IEC_61000_2_2 - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Enviroment Compatibility
Compatibility of National Policies and Trade Agreements: Concepts, Issues, and Approaches
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Transcript of Compatibility of National Policies and Trade Agreements: Concepts, Issues, and Approaches
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Compatibility of National Policies and Trade
Agreements:Concepts, Issues, and
Approaches
Julian M. Alston and Daniel A Sumner
Department of Agricultural and Resource EconomicsUniversity of California, Davis
Silverado Symposium on Agricultural Policy Reform
Napa, CaliforniaJanuary 19, 2004
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Key Points• Policy compatibility requires policy
reform• Political economy – influences on
– Current policies– Possibilities for reform
• Compensation as an element of reform– Feasibility– Efficiency and Equity
• Policy reform complements– Transparency institutions– Adjustment assistance
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Achieving Compatibility• EEC/EU Common Agricultural
Policy– Common external tariff– Harmonized national policies
• CUSTA and NAFTA– Some adjustments (e.g., ???)– Some exemptions (e.g., supply managed)– Some trade disputes (e.g., wheat)
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Explaining Policies:Efficient Redistribution
• Interest-group theory– Policy serves to redistribute income to
relatively powerful interest groups
• Efficient redistribution– Transfers involve net social costs– Policies chosen to minimize cost of given
transfer
• Implications for policy reform– Nature of feasible reforms– Prescriptive role for economists (and others)?
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STC
CTSE
45o Line
EPSE
CTS
PS
0
Efficient Redistribution through Commodity Programs
PS
0ΔCTS
CTSA
PSA
ΔPSA
DWLA
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Extensions to the Model• More than two groups
• Other elements of costs– Introduction and implementation of policies– Administration and enforcement of policies– Costs of change
• Policy inertia– Dynamic version of efficient redistribution
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IC
CTS
PS
0
Policy ChoicePS
0
STC
CTSE
EPSE
ΔCTS
CTSA
PSA
ΔPSA
A
A’F
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Implications of Free Trade
• Change in STC– Feasible instruments – Economy-wide, general-equilibrium
effects– Dynamic efficiency gains
• Changes in political “preferences”
• Change in equilibrium
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CTS
PS
0
Effects of Free Trade on STCs and Policy Equilibrium
PS
0
F
E
STC
F’
E’
STC’
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Economics of Compensation
• Actual versus potential compensation
• Least-cost compensation – Quotas– R = [r + p + g(p)]V– R/V = 20-30 % (V = 3-5 times R, say)– p + g(p) = 15-20 %?
• Other issues– Capitalization more generally– Efficiency and fairness– Implementation problems (compensation
seeking)– Source and form of compensation
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Other Policies
• Transparency institutions– Australia’s Industries Assistance Commission– IAC versus other factors in Australia– ABARE
• Adjustment assistance– Australia’s Rural Adjustment Scheme– RAS as a foil for ad hoc assistance
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Conclusion
• Redistributive commodity policies involve net social costs– Compensation should be feasible– Partial compensation may be sufficient
• Policy reform may be facilitated by institutional innovations– Transparency institutions– Adjustment assistance