ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10...
Transcript of ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10...
![Page 1: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Comparisons of in situ HIPPO minor gas measurements with ground-‐based MIR spectroscopically
retrieved VMR profiles Rebecca Batchelor1, Jim Hannigan1,
Mike Coffey1, Akiko Kagawa2 and Yasko Kasai2
1.NCAR, Boulder 2.NICT, Japan
HIPPO Workshop March 2011 1
NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation
![Page 2: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
A very brief intro to FTIR spectroscopy
![Page 3: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fourier transform
![Page 4: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
7/7/10 5
C2H6 Simulation
![Page 6: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The retrieval We determine the ‘best’ mixing ratio profile to fit the data in an iterative way (optimal estimation) using: -‐ the spectrum -‐ our knowledge of the noise in the spectrum -‐ an ‘a priori’ profile (in this case, from WACCM) -‐ an estimate of the uncertainty/correlation in the a priori -‐ knowledge of line parameters, the instrument line shape, interfering species and solar effects There are multiple factors in the retrieval, as there are many solutions to the retrieval problem. We continually work on improving our retrievals to give us the best profiles.
6 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
![Page 7: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
O3 Spectral Fit 7 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
![Page 8: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Altitude Resolution Depends on: Vertical profile Spectroscopy Interfering species Spectral Resolution & SNR Solar zenith angle
CO retrieval at Mauna Loa ~ 2 DOFS
8 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
Typical data products are column or partial column measurements. Recently we’ve been investigating the quality of our retrieved profiles, which are to be archived in the NDACC database.
The Mauna Loa mid IR data set goes back to 1995, giving excellent climatological information about a number of species.
![Page 9: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Comparisons over Hawaii • Coincident measurements at Mauna Loa were available for flights 3 (11/04/09), 8 (11/16/09) and 9 (11/19/09)
• Multiple spectra were recorded on each of these days
• HIPPO measurements within 5° lat/lon (a box approximately 1000 km square) were compared with those taken at Mauna Loa
• HIPPO_2_merge_20110219.tbl merge file has been used for these comparisons
9 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
![Page 10: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
O3
10 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
Excellent agreement
Retrievals dominated by very high strat O3
Individual peaks smoothed out
FTIR
HIPPO-2 Flight 9 over Hawaii
0 20 40 60 80 100O3 (ppb)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude
(km
)
O3_ppbO3_UO3
Unless otherwise labeled: Colored *’s = HIPPO data Solid colored lines = HIPPO data smoothed with FTIR a priori and averaging kernels Solid black lines = FTIR profiles Dotted black lines = FTIR a priori
![Page 11: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HIPPO-‐2 O3 in context
11
![Page 12: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
Climatology – mean tropospheric VMR
HIPPO-2
![Page 13: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
HIPPO-2 Flight 8 over Hawaii
20 40 60 80 100 120CO (ppb)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Altit
ude
(km
)
CO_QCLSCO_RAF
HIPPO-2 Flight 9 over Hawaii
20 40 60 80 100 120CO (ppb)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Altit
ude
(km
)
CO_QCLSCO_RAF
CO There is not as much information in the CO FTIR measurements as for O3, but the retrieval moves to the correct amount and identifies the enhancements.
Smoothing the aircraft data is complicated by how best to handle regions above/below the aircraft measurements.
![Page 14: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
![Page 15: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Climatology – mean tropospheric VMR
15 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
HIPPO-2
![Page 16: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
H2O
16
HIPPO-2 Flight 3 over Hawaii
0 5.0•103 1.0•104 1.5•104 2.0•104 2.5•104
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
H2O_UWVH2Oppmv_vxl
HIPPO-2 Flight 8 over Hawaii
0 5.0•103 1.0•104 1.5•104 2.0•104 2.5•104
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
H2O_UWV
HIPPO-2 Flight 9 over Hawaii
0 5.0•103 1.0•104 1.5•104 2.0•104 2.5•104
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
H2O_UWVH2Oppmv_vxl
While FTIR can’t resolve the small scale features in the H2O measurements, we do a really good job of capturing the magnitude of free-tropospheric water.
![Page 17: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
H2O in Boulder
17 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
H2O at Boulder, 20100408
0 2000 4000 6000 8000H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
Sonde
Sonde smoothed
FTIR
FTIR a priori
H2O at Boulder, 20100408
10-2 100 102 104 106
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
H2O at Boulder, 20100526
0 2.0•1034.0•1036.0•1038.0•1031.0•1041.2•104
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
Sonde
Sonde smoothed
FTIR
FTIR a priori
H2O at Boulder, 20100526
10-2 100 102 104 106
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
H2O at Boulder, 20101020
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
Sonde
Sonde smoothed
FTIR
FTIR a priori
H2O at Boulder, 20101020
10-2 100 102 104 106
H2O (ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
Altit
ude
(km
)
Comparisons of similar H2O retrievals with our instrument in Boulder show excellent agreement with the NOAA frost point hygrometers, over a significant range of water quantities. This work is ongoing.
![Page 18: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CH4
18 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
HIPPO-2 Flight 9 over Hawaii
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900CH4 (ppb)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
CH4_QCLS
CH4_UGC
CH4 retrievals are complicated by poor lab spectroscopy in the mid-IR region. HIPPO CH4 profiles have been very valuable for finding the best retrieval strategy for this important gas. A tight constraint is used to restrict oscillations, though this loses some of the small-scale variability.
![Page 19: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CH4 at Poker Flat during HIPPO-‐3
19 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
HIPPO-3 Flight 2 over Alaska
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000CH4 (ppb)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
CH4_CCGCH4_QCLS
HIPPO-3 Flight 10 over Alaska
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000CH4 (ppb)
0
5
10
15
Altit
ude,
km
CH4_CCGCH4_QCLS
HIPPO data from HIPPO_3_merge_20110202.tbl CH4 profiles provided by Akiko Kagawa and Yasko Kasai, NICT, Japan
Doing well at moving away from the a priori and to the right amount in the troposphere; non-ideal at the surface.
![Page 20: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Other gases and FTIRs
From our spectra, we can also retrieve: – N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, CO2, COS and
SF6 (though we didn’t get to all of those here) – Your profiles help enormously for evaluating the
quality of these more challenging retrievals – And our measurements can help provide
climatological information for you There are other FTIR’s all around the world!
20 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
![Page 21: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21 HIPPO Workshop March 2011
FTIR spectrometers around the world
IRWGTCCONBoth IRWG & TCCONOther or proposed
See www.ndacc.org for more information
![Page 22: ComparisonsofinsituHIPPOminor …...2O at Boulder, 20100408 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 H 2O (ppm) 0 5 10 15 20 Altitude (km) Sonde Sonde smoothed FTIR FTIR a priori H 2O at Boulder, 20100408](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042309/5ed600121e7606671009b132/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thank You
The NESL Mission is: To advance understanding of weather, climate, atmospheric composition and processes;
To provide facility support to the wider community; and, To apply the results to benefit society.
22
NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation
HIPPO Workshop March 2011