membrane bybydiffusion; taking higherdiffusion; taking higher

particle concentration areasparticle concentration areasand moving the particles toand moving the particles tolower concentrated areas.lower concentrated areas.

Picturefrom

Human

Biologyby

Sylvia S.Mader

Page 47

OSMOSIS:OSMOSIS: Transmission of H2O Transmission of H2Oacross theacross the plasma membraneplasma membrane..Osmosis consists of H2O and aOsmosis consists of H2O and asolute. If the solute has a highersolute. If the solute has a higherconcentration than inside a cell,concentration than inside a cell,

it is known as ait is known as a HYPERTONICHYPERTONICSOLUTION.SOLUTION. If the solute has theIf the solute has thesame concentration as in a cell,same concentration as in a cell,it is known as anit is known as an ISOTONICISOTONICSOLUTION.SOLUTION. If the solute has aIf the solute has a

lower concentration than insidelower concentration than insidea cell, it is known as aa cell, it is known as a

Picturefrom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O

smosis

TONICITY: TONICITY: “…“…Concentration of theConcentration of thesolute in a solution…”solute in a solution…”

Verbiage fromVerbiage fromHuman BiologyHuman Biologyby Sylvia S.by Sylvia S.Mader page 47Mader page 47

Pl M b d it F tiP M t F t

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg



Plasma Membrane and its FunctionP asma Mem rane an ts Funct onContinuedContinued

FACILITATED TRANSPORT:FACILITATED TRANSPORT: SugarSugarmolecules and amino acids aremolecules and amino acids arevehicled across the plasmavehicled across the plasma

membrane by way of carriermembrane by way of carrierproteins. The cell does not useproteins. The cell does not useenergy transferring substancesenergy transferring substancesfrom higher concentrations tofrom higher concentrations to

lower concentrations. There arelower concentrations. There arespecialized transporters for certainspecialized transporters for certainmolecules.molecules.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT:ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Molecules areMolecules are

vehicled across the plasmavehicled across the plasmamembrane by protein carriers frommembrane by protein carriers froma lower concentrated area to aa lower concentrated area to ahigher concentrated area. The cellhigher concentrated area. The celluses energy from the breakdown of uses energy from the breakdown of

ATP to pump the substances toATP to pump the substances tohigher concentrated areas.higher concentrated areas.

Facilitated Transfer

Active

TransportPicture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page

Pl M b d it F tiP M t F t



Plasma Membrane and its FunctionP asma Mem rane an ts Funct onContinuedContinued

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS is ais a

process where theprocess where theplasma membraneplasma membranesurrounds a substancesurrounds a substanceand brings it into theand brings it into the

cell.cell.

EXOCYTOSISEXOCYTOSIS is ais aprocess whereprocess where

substances will exit thesubstances will exit theplasma membrane of aplasma membrane of a

cell by fusing with thecell by fusing with themembrane to form amembrane to form aPictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 48

* Some cells can collect pathogens through endocytosis which is* Some cells can collect pathogens through endocytosis which isknown asknown as PHAGOCYTOSISPHAGOCYTOSIS..



Cell OrganizationCell Organization Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins Cytoskeleton and Cell MovementCytoskeleton and Cell Movement




Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins The The NUCLEUSNUCLEUS contains the cells genetic data and controls thecontains the cells genetic data and controls theactivities within the cell. It is separated from the cytoplasm by aactivities within the cell. It is separated from the cytoplasm by a

double membrane called thedouble membrane called the NUCLEUR ENVELOPENUCLEUR ENVELOPE. The nucleus also. The nucleus alsocontains tiny threads calledcontains tiny threads called CHROMATINCHROMATIN which are made up of DNAwhich are made up of DNA

and proteins. The chromatins’ are located in a semiliquid fluid calledand proteins. The chromatins’ are located in a semiliquid fluid calledNUCLEOPLASMNUCLEOPLASM. Right before a cell divides, chromatin shrinks into a. Right before a cell divides, chromatin shrinks into a

smaller structure called asmaller structure called a CHROMOSOMECHROMOSOME..1. Nucleolus, whereribosomal subunits are

created 2.

Nucleus3.RibosomeRIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES areare

membranousmembranousstructures madestructures made

of proteins andof proteins andrRNArRNA

5. RoughEndoplasmic

ReticulumROUGH ERROUGH ER is ais a

membranous system of membranous system of channels and sacs wherechannels and sacs where

’’

POLYRIBOSOMES:POLYRIBOSOMES:

A ribosome, orA ribosome, orgroup of group of ribosomes’, foundribosomes’, foundin the cytoplasmin the cytoplasm

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg
















Endomembrane SystemEndomembrane System The The ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEMENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM is made of an assortment of organellesis made of an assortment of organelles

involved in transport inside a cell. The endomembrane systeminvolved in transport inside a cell. The endomembrane system

includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,and vesicles.and vesicles.

ROUGH ERROUGH ER is a membranousis a membranoussystem of channels and sacssystem of channels and sacswhere ribosomes’ attach onwhere ribosomes’ attach onthe cytoplasm side. Proteinsthe cytoplasm side. Proteins

are synthesized here.are synthesized here.SMOOTH ERSMOOTH ER synthesizes thesynthesizes thephospholipids and does notphospholipids and does nothave any ribosomes’have any ribosomes’attached.attached. GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUSmodifies, sorts, andmodifies, sorts, and

packages proteins andpackages proteins andlipids. The packages thatlipids. The packages thatleave the Golgi apparatus,leave the Golgi apparatus,known asknown as VESICLESVESICLES, move, moveto different parts inside theto different parts inside thecell. One vesicle, called acell. One vesicle, called a

LYSOSOMELYSOSOME, contains, containshydrolytic enzymes whichhydrolytic enzymes which

GolgiApparatusLysosome

RoughER

Vesicle

Smooth ER

PicturefromHumanBiologybySylvia S.Maderpage 50



Cell OrganizationCell Organization Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Nucleus and ProteinsNucleus and Proteins

Cytoskeleton and CellCytoskeleton and Cell

MovementMovement MitochondriaMitochondria Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism



Cytoskeleton and Cell MovementCytoskeleton and Cell MovementEvery cell has a collection of protein fibers known as theEvery cell has a collection of protein fibers known as the

CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON. The cytoskeleton gives a cell shape and helps. The cytoskeleton gives a cell shape and helps

organelles navigate throughout a cell.organelles navigate throughout a cell.

The cytoskeleton is made up of The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules, centrosomes, actinmicrotubules, centrosomes, actinand intermediate filaments. Aand intermediate filaments. AMICROTUBULESMICROTUBULES is a cylinder shapedis a cylinder shapedstructure consisting of 13 long rowsstructure consisting of 13 long rowscalledcalled TUBULIN TUBULIN. Not only can. Not only canorganelles move along theorganelles move along themicrotubules, but the microtubulesmicrotubules, but the microtubulesgive shape to cells. Microtubulesgive shape to cells. Microtubules

help move chromosomes during cellhelp move chromosomes during celldivision. Thedivision. The CENTROSOMECENTROSOME is theis themicrotubule organizing hub.microtubule organizing hub. ACTINACTINFILAMENTSFILAMENTS are skinny fibers made of are skinny fibers made of a protein (actin) and aids in cella protein (actin) and aids in cell

movement.movement. INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATEFILAMENTSFILAMENTS are ropelike structuresare ropelike structures Picture from

http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/cytoskeleton/

C t k l t d C ll M t

t t t



Cytoskeleton and Cell Movementytos e eton an e ovementContinuedContinued

CILLIUMCILLIUM are littleare littlestring-like projectionsstring-like projectionsfrom the plasmafrom the plasmamembrane and aremembrane and are

used to either moveused to either movesomething, like mucussomething, like mucusout of a windpipe, orout of a windpipe, orfacilitate in thefacilitate in themovement of movement of something, like ansomething, like anovum down theovum down thefallopian tubes.fallopian tubes.FLAGELLUMFLAGELLUM are longare longskinny branches thatskinny branches thathelp push a cellhelp push a cell

through fluid-likethrough fluid-likesubstances.

Depending on what organ the cells are attached to, ciliaDepending on what organ the cells are attached to, ciliaand flagella are involved in different types of and flagella are involved in different types of

movements.movements.

Cilia and flagella are both constructed of microtubules andCilia and flagella are both constructed of microtubules and

covered with a plasma membrane. Structures calledcovered with a plasma membrane. Structures called BASALBASALBODIES,BODIES, consisting of microtubules and proteins,consisting of microtubules and proteins, is where ciliais where cilia

Cili

a

Flagella

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. MaderPage 51



MitochondriaMitochondriaMITOCHONDIAMITOCHONDIA is the organelles which produce ATP during cellularis the organelles which produce ATP during cellular

respiration. They have their own genes and can replicate themselves.respiration. They have their own genes and can replicate themselves.CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION is a process that occurs when mitochondria useis a process that occurs when mitochondria use

oxygen (releasing carbon dioxide and Hoxygen (releasing carbon dioxide and H22O) to create ATP. ATP molecules areO) to create ATP. ATP molecules aremade when the mitochondria switch the energy of glucose materials into ATPmade when the mitochondria switch the energy of glucose materials into ATP

energy.energy.

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria

CRISTAECRISTAE are the innerare the inner

folds of thefolds of themitochondrion. Themitochondrion. Theinner space, called theinner space, called theMATRIXMATRIX, is filled with a, is filled with agel fluid. The matrixgel fluid. The matrixcontains enzymescontains enzymeswhich are responsiblewhich are responsiblefor breaking downfor breaking downglucose materials.glucose materials.Enzymes aid atEnzymes aid atspeeding up chemicalspeeding up chemicalreactions.reactions.





Cellular Metabolism & RespirationCellular Metabolism & R

espiration:: All h i lAll h i l



Cellular Metabolism & RespirationCellular Metabolism & Respiration:: All chemicalAll chemical

reactions inside cell, run by genes within DNAreactions inside cell, run by genes within DNA

An enzyme’sAn enzyme’s SUBSTRATESUBSTRATE is the participant in the reaction. Anis the participant in the reaction. An

enzyme brings a substrate to anenzyme brings a substrate to an ACTIVE SITEACTIVE SITE for reaction. Thefor reaction. Thesubstrates fit together with the enzymes to form a product. Whensubstrates fit together with the enzymes to form a product. Whena substrate and an enzyme bond to form a reaction and thea substrate and an enzyme bond to form a reaction and the

substrate is broken down and released, this is known assubstrate is broken down and released, this is known asDEGRADATIONDEGRADATION. If substrates bond with an enzyme and are. If substrates bond with an enzyme and are

released as one substrate, this is known asreleased as one substrate, this is known as SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS..Nonprotein molecules calledNonprotein molecules called COENZYMESCOENZYMES help the activities thathelp the activities thatenzymes perform.enzymes perform.

Degradation

SynthesisPictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 53

e u ar e a o sm esp ra onu



e u ar e a o sm esp ra onuContinuedContinued

Cellular Respiration• Cells receive oxygenCells receive oxygen

and glucoseand glucose

• Oxygen and glucoseOxygen and glucosebroken down to CObroken down to CO22 and Hand H22OO

• Glucose is brokenGlucose is brokendown by glycolysis,down by glycolysis,

citric acid cycle, andcitric acid cycle, andelectron transportelectron transportchainchain

GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS takes place in the cytoplasm and is the process of splitting a Ctakes place in the cytoplasm and is the process of splitting a C66 molecule in half. Since glycolysis does not need oxygen to perform, it ismolecule in half. Since glycolysis does not need oxygen to perform, it isconsideredconsidered ANAEROBICANAEROBIC. In removing hydrogens and electrons, energy gets. In removing hydrogens and electrons, energy gets

released. This energy supplies two ATP molecules.released. This energy supplies two ATP molecules.CITRIC ACID CYCLECITRIC ACID CYCLE takes place in the mitochondria's matrix. It involves atakes place in the mitochondria's matrix. It involves a

sequence of reactions which releases COsequence of reactions which releases CO22 and carries hydrogen and electronsand carries hydrogen and electronsaway. Two ATP per molecule are created.away. Two ATP per molecule are created.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are fixed in the cristae and hold carrierare fixed in the cristae and hold carrier

proteins which pass the electrons around. As each electron is passed fromproteins which pass the electrons around. As each electron is passed fromcarrier to carrier it loses energy which is used for ATP creation.carrier to carrier it loses energy which is used for ATP creation.

Production of ATP/CellularRespiration

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page

e u ar e a o sm esp ra one u ar e a o sm es

p ra on



e u ar e a o sm esp ra one u ar e a o sm esp ra onContinuedContinued

FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose for immediateis the anaerobic breakdown of glucose for immediateenergy consumption. The process does not function with the electronenergy consumption. The process does not function with the electrontransport or citric acid cycle because oxygen is not available. Whiletransport or citric acid cycle because oxygen is not available. While

fermentation can produce two ATP, it generates toxins. Duringfermentation can produce two ATP, it generates toxins. Duringexercise, lactate acid can build up causing muscle cramps. When theexercise, lactate acid can build up causing muscle cramps. When the

acid builds up, it is because the muscles have been depleted of acid builds up, it is because the muscles have been depleted of oxygen and start fermenting (called oxygen deficit).oxygen and start fermenting (called oxygen deficit).

Compendium Review Cells Part 3

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