Comparatives and Superlatives (Los comparativos y superlativos)Al igual que en espaol, cuando queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio de adjetivos en sus diversos grados.

Grades of Adjectives (Grados de adjetivos)1. El grado positivo es la cualidad en el grado ms simple. o Ejemplos: o Juan runs fast. Juan runs fast. (Juan corre rpido.) o Angela's room is clean. Angela's room is clean. (La habitacin de Angela est limpia.) o I am tall. I am tall. (Soy alto.) o New York is big. New York is big. (Nueva York es grande.) fast, hard, smart, pretty, clean, large, small, old, easy... 2. El grado comparativo puede ser de superioridad, inferioridad o igualidad. Para comparativos de superioridad o inferioridad, el adjetivo es seguido por "than". Para comparativos de inferioridad, usamos "not as...as" o "less" delante del adjetivo. Y para comparativos de igualidad, el adjetivo va entre "as...as". o Ejemplos: o Comparativos de superioridad o Juan runs faster than Mark. Juan runs faster than Mark. (Juan corre ms rpido que Mark.) o Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. (La habitacin de Angela est ms limpia que la de Sue.) o I am taller than Beth. I am taller than Beth. (Soy ms alto que Beth.) o New York is bigger than Los Angeles. New York is bigger than Los Angeles. (Nueva York es ms grandeque Los Angeles.)o o

Comparativos de inferioridad Mark doesn't run as fast as Juan.

o

o o

Mark doesn't run as fast (slower) as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rpido como Juan.) Sue's room is not as clean as Angela's. Sue's room is not as clean (dirtier) as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue no es tan limpia como la de Angela.) Beth is not as tall as me. Beth is not as tall (shorter) as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.) Los Angeles is not as big as New York. Los Angeles is not as big (smaller) as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan grande como Nueva York.) Comparativos de igualidad Mark is as fast as Juan. Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rpido como Juan.) Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue es tan limpia como la de Angela.) Beth is as tall as I am. Beth is as tall as I am. (Beth es tan alta como yo.) Los Angeles is as big as New York. Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande como Nueva York.) Nota: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little, slightly...). Ejemplos: Juan runs a lot faster than Mark. Juan runs a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho ms rpido que Mark.) I am slightly taller than Beth. I am slightly taller than Beth. (Soy un poco ms alta que Beth.)

o o o

o o

3. El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como espanol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo. o Ejemplos: o Juan is the fastest. Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el ms rpido.) o Angela's room is the cleanest. Angela'a room is the cleanest. (La habitacin de Angela es la ms limpia.) o I am the tallest. I am the tallest. (Soy el ms alto.) o New York is the biggest city in the United States.

New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York el la cuidad ms grande de los Estados Unidos.)o o o

Ejemplos: His smartest student is Lisa. His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante ms lista es Lisa.) New York is coldest in January. New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es ms frio en enero.)

Nota: Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Adems no se usa "the" si comparamos algo con si mismo.

Form (Forma)Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo. 1. Para adjetivos de una slaba: Comparativo Superlativo aade: "-er" (faster aade: "-est" (fastest faster) fastest) 2. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en "e": Comparativo Superlativo aade: "-r" (nicer aade: "-st" (nicest nicer) nicest) 3. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en constanante + vocal + constanante: Comparativo Superlativo aade: constanante + "er" (hotter aade: constanante + "-est" (hottest hotter) hottest) 4. Para adjetivos de dos silabas que terminan en "y": Comparativo Superlativo sustituye "y" por: "-ier" (funnier sustituye "y" por: "-iest" (funniest funnier) funniest) 5. Para adjetivos de dos o ms silabas: Comparativo Superlativo aade: "more"/"less" (more aade "the most"/"the least": (the most beautiful, less beautiful beautiful, the least beautiful more beautiful) the most beautiful) 6. Adjetivos irregulares: Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo good better best good better best bad worse worst bad worse worst far further furthest

far

further furthest List of Comparatives and Superlatives (Lista de comparativos y superlativos)

Lista de los adjetivos ms comunes, con su forma comparativa y superlativa. Adjetivo angry bad big bitter black bland bloody blue bold bossy brave brief bright broad busy calm cheap chewy chubby classy clean clear clever close cloudy clumsy coarse Comparativo angrier worse bigger bitterer blacker blander bloodier bluer bolder bossier braver briefer brighter broader busier calmer cheap chewier chubbier classier cleaner clear cleverer closer cloudier clumsier coarser Superlativo angriest worst biggest bitterest blackest blandest bloodiest bluest boldest bossiest bravest briefest brightest broadest busiest calmest cheaper chewiest chubbiest classiest cleanest clearest cleverest closest cloudiest clumsiest coarsest Espaol enfadado, enojado malo grande amargo, resentido, agrio negro soso sanguinolento deprimido audaz mandn valiente breve brillante, luminoso ancho, amplio ocupado, ajetreado tranquilo barato correoso, gomoso rechoncho elegante limpio, sano claro, despejado listo, ingenioso cerca nubiado torpe spero, grosero

cold cool crazy creamy creepy crispy cruel crunchy curly curvy cute damp dark deadly deep dense dirty dry dull dumb dusty early easy faint fair fancy far fast fat

colder cooler crazier creamier creepier crispier crueler crunchier curly curvier cuter damper darker deadlier deeper denser dirtier drier duller dumber dustier earlier easier fainter fairer fancier further/farther faster fatter

coldest coolest craziest creamiest creepiest crispiest cruelest crunchiest curliest curviest cutest dampest darkest deadliest deepest densest dirtiest driest dullest dumbest dustiest earliest easiest faintest fairest fanciest furthest/farthest fastest fattest

fro fresco loco cremoso espeluznante, repugnante crujiente cruel crujiente rizado, crespo, quebrado curvo mono hmedo oscuro, moreno mortal, mortfero profundo denso sucio seco aburrido, soso, tonto, romo estpido polvoriento pronto, temprano facl leve, tenue, vago, ligero claro, sereno, recto, justo lujoso lejos, distante rpido gordo

few fierce filthy fine firm fit flaky flat fresh friendly full funny gentle gloomy good grand grave greasy great greedy gross guilty hairy handy happy

fewer fiercer filthier finer firmer fitter flakier flatter fresher friendlier fuller funnier gentler gloomier better grander graver greasier greater greedier grosser guilter hairier handier happier

fewest fiercest filthiest finest firmest fittest flakiest flattest freshest friendliest fullest funniest gentlest gloomiest best grandest gravest greasiest greatest greediest grossest guiltiest hairiest handiest happiest

pocos fiero, encarnizado aaqueroso, obsceno fino firme, estricto apto, en forma desconchado llano, liso, plano fresco, nuevo, original agradable, amable, amistoso lleno, completo gracioso, curioso, raro tierno, afectuoso, suave oscuro, abatido, decado bueno grandioso, ambicioso, impotente grave grasiento grande, genial goloso, codicioso, vido asqueroso, grosero, craso culpable velludo, peludo prctivo, til, habilidoso, maoso feliz, contento,

alegre hard harsh healthy heavy high hip hot humble hungry icy itchy juicy kind large late lazy light likely little lively lonely long loud lovely low mad harder harsher healthier heavier higher hipper hotter humbler hungrier icier itchier juicier kinder larger later lazier lighter likelier littler livelier lonlier longer louder lovelier lower madder hardest harshest healthiest heaviest highest hippest hottest humblest hungriest iciest itchiest juiciest kindest largest latest laziest lightest likeliest littlest liveliest lonliest longest loudest loveliest lowest maddest duro, difcil spero, duro sano, saludable pesado, grueso, fuerte, duro alto, elevado, agudo moderno caliente, caluroso, picante humilde hambriento helado, fro pica jugoso, zumoso, suculento amable, benvolo, carioso grande tarde, restrasado, reciente perezoso ligero, claro probable pequeo, poco animado, vivo solitario largo fuerte, alto precioso, bello, lindo bajo enfadado, enojado, loco

mean messy mild moist narrow nasty naughty near neat needy new nice noisy odd oily old plain polite poor pretty proud pure quick quiet

meaner messier milder moister narrower nastier naughtier nearer neater needier newer nicer noisier odder oilier older/elder plainer politer poorer prettier prouder purer quicker quieter

meanest messiest mildest moistest narrowest nastiest naughtiest nearest neatest neediest newest nicest noisiest oddest oiliest oldest/eldest plainest politest poorest prettiest proudest purest quickest quietest

malo, mezquino, tacao sucio, desordenado, desastroso afable, suave, leve hmedo estrecho, escaso asqueroso, desagradable malo, travieso, picante cercano, prximo ordenado, aseado, pulcro necesitado nuevo, fresco, reciente, moderno simpatico, agradable, bueno ruidoso, clamaroso raro, extrao grasiento, aceitoso viejo, anciano, antiguo claro, sencillo educado, corts pobre bonito, lindo, hermoso orgulloso, soberbio, digno puro rpido tranquillo, silencioso

rare raw rich ripe risky roomy rough rude rusty sad safe salty sane scary shallow sharp shiny short shy silly simple sincere skinny sleepy slim slimy

rarer rawer richer riper riskier roomier rougher ruder rustier sadder safer saltier saner scarier shallower sharper shinier shorter shyer sillier simpler sincerer skinnier sleepier slimmer slimier

rarest rawest richest ripest riskiest roomiest roughest rudest rustiest saddest safest saltiest sanest scariest shallowest sharpest shiniest shortest shyest silliest simplest sincerest skinniest sleepiest slimmest slimiest

raro crudo, agrietado rico, abundante maduro, curado arriesgado, peligroso espacioso spero, tosco, bruto, ronco maleducado, grosero, tosco oxidado triste, lamentable, penoso seguro salado cuerdo, sensato espantoso, asustadizo superficial, poco profundo afilado, cerrado, agudo brillante, reluciente corto, bajo, chaparro tmido tonto sencillo, simple, facl sincero, genuino flaco adormilado, sooliento delgado, fino viscoso, pegajoso,

empalagoso slow small smart smelly smoky smooth soft soon sore sorry sour spicy steep stingy strange strict strong sunny sweaty sweet tall tan tasty thick thin slower smaller smarter smellier smokier smoother softer sooner sorer sorrier sourer spicier steeper stingier stranger stricter stronger sunnier sweatier sweeter taller tanner tastier thicker thinner slowest smallest smartest smelliest smokiest smoothest softest soonest sorest sorriest sourest spiciest steepest stingiest strangest strictest strongest sunniest sweatiest sweetest tallest tannest tastiest thickest thinnest lento pequeo listo, inteligente, agudo apestoso humeante, ahumado liso, suave, llano, fluido blando, suave pronto dolorido lamentable agrio, cido picante, especiado, sazonado empinado, pronunciado tacao, rcano, raqutico raro, extrao, desconocido estricto, rgido fuerte, slido, intenso, marcado soleado, radiante sudoroso dulce alto bronceado, moreno rico, sabroso, apetitoso grueso, denso, espeso, poblado delgado, fino

thirsty tiny tough true ugly warm weak wealthy weird wet wide wild windy wise worldly worthy young

thirstier tinier tougher truer uglier warmer weaker wealthier weirder wetter wider wilder windier wiser worldlier worthier younger

thirstiest tiniest toughest truest ugliest warmest weakest wealthiest weirdest wettest widest wildest windiest wisest worldliest worthiest younges

sediento diminuto, minsculo fuerte, resistente, duro, difcil cierto, verdadero, leal, fiel feo caliente, templado, clido dbil, flojo rico, pudiente raro, extrao mojado, hmedo, lluvioso ancho, amplio, extenso salvaje, silvestre, descontrolado ventoso sabio, sensato, prudente mundano, terreno virtuoso, digno joven

Like / as (Como)"Like" y "as" a menudo se confunden en ingls. Ambos se pueden utilizar para hacer comparaciones o hablar de similitudes. Es muy comn en ingls americano utilizar "like" en lugar de "as". Sin embargo, es generalmente considerado informal utilizarlo en esta forma. La siguiente es una explicacin de los diversos usos de estas dos palabras.

Like (Como)

Uses (Usos) 1. "Like" es una preposicin" que significa "parecido a" o "lo mismo de". No se puede utilizar "as" de este modo. Como una preposicin, "like" est seguida por un sustantivo o un pronombre. Estructura verbo + "like" + sustantivo/pronombre Ejemplos: She dances like a professinal. She dances like a professional. (Baila como una profesional.) Like me, my friend John loves the cinema. Like me, my friend John loves the cinema. (Como yo, a mi amigo John le encanta el cine.) Michael speaks English like a native. Michael speaks English like a native. (Michael habla ingls como un nativo.) 2. Tambin, se utiliza "like" para decir que algo es tpico de alguien. Ejemplos: It's so like Ben to be late. It's so like Ben to be late. (Es tan tpico de Ben llegar tarde.) It's just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations. It's just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations. (Es tan tpico de Helen rer en situaciones incmodas.) 3. Cuando utiliza "like" con el verbo "look" significa "parecer" or "parecerse". Ejemplos: I look like my mother. I look like my mother. (Me parezco a mi madre.) It looks like it is going to rain. It looks like it is going to rain. (Parece que va a llover.) He looks like he hasn't slept in weeks. He looks like he hasn't slept in weeks. (l parece como que no ha dormido en semanas.) 4. Tambin utilizamos "like" para presentar ejemplos. Ejemplos: I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis. I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis. (**** muchos deportes como ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.) There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using renewable energy sources. There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.)

Some people, like my friend Carol, don't like to travel. Some people, like my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como mi amiga Carol, no le gusta viajar.)

As (Como)Uses (Usos) 1. "As" significa "en la misma manera" o "en la misma condicin de". Al diferencia de "like", "as" est seguido por un sujeto y un verbo. Ejemplos: She worked hard on the project, as she always does. She worked hard on the project, as she always does. (Trabaj duramente en el proyecto, como lo hace siempre.) Nobody paints as Picasso did. Nobody paints as Picasso did. (Nadie pinta como Picasso lo hizo.) Estructura "as" + sujeto + verbo 2. Se utiliza "as" en frases comparativas. Ejemplos: John can run as fast as Peter. John can run as fast as Peter. (John puede correr tan rpido como Peter.) My dad doesn't have as much energy as he used to have. My dad doesn't have as much energy as he used to have. (Mi padre no tiene tanta energa como sola tener.) 3. Como "like", se usa "such as" para presentar ejemplos. Ejemplos: I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis. I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis. (**** a muchos deportes como el ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.) There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or using renewable energy sources. There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.) Some people, such as my friend Carol, don't like to travel. Some people, such as my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como a mi amiga Carol, no les gusta viajar.) 4. Cuando sea una preposicin, "as" significa el papel o profesin de algo o alguien. Ejemplos: She started working as a teacher 5 years ago.

She started working as a teacher 5 years ago. (Empez a trabajar como profesor hace 5 aos.) We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio. We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio. (Vivamos aqu antes, pero ahora estamos utilizando el piso como un estudio de pintura.) "As" can be used as a conjunction or a preposition. "As" can be used as a conjunction or a preposition. ("Como" puede ser usado como una conjuncin o una preposicin.) Nota: Ten cuidado, el uso de uno sobre otro puede cambiar el sentido. Ejemplos: As your teacher, I suggest you study more. As your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I am your teacher] Like your teacher, I suggest you study more. Like your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I agree with your teacher, we have a similar opinion] 5. Se utiliza "as" en algunas expresiones. Ejemplos: As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class. As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class. (Como ya sabe, esto no es la primera vez que su hijo ha sido un problema en clase.) As expected, Ben was late for class again today. As expected, Ben was late for class again today. (Como se esperaba, Ben lleg de nuevo tarde a clase hoy.) As I said, I hope this is the last time you are late. As I said, I hope this is the last time you are late. (Como ya he dicho, espero que esta sea la ltima vez que llegas tarde.) Here is the report, as requested. Here is the report, as requested. (Aqu est el informe, como solicit.) Leccin gramtica: Comparatives and Superlatives

My mother is older than my father.

a) old b) older c) the oldest d) the old What is the funniest movie you have ever seen? a) funny b) funnier c) the funniest d) the funny That movie was bad, but it wasn't the worst I have ever seen. a) baddest b) worsest c) worse d) the worst Rachel's hair is not as long as Sarah's. a) long b) longer c) the longest d) more long Yesterday's exam was more difficult than the one last month. a) difficult b) difficulter c) the difficultest d) more difficult Peter is as fast as Alex. a) fast b) faster c) the fastest d) the faster I think Mary is the most beautiful woman I have ever seen. a) beautiful b) the most beautiful

c) the beautifulest d) the beautifuler Her room is only a little bit bigger than mine. a) bigger b) the bigger c) big d) he biggest He is happiest when he is playing football. a) the happier b) happiest c) the happy d) happyest Michael's house is further from the train than Betty's. a) far b) the furthest c) the farther d) further Leccin gramtica: Like / as Howard sings with as much confidence as a professional. a) as, as Howard sings like a professional. a) like It is just like Jenny to forget my birthday. a) like Peter's work as a consultant keeps him very busy. a) as As your boss, I think you need to work harder. [= I am your boss] a) As Like your boss, I think you need to work harder. [= I am not your boss] a) Like Vanessa won the race, as expected.

a) as You're bedroom is a mess. It's like a bomb exploded in there! a) like It looks like it's going to be another beautiful day. a) like He blamed everyone else for his mistakes as he always does. a) as

Examples:Comparatives an Superlatives -Camila dance good faster than Sofa .(Camila baila mejor y rpido que Sofa). -Carlo's car is cleaner than Luisa's.(El carro de Carlos est ms limpio) -Jos doesn't eat pizza as Julin .(Jos no come pizzas como Julin.) -Mara is as beautiful as i am .(Mara es tan bella como yo ) Iam the smallest .(Soy el ms pequeo.) Like /as (Como) -She swim like a professional.(Nada como una profesional.) - I loook my father.(Me parezco a mi padre.) -It looks like it is going to cold.(Parece que va a ser calor.) -It's so loke Max to be late.(ES tan tpico de Max llegar tarde.) -Karol cooks a soup of chicken like a chef.(Karol cocina sopa de pollo como una chef.)